关节镜下有限切除结合Fast—Fix系统修复陈旧性半月板损伤

目的：探讨陈旧性半月板损伤在关节镜下进行有限切除并结合Fast—Fix系统修复的临床疗效。方法对2009年1月至2010年6月21例陈旧性损伤半月板在关节镜下进行有限切除再应用Fast—Fix系统修复。患者术前McMurray征、研磨试验均阳性,磁共振检查显示半月板破裂或退变。治疗前后根据膝关节Lysholm评分及膝关节半月板损伤后JOY疗效评分进行评价。结果全部患者获随访,平均随访时间9个月,术后3个月MRI复查,半月板愈合率92％。检查膝关节无肿胀、积液,关节间隙无压痛。术后大部分患者能够从事正常的劳动,无关节活动障碍。术后患者膝关节Lysholm评分及膝关节半月板损伤后JOY评分,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,疗效的优良率为88％。结论陈旧性半月板损伤在关节镜下经过部分切除修整,再结合Fast—Fix系统对破裂处进行缝合,最大限度地保留了半月板组织,相比传统的半月板切除术具有明显的优势。     

应用Fast—Fix关节镜下修复半月板损伤

目的探讨Fast—Fix在关节镜下半月板损伤修复中的应用,并尝试对其手术技巧与疗效进行相关分析。方法选择本组59例在关节镜下应用Fast—Fix半月板缝合装置缝合的半月板撕裂的患者,其中陈旧性损伤31例,新鲜损伤28例,应用Fast—Fix缝合数目1～3个。术后根据MRI随访,并进行膝关节Lysholm评分及膝关节半月板损伤后JOY疗效评分。结果半月板平均缝合时间为5min。患者平均随访15个月,术后3个月MRI复查,半月板愈合率91％。术后患者的膝关节Lysholm评分、JOY疗效评分与术前比较,差异有统计学意义（t=5．215,P〈0．01）,疗效的优良率为89％。结论应用Fast—Fix在关节镜下行半月板撕裂缝合,方法简便,易于操作,固定牢靠,术后半月板愈合率高,是一种方便、有效的完全关节镜下半月板缝合技术。     

FasT—Fix全内缝合器治疗半月板损伤80例

目的探讨FasT-Fix全内缝合器修复半月板损伤的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2010年11月至2012年11月广州军区广州总医院采用FasT-Fix全内缝合器治疗的80例半月板损伤患者的临床资料,观察术后膝关节活动度及半月板愈合情况,评估手术前后Lysholm评分的差异。结果随访6～24个月（平均12个月）,术后膝关节活动度正常,无交锁。76例患者半月板达到临床愈合标准,临床愈合率95％（76／80）;4例修复失败患者出现关节间隙压痛（十）,其中2例合并关节积液及McMurray征（＋）。术后膝关节Lysholm评分为（85士13）分,明显高于术前的（32士12）分,两者比较,差异有统计学意义（f=4．234,P=0．000）;80例患者中优60例、良12例、可8例,优良率为90％（72／80）。结论Fast-Fix全内缝合器治疗半月板损伤具有微创、高效、安全等优点,尤其对于难以缝合的半月板后角损伤具有独特的优势。     

全关节镜下应用FasT—Fix修复半月板损伤的中期疗效观察

目的探讨关节镜下应用FasT-Fix缝合修复半月板损伤,并在有效的康复治疗后评价其中期临床疗效。方法回顾性研究因半月板损伤而在关节镜下采用FasT—Fix缝合修复治疗的患者。本组患者24例（男14例,女10例）,共计31例半月板损伤,年龄15—52岁（平均28．3岁）。其中12例是单纯的半月板修复缝合、19例患者是在前交叉韧带重建术后进行的缝合。包括内侧半月板损伤12例,外侧半月板损伤9例,内外侧半月板同时损伤5例,病程1周-23周（除去2例3年的患者）,平均12周。撕裂长度平均15mm（10～25ram）。其中红红区15例,红白区16例,没有白白区进行缝合。平均缝合针数2针（1～4针）。结果所有病例术后均无并发症的发生,随访时间2—4年,平均为2．7年,Lysholm,Tegner,IKDC评分术前、术后评分分别为：45．3、85．4;2．1、3．5;3．1、7．1,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论FasT-Fix修复半月板损伤患者在有效康复下,通过中期随访获得88％的优良率。     

Fast—Fix半月板缝合器治疗半月板损伤的临床观察

半月板损伤是膝关节损伤中的常见病、多发病，但由于半月板仅外缘25％存在血液供应，损伤后很难自愈，大多需要手术治疗。自2006年11月-2008年12月，笔者医院引进美国施辉公司Fast—Fix半月板缝合器于膝关节镜术中进行修复43例半月板损伤。取得了令人满意的疗效。现报告如下。     

