儿童急性白血病血清白细胞介素24的测定及意义

目的观察急性白血病患儿血清白细胞介素24(IL-24)的水平及意义。方法确诊未治的儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)、儿童急性髓细胞白血病(AML)、非白血病患儿及正常儿童(正常对照组)各20例,采用ELISA法测定其血清IL-24的水平并进行比较。结果两组白血病患儿血清IL-24浓度[ALL组:(28.25±2.6)ng/L;AML组:(26.32±3.2)ng/L]均较正常对照组[(113.15±3.7)ng/L]和非白血病患儿[(105.82±4.2)ng/L]明显降低(P值均0.05);但ALL与AML组之间和非白血病组与正常对照组之间差异无统计学意义(P值均0.05)。结论 ALL及AML患儿血清IL-24浓度明显下降。     

手足口病患儿血清硫化氢及白细胞介素-6水平改变的研究

目的：研究手足口病(hand,foot and mouth disease,HFMD)患儿血清硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide,H2 S)与白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-6水平改变的意义。方法选择在我院住院治疗的92例HFMD 患儿为研究对象,根据病情,选择其中48例为重症 HFMD 组,44例为普通 HFMD 组,选择同期健康儿童46例为健康对照组。分别检测其血清 H2 S 及 IL-6水平。结果急性期：重症 HFMD 组与普通 HFMD 组血清 H2 S [(21.72±7.52)μmol /L、(31.86±8.41)μmol /L]水平均明显降低,IL-6[(131.33±17.82)ng /L、(95.48±15.07)ng /L]水平明显升高,与健康对照组[H2 S (55.76±7.80)μmol /L,IL-6(61.31±13.43)ng /L]比较差异有统计学意义(P ﹤0.01);重症 HFMD 组与普通HFMD 组比较差异有统计学意义(P ﹤0.01)。恢复期：重症 HFMD 组血清 H2 S[(34.54±13.21)μmol /L]水平仍低于健康对照组,IL-6[(92.73±15.25)ng /L]水平仍高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P ﹤0.01)。相关性分析显示：重症 HFMD 组与普通 HFMD 组血清 H2 S 与 IL-6水平之间均呈显著负相关(r ＝-0.31,P ﹤0.01;r ＝-0.45,P ﹤0.01)。结论 HFMD 患儿血清 H2 S 和 IL-6水平发生了改变,并且可作为重症 HFMD 患儿早期诊断的指标之一。     

毛细支气管炎患儿血清白细胞介素-4及尿白三烯E4水平的临床观察

目的 探讨毛细支气管炎患儿血清IL4及尿白三烯E4(LTFA)水平变化与病情分度的关系.方法 选择2006年12月至2008年12月我院小儿呼吸科住院毛细支气管炎患儿100例,按病情程度分为轻度、中重度两组,轻度组52例,中重度组48例.另选择健康体检儿50例为对照组.采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清IL-4及尿LIFA水平.结果 毛细支气管炎患儿发病急性期血清IL-4水平为(11.34±7.56)ng/L,尿LTFA(20.3±4.75)pmol/μmol Cr;恢复期血清IL-4(6.84±5.64)ng/L及尿LTE4(3.6±1.12)pmol/μmol Cr;健康组IL-4(5.72±2.24)ng/L及尿LTFA(1.43±0.14)pmol/μmolCr.毛细支气管炎患儿发病急性期血清IL-4及尿LTE4明显增高(P<0.01).中重度组血清IL-4为(15.32±6.85)ng/L,及尿LTE4为(28.8±4.71)pmoL/μmol Cr,高于轻症组IL-4[(7.64±4.31)ng/L]及尿LTE4[(18.1±3.52)pmol/μmol Cr],两组问差异有显著性(P<0.05).恢复期IL-4为(6.84±5.64)ng/L 及尿LTFA为(3.6±1.21)pmol/μmol Cr;正常健康对照组IL-4(5.72±2.24)ng/L及尿LTE4(1.43±0.14)pmol/μmol Cr,两组间差异无显著性(P>0.01).血清IL-4与尿LTE4检测结果呈正相关,r值分别为0.628、0.564(P<0.01).结论 血清IL-4及尿LTE4水平可作为毛细支气管炎病情严重程度的指标之一,有利于指导临床诊治.     

