肌萎缩侧索硬化研究进展

<正>肌萎缩侧索硬化(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)是一种主要累及大脑皮质、脑干和脊髓运动神经元的慢性致死性神经系统变性疾病,临床表现为骨骼肌无力和萎缩,进行性加重。其病因、发病机制均不明确,迄今为止还未发现特效治疗方法,患者平均生存期仅3～5 y。其中5%～10%为家族性ALS(fA LS),90%～95%为散发性ALS(sA LS)。本文综述ALS在临床表现及相关生物标记物等方面的发展历程,重点介绍ALS神经电生理及神经影像等技术的应用,利于临床     

肌萎缩侧索硬化的研究进展

<正>肌萎缩侧索硬化(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)属于严重致死性神经系统变性疾病,目前还未有明确的发病机制,主要是由于运动神经病变导致,ALS在该类疾病中发病最为严重且发病率最高。1临床表现ALS大多数为获得性,少数为家族性。起病隐匿,发病年龄多在30～60岁之间。男性多于女性,5%的患者以躯干肌或呼吸肌无力起病~([1])。发病初期多表现为一侧或两侧手指灵活度下降、无力,慢慢手部小肌肉开始出现萎缩,蚓状肌、大小鱼际肌及骨间肌萎缩程度较重,从手部肌肉开始蔓     

肌萎缩侧索硬化症的诱发电位改变

目的　探讨肌萎缩侧索硬化症 (ALS)的诱发电位改变。方法　对 31例ALS患者中 2 1例进行体感诱发电位 (SEP)、2 8例进行听觉诱发电位 (BAEP)、30例进行视觉诱发电位 (VEP)检查 ,并分别与年龄、身高相匹配的健康者进行比较。结果　 31例患者中 3例存在传导束型感觉障碍 ;SEP示N13 ～N2 0 IPL为 (6 9± 1 4 )ms ,较对照组显著延长 (P <0 0 1) ;2 8例BAEP均正常 ;30例VEP示P10 0 IPL为 (10 2 1± 5 8)ms,较对照组显著延长 (P <0 0 1)。结论　SEP检查可为ALS涉及感觉损害提供客观依据     

肌萎缩侧索硬化免疫学研究进展

肌萎缩侧索硬化免疫学研究进展李晓光郭玉璞肌萎缩侧索硬化（ＡＬＳ）是一种神经系统变性病，至今病因及发病机理尚不清楚。有许多证据说明本病的发病可能是多源性的或异质性的。已提出的病因涉及遗传因素、环境因素、病毒感染及免疫因素等。过去数十年临床及病理研究缺乏...     

肌萎缩侧索硬化分裂手现象研究进展

<正>肌萎缩侧索硬化(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)是一种以皮质脊髓束、皮质脑干束和脊髓运动神经元变性为特征的进行性神经退行性疾病~([1])。常表现为肌肉无力和萎缩,尤其是手部小肌肉。在ALS患者中,常优先累及手内肌的大鱼际肌肌群包括拇短展肌(Abductor pollicis brevis,APB)和第一骨间肌(first dorsal interosseous muscle,FDI),而包括小指展肌(Abductor digiti minimi,ADM)在内的小鱼际肌群则相对豁免,这一独特的手内肌分裂萎缩模式称为"分裂手"。近年     

Riluzole治疗肌萎缩侧索硬化

Riluzole是谷氨酸受体拮抗剂。现介绍Riluzole治疗ALS的作用机制和临床疗效。     

肌萎缩侧索硬化患者肌电图与ALS-FRS-R的研究

目的研究肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)患者肌电图(EMG)相关肌肉小力收缩时运动单位动作电位(MUAP)的波幅(Amp)和时限(Lat)与肌萎缩侧索硬化功能评分(ALS-FRS-R)之间的相关性。方法 25例ALS患者分别进行ALS-FRS-R和EMG检查,分别记录并分析左右胫骨前肌、左右伸指总肌、腹直肌及胸锁乳突肌小力收缩时MUAP的Amp和Lat与ALS-FRS-R的相关性。结果 23例ALS患者右胫骨前肌小力收缩时Amp与ALS-FRS-R存在相关性,R2=0.173,P=0.043。左胫骨前肌、左右伸指总肌、腹直肌及胸锁乳突肌小力收缩时的Amp及左右胫骨前肌、左右伸指总肌、腹直肌及胸锁乳突肌小力收缩时的Lat与ALS-FRS-R不存在相关性(P>0.05)。结论 EMG中仅个别相关肌肉小力收缩时MUAP的Amp与ALS-FRS-R相关,因此EMG相关肌肉小力收缩时的Amp和Lat对ALS仅具有定性意义,不能反映ALS患者病情的严重程度。     