关节镜下double-needle缝线修复混合型半月板撕裂

目的探讨关节镜下采用double-needle缝线修复混合型半月板撕裂的疗效。方法 2006年4月-2011年1月,关节镜下采用double-needle缝线修复22例单膝混合型半月板撕裂。男14例,女8例;年龄18～41岁,平均31.3岁。均为运动损伤。受伤至入院时间为2 d～4年,中位时间11个月。膝关节功能根据国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分标准为(42.5±15.2)分,Lysholm评分为(45.5±13.5)分,Tegner评分为(2.9±1.6)分。17例合并前交叉韧带损伤。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无神经、血管损伤。患者均获随访,随访时间12～48个月,平均27.6个月。按照Barrett等的评定标准,19例半月板临床愈合,临床愈合率86%。末次随访时,患者膝关节活动度均恢复正常,IKDC评分为(77.1±8.9)分,Lysholm评分为(79.8±9.9)分,Tegner评分为(6.8±1.6)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论关节镜下使用double-needle缝线由内向外修复混合型半月板撕裂固定牢固、疗效肯定。     

同种异体半月板移植术临床效果的初步分析

目的探讨关节镜下异体半月板移植的手术适应证、康复训练计划和免疫反应等问题。方法建立国人异体半月板组织库，对12例半月板损伤后切除半月板的患者，在关节镜下实施异体半月板移植微创手术，制定康复计划，观查其临床效果，结合文献讨论异体半月板移植术的围手术期相关问题。结果本组患者均无手术副损伤，早期关节轻度肿胀，无伤口渗液。术后2周，伤口愈合良好。术后6周，关节肿胀基本消失。随访6—17个月（平均10．3个月），患者行走功能正常，膝关节活动度均值与术前比较差异无统计学意义。膝关节疼痛评分（VAS）术后明显低于术前（P〈0．01）。Lysholm评分术后明显提高（P〈0．05）。术后各项免疫学指标均在正常范围。MRI示移植半月板位置良好，固定可靠。1例患者术后12周关节镜检查，见移植半月板形态正常，与关节囊愈合良好。结论鉴于目前对半月板切除术后（半月板缺损）的并发症治疗存在很大困难，异体半月板移植可能成为一项重要的临床治疗技术。异体半月板移植可获得较好的近期临床效果，临床未见明显的免疫排斥反应。但有关异体半月板移植手术适应证、康复训练及远期效果等围手术期的相关问题还需更深入的探讨。     

关节镜下半月板损伤修复的治疗方法

目的探讨关节镜下半月板损伤缝合修复术的治疗方法和效果。方法1998年6月~2003年5月,收治110例膝半月板损伤患者。其中男78例,女32例。年龄14~66岁,平均27.5岁。半月板滑膜缘纵裂93例,横裂12例,潜行撕裂5例。半月板损伤部位侧缘损伤78例,近前角部损伤23例,近后角部损伤9例。术前Lysholm评分为57±12分。均在关节镜下应用可吸收缝线缝合修复损伤的半月板,其中2针91例,4针13例,6针4例,8针2例。术后行康复训练及随访观察效果。结果术后关节无血肿、伤口期愈合。全部获随访12~67个月,平均26个月。3例患者劳累后出现膝关节胀痛,1例半月板损伤症状再出现,再手术探查见半月板缝合处未完全愈合,行半月板部分切除,术后痊愈。其余患者症状消失,关节功能良好。术后Lysholm评分为92±7分。结论关节镜下半月板损伤缝合修复术安全、可靠、操作简便。缝线吸收后,避免对半月板的制约,使愈合的半月板更好地发挥其生理和生物力学功能。     

肌腱缝合修复半月板的器械设计及疗效观察

目的设计一套手术器械，实施以肌腱作为缝合材料的半月板修复技术，验证其可行性，并观察肌腱缝合修复半月板的疗效。方法按需设计新器械并改进现有器械。2005年10月-2006年12月，采用自行设计的器械以肌腱缝合半月板技术治疗45例单侧半月板损伤。男29例，女16例；年龄17～40岁，平均28岁。运动伤33例，交通事故伤5例，非运动跌伤3例，原因不明4例。病程3d～6个月，平均2个月。合并前交叉韧带损伤23例，后交叉韧带损伤6例。E．MRI提示半月板Ⅱ度损伤2例，Ⅲ度损伤43例。关节镜下见内侧半月板损伤39例，外侧半月板损伤6例。术前Lysholm评分（53．0&#177;10.3）分。单纯半月板损伤者采用同种异体肌腱作为缝合材料，合并交叉韧带损伤者采用自体胭绳肌腱重建交叉韧带，并以制作韧带移植物后剩余的肌腱缝合半月板。结果共设计器械19件。临床应用45例均顺利完成手术，未出现神经血管损伤等并发症。术后均获随访，随访时间6～24个月，平均15个月。45例术膝疼痛症状缓解，无关节绞锁，Mcmurray征均为阴性。术后6个月Lysholm评分（87.8&#177;9．2）分，与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论临床应用表明新器械套件适合肌腱缝合半月板手术，且近期疗效良好。     

关节镜下快速缝合装置修复半月板撕裂的临床评价

目的评价半月板快速缝合装置(Fast-Fix系统)在关节镜下半月板损伤修复中的临床效果。方法收治半月板撕裂患者69例,术中应用Fast-Fix系统缝合半月板撕裂。结果患者平均随访15个月,术后3个月MRI复查,半月板愈合率92%。术后患者的膝关节Lysholm评分、JOY疗效评分显著高于术前(P0.01),疗效优良率为88%。结论应用半月板快速缝合装置在关节镜下行半月板撕裂缝合,操作简单,损伤小,固定牢靠,术后半月板愈合率高。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.