急性白血病患儿血清白细胞介素-15水平检测的意义

目的检测急性白血病(AL)患儿血清白细胞介素-15(IL-15)水平,了解IL-15水平与儿童AL的关系。方法确诊未治的急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)、急性非淋巴细胞白血病(ANLL)和非白血病组儿童各20例,分别收集血清及骨髓单个核细胞(BMMC);另收集20例正常儿童血清作对照。使用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定不同组别血清IL-15水平。结果ALL组、ANLL组、非白血病组及正常对照组血清IL-15水平分别为(34.37±2.8)ng/L,(29.61±3.2)ng/L,(117.54±3.9)ng/L,(122.23±4.2)ng/L;其中ALL组、ANLL组分别与正常对照组进行比较均有显著意义(q=3.95,4.03Pa<0.05)。ALL组、ANLL组分别与非白血病组比较均有显著意义(q=4.17,3.76Pa<0.05)。ALL组与ANLL组比较、正常对照与非白血病组比较无明显差异(Pa>0.05)。结论检测血清IL-15水平对判断白血病患儿抗肿瘤免疫状态有一定的临床意义。     

脓毒症患儿营养状况的评估

目的 本研究旨在评价感染严重程度与血清白蛋白、细胞因子(IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α)及血浆中氨基酸浓度的关系,以利于早期发现脓毒症患儿的营养不良,为其合理的营养支持提供理论依据.方法 根据感染严重程度将患儿分为脓毒症组(52例)、严重脓毒症组(41例),并设正常对照组(300例).在使用血制品及营养支持前测定各组患儿血浆中自蛋白、氨基酸浓度及细胞因子(IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α)水平.结果 严重脓毒症组患儿均存在低蛋白血症,其IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α浓度分别为(193.95±74.11)ng/L、(481.33±186.58)ng/L、(21.00±9.43)ng/L,明显高于脓毒症组和正常对照组(P＜0.01);其天冬氨酸、精氨酸、甘氨酸含量分别为(23.6±8.5)μmol/L、(6.1±4.7)μmol/L、(101.4±60.6)μmol/L,明显低于脓毒症组和正常对照组(P＜0.01).结论 严重脓毒症患儿均存在低蛋白血症,其天冬氨酸、精氨酸、甘氨酸等具有抗氧化和免疫调节作用的氨基酸含量明显降低,对其早期开始营养支持可能会改善临床预后.     

小儿病毒性心肌炎血清一氧化氮和肿瘤坏死因子的检测及临床意义

本文采用比色法、双抗体夹心ELISA法检测48例病毒性心肌炎患儿及25例正常健康儿血清-氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)浓度。结果显示:病毒性心肌炎患儿急性期血清NO、TNF(74.57±15.26μmol/L、37.41±15.68ng/ml)均高于正常对照组(25.09±5.54μmol/L、8.23±2.79ng/ml);恢复期呈下降趋势(35.48±9.89μmol/L、15.83±9.69ng/L),但仍高于对照组,有显著性差异(P<0.01),NO与TNF呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。提示;血清NO和TNF水平与病毒性心肌炎的发生发展有关。     