肌萎缩侧索硬化叠加帕金森综合征临床分析

本文报道了广东省人民医院2例肌萎缩侧索硬化叠加帕金森综合征(ALS-PS)患者的诊断过程,通过文献复习分析了肌萎缩侧索硬化叠加综合征(ALS-Plus)的临床特征、发病率、预后以及可能的发病机制。例1患者表现出运动迟缓和铅管样肌强直的帕金森综合征,左旋多巴冲击试验阴性,无嗅觉减退和痴呆,我们诊断为未分化的ALS-PS。例2患者不仅表现出运动迟缓和铅管样肌强直,同时还有小脑、自主神经功能受累的表现,可以归结到MSA的诊断,故诊断为ALS-MSA。ALS-Plus约占所有ALS患者的13. 6%,并且较单纯ALS患者有更短的生存时间。尽管相关研究尝试为ALSPlus提供合理的解释,但目前具体发病机制仍不完全清楚,有待进一步的研究。ALS-Plus在ALS中并不罕见,但在临床上容易被忽略,一方面因为ALS-Plus对其他系统特别是锥体外系的损伤常常被严重的肌萎缩、肌无力症状所掩盖;另一方面在于神经科医生仍对其缺乏充分的认识。因此,我们认为神经科医生应该加强对ALS-Plus的认识,详细的病史和体格检查有助于避免误诊及漏诊。     

肌萎缩侧索硬化患者可发生四肢体感诱发电位的变化

观察52例肌萎缩侧索硬化患者和30例健康人正中神经和胫后神经体感诱发电位变化,判断肌萎缩侧索硬化患者深感觉传导通路的功能状况。肌萎缩侧索硬化患者中,54%（28/52）出现体感诱发电位异常,且皆有下肢体感诱发电位异常。与健康对照者比较,近场皮质电位N20、P2、N2及中枢传导时间延长,可伴有波幅降低或者波形完全消失。表明54%肌萎缩侧索硬化患者体感诱发电位中四肢的中枢起源电位均发生明显异常,证实肌萎缩侧索硬化患者可伴有深感觉通路尤其是中枢深感觉传导障碍。     

肌萎缩侧索硬化叠加帕金森综合征临床分析

本文报道了广东省人民医院2例肌萎缩侧索硬化叠加帕金森综合征（ALS-PS）患者的诊断过程，通过文献复习分析了肌萎缩侧索硬化叠加综合征（ALS-Plus）的临床特征、发病率、预后以及可能的发病机制。例1患者表现出运动迟缓和铅管样肌强直的帕金森综合征，左旋多巴冲击试验阴性，无嗅觉减退和痴呆，我们诊断为未分化的ALS-PS。例2患者不仅表现出运动迟缓和铅管样肌强直，同时还有小脑、自主神经功能受累的表现，可以归结到MSA的诊断，故诊断为ALS-MSA。ALS-Plus约占所有ALS患者的13.6%，并且较单纯ALS患者有更短的生存时间。尽管相关研究尝试为ALS-Plus提供合理的解释，但目前具体发病机制仍不完全清楚，有待进一步的研究。ALS-Plus在ALS中并不罕见，但在临床上容易被忽略，一方面因为ALS-Plus对其他系统特别是锥体外系的损伤常常被严重的肌萎缩、肌无力症状所掩盖；另一方面在于神经科医生仍对其缺乏充分的认识。因此，我们认为神经科医生应该加强对ALS-Plus的认识，详细的病史和体格检查有助于避免误诊及漏诊。     

肌萎缩性侧索硬化症患者体感诱发电位研究

目的 研究肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ALS)患者体感诱发电位(SEP)变化。方法 采用正中神经及肠后神经体感诱发电位(mSEP、tSEP)对30例患者进行检测，并与27例健康人作对比。结果 mSEP和tSEP的异常率分别为43．3％(13／30)及28％(7/5)，除N9、PF(腘点)、LP(T12点)峰潜伏期和对照组相比无显著差异外，其余各峰潜伏期及峰间期和对照组相比均有显著性差异。结论 ALS患者存在感觉通路损害，且中枢的改变较周围更明显，SEP检查对患者感觉损害的定位有一定价值。     

咀嚼肌经颅电刺激运动诱发电位在肌萎缩侧索硬化诊断中的价值

目的　对肌萎缩侧索硬化 (ALS)患者进行经颅电刺激咀嚼肌诱发电位的研究 ,建立评估ALS头区皮质脑干束的检查方法。方法　对 2 0例ALS患者和 30名健康志愿者进行双侧咀嚼肌经颅电刺激 ,双侧同时接受 ,分别记录同侧的根运动诱发电位 (R MEP)和对侧的皮层运动诱发电位(C MEP)的潜伏期、波幅 ,计算中枢运动传导时间 (CMCT)。结果　R MEP可在所有ALS患者中引出。R MEP的潜伏期 [(3 4 4± 0 5 3)ms]、波幅 [(2 79± 2 19)mV]与健康对照组比较差异无显著意义 ;而C MEP有 12例ALS患者不正常 ,C MEP的潜伏期 [(7 6 9± 1 5 8)ms]与健康对照组 [(5 83±1 4 0 )ms]比较差异有显著意义 ,CMCT显著延长 (P <0 0 1)。结论　C MEP为一种非创伤性评估ALS头区上运动神经元受损的较敏感方法。     

