胆道双支架置入治疗肝门部胆管癌

目的　探讨肝门部胆管癌胆道双支架置入的方法、术式和临床疗效。方法　 6例肝门部BismuthⅣ型胆管癌患者 ,采取经皮肝穿刺胆道双支架置入治疗 ,根据左右肝管分叉角度的不同采取不同的双支架置入术式。当分叉呈钝角时 ,仅通过右肝管单一穿刺通道置入双支架 ;当分叉呈锐角时 ,2个穿刺通道都在右腋中线进行 ,方便了操作和术后护理。结果　术后患者黄疸明显减轻或消退 ,血清胆红素水平较术前平均下降了 (10 4± 2 9) μmol L(P <0 .0 1) ,收到了较好的近期治疗效果。 6例中有 2例分别于术后 4和 6个月支架再阻塞。结论　胆道双支架置入对于肝门部BismuthⅣ型胆管癌疗效可靠 ,根据左右肝管分叉角度采取不同的双支架置入术式 ,方法可行。     

胆道支架置入联合γ刀治疗复杂型肝门部胆管癌的临床分析

目的评价胆道支架置入联合γ刀治疗复杂型肝门部胆管癌的临床疗效。方法对5例Bismuth分型Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌合并胆总管远端狭窄行胆道置入金属支架引流联合γ刀治疗,先行B超引导下左侧肝内胆管穿刺置管,再行右侧肝内胆管置管引流(PTCD),置入3枚胆道支架解除梗阻。黄疸消退后行体部γ刀治疗,观察患者胆红素、转氨酶及肿瘤控制情况。结果 5例患者治疗前血清总胆红素为289.38±101.43μmol/L,直接胆红素180.42±72.50μmol/L,丙氨酸氨基转移酶148.80±82.65U/L。术后1周、1个月患者血清总胆红素分别为94.2±20.43、27.20±14.60μmol/L,直接胆红素分别为62.37±30.41、20.58±9.33μmol/L,丙氨酸氨基转移酶分别为109.27±45.52、59.80±35.18U/L。5例患者术后生存期分别为10、13、14、17、24个月,其中3例仍存活,中位生存期15个月,无手术并发症发生。结论胆道支架置入联合γ刀是复杂型肝门部胆管癌的一种安全有效的治疗方法,对于不能手术的局部晚期病例可提高局控率和生存率。     

金属内支架和局部治疗相结合治疗肝门部胆管癌

目的：提高肝门部胆管癌疗效，延长生存时间、改善生存质量。材料与方法：２４例非手术肝门部胆管癌患者先行ＰＴＣＤ减黄术，其中１８例再行局部治疗（胆道内照射或局部化疗）并留置金属内支架１周后拔去引流管，另６例仅行ＰＴＣＤ治疗。结果：２４例行ＰＴＣＤ治疗后，２２例总胆红素下降，未见改变的２例在１个月内死亡。１８例行局部治疗并留置金属内支架的病例，平均生存１０个月，最长２４个月。平均无管（指拔去引流管）生存为５．５个月，最长为１７个月。另６例平均生存２个月，最长为６个月。结论：（１）行局部治疗并留置金属内支架病例的生存时间明显长于单纯ＰＴＣＤ治疗的病例。（２）ＰＴＣＤ后胆红素未见改变或上升者预后不佳。（３）ＰＴＣＤ后的胆道内留置金属内支架与局部治疗相结合是非手术治疗肝门部胆管癌的有效方法。     

经皮胆道内支架置放术治疗胆道狭窄

目的：采用经皮肝穿胆道支架置入术治疗阻塞性黄疸并探讨其疗效、技术要点及并发症。材料与方法：２５例胆道狭窄接受经皮经肝胆道内支架置入术，其中胆管癌１６例，胰头癌４例，肝门区转移癌３例和胆道术后狭窄２例。结果：技术成功率为９６．０％。２例患者分别行右、左肝管双支架置入。恶性梗阻者６个月生存率为７３．３％，１２个月为４６．６％。６个月胆道再狭窄率为４０．０％。主要并发症为轻度胆道出血（４４．０％）和逆行感染（８．０％），经保守治疗痊愈。结论：结果显示本术治疗胆管狭窄安全有效，技术成功率较经ＥＲＣＰ途径高。配合动脉内化疗灌注可提高恶性阻塞患者的生存率。     