毛细支气管炎患儿血清白细胞介素-4及尿白三烯E4水平的临床观察

目的 探讨毛细支气管炎患儿血清IL4及尿白三烯E4(LTFA)水平变化与病情分度的关系.方法 选择2006年12月至2008年12月我院小儿呼吸科住院毛细支气管炎患儿100例,按病情程度分为轻度、中重度两组,轻度组52例,中重度组48例.另选择健康体检儿50例为对照组.采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清IL-4及尿LIFA水平.结果 毛细支气管炎患儿发病急性期血清IL-4水平为(11.34±7.56)ng/L,尿LTFA(20.3±4.75)pmol/μmol Cr;恢复期血清IL-4(6.84±5.64)ng/L及尿LTE4(3.6±1.12)pmol/μmol Cr;健康组IL-4(5.72±2.24)ng/L及尿LTFA(1.43±0.14)pmol/μmolCr.毛细支气管炎患儿发病急性期血清IL-4及尿LTE4明显增高(P<0.01).中重度组血清IL-4为(15.32±6.85)ng/L,及尿LTE4为(28.8±4.71)pmoL/μmol Cr,高于轻症组IL-4[(7.64±4.31)ng/L]及尿LTE4[(18.1±3.52)pmol/μmol Cr],两组问差异有显著性(P<0.05).恢复期IL-4为(6.84±5.64)ng/L 及尿LTFA为(3.6±1.21)pmol/μmol Cr;正常健康对照组IL-4(5.72±2.24)ng/L及尿LTE4(1.43±0.14)pmol/μmol Cr,两组间差异无显著性(P>0.01).血清IL-4与尿LTE4检测结果呈正相关,r值分别为0.628、0.564(P<0.01).结论 血清IL-4及尿LTE4水平可作为毛细支气管炎病情严重程度的指标之一,有利于指导临床诊治.     

大黄治疗婴儿肝炎综合征的作用机制

目的探讨大黄治疗婴儿肝炎综合征(IHS)的机制。方法采用全自动生化分析仪检测52例IHS患儿及18例非IHS择期手术前婴儿(对照组)血清总胆红素(TB)、结合胆红素(DB)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)、总胆汁酸(TBA)水平,采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测其血清及胆汁IL-6、TNF-α水平,硫代巴比妥酸比色法(TBA法)和黄嘌呤氧化酶法分别检测其血清及胆汁丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平。结果大黄治疗后IHS患儿血清TB、DB、ALT、γ-GT、TBA分别为(58.7±20.9)μmol/L、(36.7±13.1)μmol/L、(56.8±22.1)U/L、(83.2±22.7)IU/L、(88.6±31.5)μmol/L,均较治疗前显著降低(Pa<0.05),血清及胆汁IL-6、TNF-α、MDA分别为(20.71±7.93)ng/L、(246.74±83.15)ng/L、(2.60±0.85)μmol/L、(81.96±17.05)ng/L、(627.91±193.37)ng/L、(6.32±2.05)μmol/L,均较治疗前降低(Pa<0.05),SOD与治疗前比较均升高[分别为(107.2±22.7)μU/L、(169.8±57.1)μU/LPa<0.05]。结论IL-6、TNF-α、MDA、SOD参与了IHS的病理过程,大黄通过降低血清及胆汁中IL-6、TNF-α、MDA水平,提高SOD水平而起到退黄护肝的作用。     

重症肌无力被动转移幼鼠的黏膜免疫耐受研究

目的 观察特异性耐受原-双类似物(Lys262-Ala207)对重症肌无力被动转移(PTMG)小鼠模型的黏膜免疫效果,探讨其作用机理及该方法在模型应用中的可行性.方法 将 C57BL/6幼年雌性小鼠60只分为3组:耐受组、模型组、对照组,各20只.耐受组和模型组建立PTMG模型.耐受组在致敏前10 d,每天经鼻腔滴人含耐受肽-双类似物25μg的PBS 50μl;模型组连续10 d经鼻腔滴入不含耐受肽的PBS 50μl;正常对照组不做特殊处理.观察实验各组小鼠的体重、临床评分、白细胞介素4(IL-4)、γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、TGF-a1及其他各项指标的改变情况.结果 模型组小鼠表现较为典型的PTMG症状;耐受组小鼠经耐受治疗有效,其临床症状较轻.血清乙酰胆碱受体抗体(AChRAb)含量耐受组为(16.01±1.09)mg/L,模型组为(28.12±1.28)mg/L,均高于对照组[(1.60±0.28)mg/L](t=44.37,70.27,P<0.01).耐受组外周血中TGF-B1[(437.19±1.93)ng/L]高于模型组[(175.63±3.12)ng/L](t=36.07,P<0.01),模型组IL-4、IFN-γ[(193.37±3.95)ng/L,(320.46±2.14)ng/L],均高于耐受组[(141.02±3.11)ng/L,(187.99±4.67)ng/L](t=37.20、51.69,P<0.01).各因子与对照组比较仍未达正常水平,差异有统计学意义(t=26.65、31.05、49.02,P<0.01).结论 双类似物鼻黏膜耐受对缓解PTMG有效,表现为:血清AChRAb含量降低,外周血中TGF-a1分泌增高,IL-4、IFN-γ分泌降低和临床症状的缓解等.同时该方法还具有使用方便、安全等特点.     