Multimodality evoked potentials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Visual, brainstem auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials to medial nerve stimulation were recorded in 27 patients affected by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. VEP N75, P100, N140, N75-P100 latencies and P100 amplitude, BAEP I-III, III-V and I-V interpeak-latencies were within normal limits in all ALS patients. Somatosensory evoked potentials were abnormally delayed in 8 patients: in 3 arms because of a delayed N9-N13 latency, in 9 arms because of a delayed N13-N19 latency.     

Somatosensory evoked potentials in the differential diagnosis between compression and amyotrophic srinal cord literal sclerosis

Spinal cord compression (SCC) often presents a similar clinical picture to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). An early differential diagnosis is important because SCC is a potentially treatable clinical disorder. We carried out a longitudinal study of 43 patients with an initial diagnosis of ALS, in order to ascertain the percentage of patients with SCC, and to evaluate the usefulness of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in early diagnosis. Thirty-three patients had a final diagnosis of ALS and 8 of SCC. SEPs central conduction was abnormal in 3 ALS and 7 SCC patients, respectively (Fisher exact test, p < 0.05). We concluded that SEPs investigation is useful in the differential diagnosis between ALS and SCC patients with pure motor signs.     

Fully intact contact heat evoked potentials in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is typically considered to be a disease of motor, not sensory, neurons. However, reports exist of sensory system involvement in ALS. In this study we aimed to study the characteristic of contact heat‐evoked potentials (CHEPs) in patients with ALS and to evaluate the nociceptive pathway in these patients. Sixty patients with ALS and 60 controls had pain elicited by a CHEP stimulator with an accelerated velocity of 70°C/s. Thermal stimuli were sent at 54.5°C to three body sites: the dorsum of the hand, the proximal volar forearm, and the skin near C7. CHEPs were recorded from Cz and Pz. The onset negative peak latencies were 561.2 ± 28.6 ms, 540.1 ± 39.2 ms, and 502.4 ± 26.2 ms when the dorsum of the hand, the proximal volar forearm, and skin near C7 were stimulated, respectively. There were no significant differences between the ALS patients and the controls with CHEP (P > 0.05). Our results suggest that the nociceptive pathway is intact and support the idea that small fibers and their sensory pathway are spared in ALS. Muscle Nerve, 2009     

肌萎缩侧索硬化患者复合肌肉动作电位特点分析及其与临床关系的研究

目的分析肌萎缩侧索硬化患者复合肌肉动作电位之特点,探讨波幅改变与肌力、病程以及神经功能等级评分等方面的关系。方法收集2001年5月-2004年11月肌电图检查表现为广泛神经源性损害的肌萎缩侧索硬化患者127例,根据ElEscorial诊断标准,确诊级43例、拟诊级39例、可能级13例、可疑级32例。选择其中确诊级和拟诊级患者82例进行神经功能评分和Appel肌萎缩侧索硬化量表评分,然后对其复合肌肉动作电位波幅值与肌力、病程以及神经功能评分变化间的关系进行比较分析。结果(1)82例患者复合肌肉动作电位波幅下降,与肌力改变呈明显指数拟合关系(r=0.969,P=0.001)。(2)同一患者波幅水平随病程而逐渐降低,波幅下降速度较慢者病程较长;不同患者的波幅与病程无显著相关(r=!0.077,P=0.502)。(3)复合肌肉动作电位波幅水平降低与神经功能等级评分呈显著正相关(r=0.412,P=0.001),与Appel评分呈显著负相关(r=!0.549,P=0.001)。(4)患者复合肌肉动作电位波幅水平的降低与运动神经传导速度无明显相关(r=!0.087,P=0.545),但若将波幅与传导速度转换为正常下限的百分比取其平方根后,二者间则呈线性相关(r=0.382,P<0.001)。结论复合肌肉动作电位波幅改变是肌萎缩侧索硬化原发性与继发性病理改变共同作用的结果,随着患者肌无力和肌萎缩症状的逐渐加重,复合肌肉动作电位波幅亦明显下降,但由于此时髓鞘仍保留完整,传导速度仍可保持正常,提示肌萎缩侧索硬化患者肌力下降的机制主要系下运动神经元损害所致。在同一患者,复查时显示复合肌肉动作电位波幅随病程进展而逐渐下降,但尚难建立反映二者平行关系的时间-波幅曲线,提示复合肌肉动作电位波幅改变与病程关系较为复杂。此外,复合肌肉动作电位波幅与肌萎缩侧索硬化患者的神经功能等级评分和Appel量表评分明显相关,提示早期波幅下降较慢者病情相对较轻。     