单通道双支架植入技术治疗肝门部胆管癌

目的 探讨单通道双支架植入技术治疗肝门部胆管癌的可行性和临床应用价值。方法 18例肝门部胆管癌患者，左、右肝管起始部狭窄或闭塞。采用右腋中线入路穿刺右肝管，用导丝寻找右肝管与左肝管和胆总管之间的潜在腔隙，于左右肝管间以及右肝管-胆总管间分别植入支架。结果 18例患者均从右腋中线穿刺通道成功植入右肝管-左肝管间及右肝管-胆总管间的支架，实现了胆汁经左肝管-右肝管-胆总管的完全内引流，解除梗阻疗效显著。结论 单通道双支架植入技术简化了高位胆管梗阻介入件引流的操作，减少了操作创伤，缩短了操作时间，具有较高的临床实用价值。     

金属内支架在治疗恶性胆道梗阻中的应用

目的 :探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道金属内支架置入治疗恶性胆道梗阻临床应用价值。方法 :对 2 7例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者行经皮肝穿胆道金属内支架置入术。男 18例 ,女 9例 ,其中肝癌 6例 ,胆管癌 7例 ,胰腺癌 5例 ,转移癌 9例。梗阻部位在胆总管 12例 ,肝总管肝门区 15例。结果 :经皮肝胆道内支架置入术技术成功率为 10 0 %。 2 7例共置入金属内支架31枚 ,术后 1周复查肝功能血清学指标 ,总胆红素、碱性磷酸酶和谷丙转氨酶较术前明显下降 ,P <0 .0 0 1。随访开通时间平均为 14 1天 ,半年开通率 5 5 .6 % ,并发症发生率为 2 5 .9% ,主要为胆道感染 ,胆道出血等。结论 :金属内支架置入术是治疗胆道梗阻性黄疽的安全、有效的姑息治疗手段     

肝门部胆管癌的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的：评价MSCT对肝门部胆管癌的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析17例行MSCT平扫及动态增强扫描的肝门部胆管癌影像学资料,并与手术及病理对照分析。结果：全部病例均有肝内外胆管扩张,肝内胆管扩张呈软藤状。胆管内肿块（5例）,胆管壁局限增厚和管腔狭窄（12例）,平扫均为等密度。增强扫描3例强化,14例延迟强化。结论：胆管壁局限增厚、胆管内肿块是肝门部胆管癌的较特征性CT征象,MSCT扫描结合薄层三维重建对诊断具有重要意义。     

肝门部胆管癌大范围肝切除术前胆道引流作用的临床研究

目的评价大范围肝切除治疗伴有梗阻性黄疸的肝门部胆管癌术前胆道引流的作用。方法回顾性研究2005年6月至2011年4月在解放军总医院行大范围肝切除治疗的伴有梗阻性黄疸的肝门部胆管癌患者临床及术前影像学资料,测量预留肝体积,根据公式:余肝体积(RLV)/标准总肝体积(SLV)计算标准余肝率(standardizedremnant liver volume ratio,SRLVR)。根据术前胆道引流与否,分为两个亚组,比较两亚组术后近期结果。结果大范围肝切除治疗的伴有梗阻性黄疸的肝门部胆管癌共117例,所有病例均进行了肝体积测量,平均标准余肝率为52.3%,术后病死率为6.8%,总并发症发生率为41.9%,肝衰竭发生率为14.5%,感染性并发症发生率为9.7%,术后平均住院日数17.8 d(5～64 d)。多因素分析显示,SRLVR≤40%(OR:71.63,95%置信区间:8.07～635.96,P<0.001)和术前总胆红素>186.7μmol/L(OR:17.29,95%置信区间:1.97～151.92,P=0.01)为肝门部胆管癌术后肝衰竭的独立危险因素。SRLVR>40%时术前胆道引流亚组感染性并发症发生率显著高于非引流亚组,两亚组间术后病死率、总并发症发生率、肝衰竭发生率、术后住院日数差异无统计学意义,而SRLVR≤40%时,术前胆道引流亚组术后病死率、肝衰竭发生率、术后住院日数显著小于非引流亚组,两亚组间总并发症发生率、感染性并发症发生率差异无统计学意义。结论肝门部胆管癌伴有梗阻性黄疸患者肝切除术前,SRLVR≤40%时术前胆道引流显著降低术后病死率、肝衰竭发生率及术后住院日数,推荐常规使用术前胆道引流,而SRLVR>40%时术后感染性并发症发生率显著增加,选择性使用术前胆道引流更为合适。     