毛细支气管炎患儿血清白细胞介素-4及尿白三烯E4水平的临床观察

目的 探讨毛细支气管炎患儿血清IL4及尿白三烯E4(LTFA)水平变化与病情分度的关系.方法 选择2006年12月至2008年12月我院小儿呼吸科住院毛细支气管炎患儿100例,按病情程度分为轻度、中重度两组,轻度组52例,中重度组48例.另选择健康体检儿50例为对照组.采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清IL-4及尿LIFA水平.结果 毛细支气管炎患儿发病急性期血清IL-4水平为(11.34±7.56)ng/L,尿LTFA(20.3±4.75)pmol/μmol Cr;恢复期血清IL-4(6.84±5.64)ng/L及尿LTE4(3.6±1.12)pmol/μmol Cr;健康组IL-4(5.72±2.24)ng/L及尿LTFA(1.43±0.14)pmol/μmolCr.毛细支气管炎患儿发病急性期血清IL-4及尿LTE4明显增高(P<0.01).中重度组血清IL-4为(15.32±6.85)ng/L,及尿LTE4为(28.8±4.71)pmoL/μmol Cr,高于轻症组IL-4[(7.64±4.31)ng/L]及尿LTE4[(18.1±3.52)pmol/μmol Cr],两组问差异有显著性(P<0.05).恢复期IL-4为(6.84±5.64)ng/L 及尿LTFA为(3.6±1.21)pmol/μmol Cr;正常健康对照组IL-4(5.72±2.24)ng/L及尿LTE4(1.43±0.14)pmol/μmol Cr,两组间差异无显著性(P>0.01).血清IL-4与尿LTE4检测结果呈正相关,r值分别为0.628、0.564(P<0.01).结论 血清IL-4及尿LTE4水平可作为毛细支气管炎病情严重程度的指标之一,有利于指导临床诊治.     

Age-dependency of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors on thrombocytes and lymphocytes of asthmatic and nonasthmatic children

Among the possible mechanisms which may cause wheezing or asthmatic episodes a genetically determined -adrenoceptor blockade and a hyperresponsiveness of -andrenoceptors has been postulated. Evidence to support this hypothesis stems from an increased bronchial sensitivity to -blockers, a reduced formation of cyclic AMP in response to -adrenergic stimulation and enhanced -adrenergic responses in asthmatic subjects. The recent development of techniques for measuring the specific, high-affinity binding of radiolabeled -and -adrenergic antagonists made it possible to study - and -adrenoceptors in vitro. Based upon the assumption that a change in the number and/or affinity of adrenergic receptors might be a general phenomenon, we have performed - and -receptor binding studies on lymphocytes and platelets from wheezing infants and asthmatic children as well as of infants, children, and adults not suffering from these diseases.Using ¹²⁵[I]-cyanopindolol (ICYP) and ³[H]-yohimbine (HYOH) as highly specific ligands for - and -adrenoceptors, the following results were obtained: (1) Lymphocytes and platelets from control subjects and asthamatics bound similar amounts of ICYP and HYOH and thus showed no differences either in the number or the affinity of - and -adrenoceptors. Lymphocytes and platelets of wheezing and nonwheezing infants also bound the same amounts of the radioligands. (2) In asthmatic children receiving 4×2 puffs salbutamol -adrenoceptor were down-regulated and this may mimic -adrenoceptor blockade. (3) When subjects were divided into four categories according to age (0–5, 5–10, 10–20 years, adults) the number of -adrenoceptor binding sites showed an age-dependent increase. The number and affinity of -adreneceptor binding sites on platelets was neither influenced by age nor disease.It is concluded that the - and -adrenoceptors of wheezing infants and asthmatic children at least on blood cells are normal. However the -adrenoceptors show an age-dependent maturation process, which may account for an unresponsiveness to -adrenoceptor agonists in wheezing infants.Supported by a grant from the Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, NRWPresented at the 19th Workshop for Pediatric Research, University of Göttingen, March 10–11, 1983     

Parent Preferences and Perceptions of Milliliters and Teaspoons: Role of Health Literacy and Experience

Background and Objectives

A recent American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement recommends milliliter-exclusive dosing for pediatric liquid medications. Little is known about parent preferences regarding units, perceptions about moving to milliliters only, and the role of health literacy and prior milliliter-dosing experience.