肌萎缩侧索硬化患者膈神经传导的电生理分析

目的 通过分析肌萎缩侧索硬化(Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,ALS)患者膈神经传导检测,并结合其它神经电生理资料,为该病提供更深入的认识,进一步指导临床诊疗。方法 研究范围为武汉大学人民医院2014年1月-2021年12月就诊的ALS患者共88例,收集患者的一般资料、主要症状及体征、肌萎缩侧索硬化改良量表(ALSFRS-R)评分、运动神经传导检测中的复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)波幅和远端运动潜伏期(DML)等指标。结果(1)运动神经传导检测中CMAP波幅降低192条(43.6%),膈神经波幅异常率为35.2%; 远端潜伏期延长116条(26.4%),膈神经DML异常率为77.3%;(2)膈神经DML在性别方面存在明显差异(P<0.01);(3)ALSFRS-R评分与膈神经、尺神经、正中神经、腓总神经、胫神经的CMAP波幅呈正相关(r=0.393,P<0.01; r=0.375,P<0.01; r=0.413,P<0.01; r=0.251,P<0.05; r=0.442,P<0.01);(4)膈神经DML及CMAP波幅在起病部位方面存在明显差异(P<0.05; P<0.05);(5)膈神经DML在判断病情中度和轻度之间的最佳界点为9.095 ms,敏感性为85.7%,特异性为80.2%。结论 ALS患者的运动神经传导可表现异常,CMAP波幅下降占比较大,但膈神经中潜伏期延长比CMAP波幅降低更多见。膈神经传导检测存在一定程度的性别差异。行运动神经传导检测时多条神经CMAP波幅变化可反映ALS患者病情严重程度。膈神经潜伏期变化可更敏感地反映ALS的病情严重程度,以期指导临床诊断与治疗。     

Fasciculation potentials and decremental responses in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Objective

The positive correlation between fasciculation potentials (FPs) and decremental responses in repetitive nerve stimulation test (RNS) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients has been described based on only one past study. We revisited this issue.

Neurophysiological features of fasciculation potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

We report 13 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in whom fasciculation potentials (FPs) driven by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were recorded. A total of 18 different FPs were analyzed. TMS-driven fasciculations had a simple morphology and were stable. Complex potentials were never cortically driven. Recruitment by a slight voluntary contraction was verified in 7 of 13 tested FPs. FPs were driven by threshold stimuli in 7 of 10 patients and by stimuli 5% below threshold in 3 of 6. Mapping demonstrated that FPs were driven in an area close to the center of gravity of the muscle cortical area. In one case FPs were evoked from most of the cortical representation area of a very weak muscle. Three other patients with profuse fasciculations associated with other clinical conditions were also studied. No TMS evoked fasciculation was observed in this group. The results of this systematic study suggest that cortically evoked FPs arise centrally, at spinal cord or even more proximally, and can represent a marker of increased corticomotor excitability, which is predominant at an earlier phase but can persist as the disease progresses. Received: 15 April 1999/Received in revised form: 28 July 1999/Accepted: 2 November 1999     

Inspiratory- and finger-flexion-related cortical potentials in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis--an exploratory study

Objective

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons. Each voluntary movement, including inspiration, is preceded by movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) that can be recorded from the scalp. MRCPs of ALS patients with severe upper motor neuron involvement are smaller. Our aim was to explore whether the inspiratory-(sniffing)-related cortical potentials (SRCPs) and index-finger-flexion MRCPs (FFRCPs) can be used as markers of cortical involvement in ALS.

Methods

Thirteen ALS patients and 15 healthy volunteers were assessed for their hand dexterity and strength, respiratory function, speech capacity, spasticity, electromyographic parameters and functional rating scales. EEG was recorded during self-paced sniffing and the right index finger flexion. The MRCP amplitudes were assessed at the relevant electrode positions.

Results

No statistically significant difference was found between the MRCP amplitudes of the ALS patients and the control subjects. However, patients with more severely affected upper limb functions generated smaller FFRCPs and those with more affected respiratory functions generated smaller SRCPs. Excessively high FFRCPs were associated with better while excessively low FFRCPs with worse scores on some of the clinical measures of the upper limb function.

Conclusion

Our preliminary results demonstrate that it is feasible to record SRCP in ALS patients, which combined with FFRCP, may be useful to determine the spectrum of motor control changes in this population.