胆道粒子支架植入联合TAI序贯治疗不可切除肝门部胆管癌的临床疗效差异

目的 探讨胆道粒子支架植入联合经导管动脉灌注化疗序贯治疗对不可切除肝门部胆管癌(hilar cholangiocarcinoma, HCCA)的临床价值。方法 选取本院收治不可切除HCCA 61例患者,其中对照组28例接受¹²⁵I粒子链及自膨式金属胆道支架(self-expandable metallic biliary stent, SEMS)植入,联合组33例接受¹²⁵I粒子链及SEMS植入后行TAI序贯治疗(TAI包括注入顺铂25 mg/m²与吉西他滨1 000 mg/m²溶于生理盐水后灌注,每3周重复1次),比较两组患者的术后疗效、生存时间、支架通畅时间和并发症。结果 两组技术成功率100%,术后1周、1个月、3个月内两组TBIL、AST、ALT较术前有明显改善(P<0.05),联合组对照组中位支架通畅时间分别为7.9个月、6.3个月,中位生存时间分别为11.4个月、6.7个月,组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组术后均未出现严重并发症。结论 胆道粒子支架联合TAI序贯治...     

血管覆膜支架置入治疗胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤

目的:介绍覆膜支架血管内置入治疗胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤(TADA)的初步经验。方法:本组4例Debakey B型胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤,经CT或MR增强检查确诊。经股动脉置入覆膜支架,封堵胸主动脉破裂口,置入后造影检查证实疗效,术后随访采用彩超或增强CT检查。结果:4例患者共成功置入7个支架,1例术后支架远端出现内漏,6个月后内漏自行封闭;1例并发的腹主动脉瘤随访2个月无变化;随访2~18个月,所有患者内膜破裂口封闭,胸降主动脉和腹主动脉真腔扩大,假腔内血栓形成,支架位置、形态正常。结论:覆膜支架血管内置入治疗胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤的近期疗效满意。     

Recurrent TIPS failure associated with biliary fistulae: Treatment with PTFE-covered stents

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of covered stents for the treatment of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) obstruction in human subjects with identified or suspected biliary fistulae. Methods: Five patients were treated for early failure of TIPS revisions. All had mid-shunt thrombus, and four of these had demonstrable biliary fistulae. Three patients also propagated thrombus into the native portal venous system and required thrombolysis. TIPS were revised in four patients using a custom-made polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-covered Wallstent, and in one patient using a custom-made PTFE-covered Gianturco Z-stent. Results: All identified biliary fistulae were successfully sealed. All five patients maintained patency and function of the TIPS during follow-up ranging from 2 days to 21 months (mean 8.4 months). No patient has required additional revision. Thrombosis of the native portal venous system was treated with partial success by mechanical thrombolysis. Conclusion: Early and recurrent failure of TIPS with mid-shunt thrombosis, which may be associated with biliary fistulae, can be successfully treated using covered stents. Stent-graft revision appears to be safe, effective, and potentially durable.     

Silicone biliary stents

Large silicone stents (9-28 French) were placed in the biliary tree of 173 patients over a 3-year period. Their use markedly reduced the incidence of catheter occlusion and sepsis. Only three cases of cholangitis and one case each of excessive bleeding and pleural effusion occurred. No skin irritation or pancreatitis occurred. The large bore of the catheter and the use of biocompatible material improved the safety and efficacy of biliary drainage.     