�����ʵ��ʺ������ͯ����

??The physiological characteristics of children determine their own particularity of their needs for the quality and quantity of proteins. Proteins not only play an important role in the development of children’s growth and development??cognitive function and immune function??but also have important effects on the long-term health of children.In this paper??the dietary protein reference intakes??amino acid patterns??dietary amino acid reference intakes??sources of high quality protein??and harm of deficiency and excess of protein in children were discussed in detail.     

婴幼儿膳食营养与生长发育指标调查

目的确定当前3岁以下儿童主要的营养问题，为制定营养改善对策提供科学依据。方法对在本院儿童保健中心定期进行体检的386例6—36个月儿童进行体格测量及智力发育检测，并同时进行膳食分析。结果膳食中能量、蛋白质、视黄醇、硫胺素、抗坏血酸及铁、钙的摄入均达到膳食营养素参考摄入量（DRIs）标准，膳食锌平均摄入量未达到DRIs的80％。Logistic回归分析提示碳水化合物摄入量过高是婴幼儿肥胖的一个危险因素。能量和碳水化合物摄入越多，智力发育指数越高。结论婴幼儿生长发育和膳食状况良好，父母要注意培养婴幼儿科学的膳食习惯。     

Prenatal and postnatal administration of prebiotics and probiotics

Colonization of the neonatal gut by beneficial bacteria is important for the establishment and maintenance of the mucosal barrier, thus protecting the neonate from enteric pathogens and local and systemic inflammation. The neonatal microbiome is influenced by infant diet, environment, and the maternal microbiome. Dysbiosis in pregnancy increases the risk of pre-eclampsia, diabetes, infection, preterm labor, and later childhood atopy. Dysbiosis of the neonatal gut plays an important role in colic in the term infant, in the disease processes which plague preterm infants, including necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis, and in the long-term outcomes of neonates. Administration of enteral prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics during pregnancy, lactation, and postnatal life appears to be a safe and feasible method to alter the maternal and neonatal microbiome, thus improving pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.     

ϸ֧�����׽���������������

??Bronchiolitis has been one of the hot spots in the researches on diseases of respiratory system nowadays. However?? the concepts and classifications of this disease remain unclear. In this paper?? the denotative and connotative concepts of bronchioles and bronchiolitis were analyzed from the views of anatomy and development biology?? and the classification changes of adult bronchiolitis were introduced. These content can be used as references for the systematic studies of pediatric bronchiolitis.     

Caring for the health and medical and emotional needs of children of migrants and asylum seekers

Political turmoil, military conflicts and other international sociological upheavals are causing significant immigration of large numbers of people, including infants and children, in Europe. Many of these young migrants are refugees. These youngsters have significant health needs, and medical conditions (such as infectious diseases) and mental health problems due to their previous stressful situations and the difficulties that they often experience while settling, even temporarily, into their new environments. Government authorities must screen for transmissible diseases and ensure that vaccine-preventable infections are adequately covered. Paediatricians must give the best possible care for these children and act as their advocates. This can be enhanced by collaborating with national and international paediatric societies and with international non-government agencies. This problem is not confined to Europe; world-wide, it occurs on a massive scale and causes huge burdens for poorer countries that have serious difficulties in coping with the extra financial, personnel and infrastructure needs imposed by massive, uncontrolled migration of populations that are often unhealthy and inadequately nourished. However, this should not be used as a pretext to deny safe refuge to children and their families who need it.

Conclusion: Massive movements of infant and child immigrants and refugees across European borders over recent years have brought challenges to paediatricians because of the needs for the health and medical and mental health care of these young people. Paediatricians have an important role in their care and by acting, wherever possible, as their advocates. This is a massive problem, world-wide, in which paediatricians can have a potentially significant positive impact.