下肢严重创伤主要血管损伤的显微外科治疗

目的：探讨下肢严重创伤主要血管损伤的早期诊治，提高疗效，降低截肢率。方法：对72例下肢严重创伤主要血管损伤应用显微外科技术进行修复，其中直接血管吻合41例，自身静脉移植修复11例，自身静脉补片移植修复9例，单纯修补12例。术后按显微外科方法监测治疗。结果：治愈65例，截肢6例，死亡2例。结论：下肢严重创伤主要血管损伤往往合并严重的骨折和软组织损伤，早期诊断、早期处理致关重要。良好的显微外科操作技术是血管修复成功的前提，血管修复后还受血管力学性质及血流动力学因素的影响。     

膝部骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤的治疗

目的探讨膝部骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤的治疗。方法分析1998年以来对膝部骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤18例的治疗资料。结果17例保肢,其中膝关节功能优10例,良4例,中2例,差1例。截肢1例。疗效满意。结论早期诊断是治疗腘动脉损伤的关键。术中选择合理骨折内固定是术后膝关节功能恢复的重要因素。血管损伤的处理,迅速恢复下肢有效循环是手术成功的保障,直接影响预后。     

合并有骨折或脱位的下肢主要血管损伤的修复

下肢主要血管损伤合并有骨折或关节脱位,在临床上较为常见,因病情复杂、治疗困难,往往需要早期截肢或后期因并发症而截肢,甚至导致死亡[1-4].随着显微外科技术在临床的应用,骨科内、外固定材料的发展,下肢严重创伤得到了合理治疗,患者肢体截肢率降低,功能得到了改善.1997年1月至2006年12月,我们对65例合并有下肢骨折或脱位的主要血管损伤患者进行修复,疗效满意,现报告如下.     

股骨下段骨折合并血管损伤的早期修复

目的:总结股骨下段骨折合并血管损伤处理的经验教训,以降低伤残率。方法:股骨下段骨折合并血管损伤患者21例,男16例,女5例;年龄17~52岁,平均32.3岁。其中股动脉损伤9例,腘动脉损伤12例。全部手术探查,针对不同情况选择血管修复方法。1例因入院时下肢肌肉广泛坏死而行Ⅰ期截肢,自体静脉移植8例,血管吻合7例,血管修补3例,血管结扎2例。结果:21例患者中,4例截肢,其中1例Ⅰ期截肢,3例Ⅱ期截肢。余患者获1~24个月随访,平均8.5个月。17例均恢复血运,膝关节功能均恢复满意,其中4例出现足下垂。结论:①诊断明确后或高度怀疑有血管损伤者应尽早行手术探查。②下肢大静脉修复的好坏对肢体功能的恢复有重要影响。     

膝部骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤21例

[目的]回顾性分析膝部骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤的治疗方法和效果.[方法]本组21例,男17例,女4例;年龄16-68岁,平均34.3岁.骨折脱位情况膝关节脱位2例,股骨下端骨折4例,胫骨上端骨折9例,浮膝6例.动脉修复方法端端吻合7例,大隐静脉移植14例.骨折及脱位固定方法石膏固定2例,内固定14例,外固定架固定5例.修复顺序2例膝关节脱位合并腘动脉损伤的患者先手法复位膝关节再修复血管,膝部骨折合并胭动脉损伤的患者先修复血管,后固定骨折6例,先固定骨折再修复血管5例,在处理骨折前先建立临时性动脉内分流8例.[结果]所有患者均获随访,随访时间1～7年,平均3.3年.肢体存活17例(81%),截肢4例.截肢者均为入院时肢体严重缺血患者,部分缺血患者无1例截肢;截肢患者中有3例合并严重软组织损伤,l例合并中度软组织损伤;肢体存活患者平均MESS评分4.2±1.3,截肢患者平均7.2±1.8.截肢患者均是由于术后出现难以控制的感染而截肢.[结论]膝部骨折脱位合并胭动脉损伤时,肢体的软组织损伤程度、MESS评分、肢体缺血的严重程度均是影响肢体成活的重要因素,术后感染是造成截肢的主要原因.     

四肢骨折合并血管损伤的治疗

目的 回顾性分析四肢骨折合并血管损伤的治疗方法和效果.方法 分别采用带锁髓内针、钢板螺钉和外固定支架固定骨折,根据血管损伤情况选择血管直接修补术、血管端端吻合术和血管移植术等方法治疗四肢骨折合并主要血管损伤20例.结果 本组6例术后截肢,14例肢体成活,伤口愈合好(70%),截肢原因为:缺血时间长、组织严重损伤.结论 四肢骨折合并主要血管损伤要早期诊断、及时和正确处理,才可能获得良好的临床治疗效果.     

创伤性浮膝合并血管损伤的诊断及治疗

创伤性浮膝损伤是一种常见的高能量损伤，临床上常指同侧股骨干和胫骨干或相邻的干端骨折所引起的膝关节相对漂浮的状态。由于骨折断端邻近下肢的主要血管，合并伤多且严重，故创伤性浮膝损伤常伴下肢的主要血管损伤，临床治疗相对困难。治疗时机与方法不当，往往导致患者术后功能恢复不良，严重者甚至截肢。自2000年1月-2005年12月收治13例该类患者，根据不同骨折部位采用不同内固定器械及外固定、血管修复术治疗，疗效满意。     

下肢骨折合并血管损伤的治疗分析

目的探讨下肢骨折合并血管损伤的治疗方案对预后的影响。方法４５例下肢骨折合并血管损伤的病人采取石膏托外固定５例,髓内针内固定５例,钢板内固定１４例,外固定架固定１８例,加压螺纹钉３例;血管损伤单纯修补１３例,端口吻合１９例,大隐静脉移植１５例。结果随访平均３５年,肢体成活率为５７７％（２６／４５）,总截肢率４０％（为１８／４５）,死亡率为２３％（１／４５）,结论肢体的预后主要取决于完全缺血时间、骨折程度、血管损伤程度以及软组织破坏程度。而正确处置损伤血管及骨折固定方式是肢体成活的关键。     

下肢主要动脉损伤39例报告

目的：分析下肢主要动脉损伤的早期诊断、治疗及并发症的防治。方法：通过对39例下肢主要动脉损伤诊疗进行分析。结果：近期截肢3例，远期截肢2例，跟腱挛缩2例，骨不连接1例，其余病人恢复良好。结论：下肢主要动脉损伤病人，及时诊断，尽早手术，能有效减少伤肢的截肢率及后遗症的发生率。     

胫腓骨骨折合并下肢主要动脉损伤的诊治

目的 探讨胫腓骨骨折合并下肢主要动脉损伤的诊治,并关注64排CT血管造影(CTA)在其早期诊断中的作用.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2008年10月收治的创伤性胫腓骨骨折并怀疑合并下肢主要动脉损伤患者的救治过程,2006年前采用数字减影血管成像术(2例)和彩色多普勒超声(9例)辅助诊断,2006年后采用CTA辅助诊断(7例).一旦确诊,根据不同情况行损伤血管直接吻合、静脉移植或人工血管修复血管,肢体已经坏死者行截肢术.结果 CTA平均检查时间为(42.0±9.5)min,少于数字减影血管成像术的(2.5±0.6)h和彩色多普勒超声的(67±12)min,且准确率高.18例患者中12例得到早期诊断者无肢体功能障碍,6例延迟诊断者5例行部分截肢(趾)手术,1例一期行大腿截肢.结论 早期诊断是胫腓骨骨折合并下肢主要动脉损伤患者救治能否成功的重要因素,CTA在其早期诊断中具有很高的应用价值.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.