胆管癌性阻塞内支架术后再狭窄的介入治疗

目的　探讨胆管癌性阻塞内支架术后再狭窄的介入治疗方法及其疗效。方法　 12例胆管癌性阻塞性黄疸内支架术后胆管再狭窄患者 ,采用经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流术 (PTCD)加金属内支架置入术或结合局部持续性灌注化疗术及化疗性栓塞术 ,共使用 12枚金属内支架。结果　 12例采用经皮经肝穿刺置入金属胆道内支架均获得成功 ,均一次性置入支架。术后总胆红素、丙氨酸转氨酶、谷酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶均有明显下降。术后 12例患者黄疸消退满意。 3例黄疸消退 ,置入内支架术后 4周在DSA下行局部持续性灌注化疗术及化疗性栓塞术。结论　经皮胆管内金属支架再置入术是姑息性治疗胆管癌性阻塞性黄疸内支架术后胆管再狭窄的安全、有效方法 ,结合局部持续性动脉灌注化疗及化疗性栓塞术 ,能提高患者的生命质量及延长生存期     

金属内支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床研究：附33例分析

目的：总结胆管金属内支架放置术的临床经验和疗效分析。材料与方法：恶性梗阻性黄疸患者３３例，男２３例，女１０例。胆管癌１６例，胰头癌２例，原发性肝癌２例，肝转移瘤３例，肝门淋巴结转移瘤压迫胆管１０例。本组共采用金属内支架行内引流３３例，共使用６种３８枚金属内支架。１２例支架放置术后加局部放射治疗和化学治疗（简称放、化疗）。结果：３３例采用经皮经肝穿刺置入胆管支架均获得成功，其中２９例一次性植入支架，４例先行胆汁引流术（ＰＴＢＤ）后再放置金属内支架；９例因胆管梗阻复杂，金属支架置入后仍保留引流导管，其中３例在置管１５～２００天后拔除引流管。２８例（８４．８５％）黄疸消退满意。本组中位生存期７个月，支架植入后加局部放、化疗组中位生存期１０个月。结论：胆管内金属支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸，可用于不能手术治疗的高位胆管梗阻，支架植入后加局部放、化疗可望提高远期疗效。     

Self-expandable metallic biliary stents with permanent access

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to assess the safety and effectiveness of establishing a permanent access to self-expandable biliary stents in palliation of malignant biliary obstruction. CONCLUSION: Permanent access to self-expandable biliary stent provided a safe and effective means for timely reintervention in stent occlusion with acceptable stent patency.     

Silicone biliary stents for percutaneous management of biliary obstruction

Silicone tubes in 2-F increments from 12 to 20 F were developed for long term external-internal drainage of benign and malignant biliary obstructions. Passed coaxially over Teflon catheters and a guidewire, the silicone stents were softer and had larger sideholes than conventional drainage tubes. Once the acute track had matured (two weeks or longer), a silicone stent, 2 F larger than the preceding one, could be placed at each succeeding tube change. We have placed these tubes in 50 patients, 24 of whom had initially placed percutaneous catheters and 26 of whom had surgically placed stents. These tubes remain patent at least as long as conventional catheters and all patients have reported increased comfort using these catheters compared with standard ones.     

食管气管双支架的临床应用

目的探讨食管癌性狭窄(或瘘)合并气管狭窄双内支架置入的价值。方法透视下,对4例食管-气管瘘合并气管严重狭窄和7例食管狭窄合并气管严重狭窄者先后置入气管、食管内支架。结果支架全部一次性置入成功,患者恢复正常进食,呼吸困难即刻缓解。结论双内支架置入治疗食管癌性狭窄(或瘘)合并气管狭窄损伤小、操作简单安全、并发症少,为后续治疗提供了时机。     

Treatment of malignant biliary obstruction by percutaneous transhepatic insertion of expandable metallic stents

A group of 55 patients with jaundice secondary to malignant biliary obstruction were treated with percutaneous transhepatic insertion of self-expandable metal stents (Wallstents). Obstruction was caused by pancreatic carcinoma in 22 patients, cholangiocarcinoma in 21 patients, and other malignancies in 12 patients. A total of 16 patients were treated for hilar obstruction, 35 patients for obstruction of the bile duct below the hilum, and 4 patients for obstruction in a bilioenteric anastomosis. Stent insertion was performed as a two-step procedure in 37 patients, but as a one-step procedure in 18 patients. Adequate bile drainage was achieved in all patients. Procedure-related complications occured in 9 % of cases. After 24 months of observation time 46 patients had died (mean survival 4.6 months). The 30-day mortality rate was 5.5 %. A total of 14 patients (25.5 %) developed recurrent jaundice after an average of 5.3 (0–13) months. Percutaneous insertion of Wallstents ensures good palliation, is relatively safe, and may be performed as a one-step procedure. Correspondence to: P. Hannesson