人工全膝关节置换术中髌骨置换的临床研究

目的通过与非髌骨置换比较,探讨髌骨置换对人工全膝关节置换术疗效的影响。方法将2010年9月-11月符合选择标准的63例(63膝)拟行人工全膝关节置换术的骨关节炎患者随机分为两组,其中32例关节置换术中行髌骨置换(置换组),31例不作置换(非置换组)。两组患者性别、年龄、病程、骨关节炎分级、美国膝关节协会评分系统(KSS)标准临床评分及关节功能评分、髌骨评分、髌骨倾斜角、胫股角及髌韧带比值等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。术后6周及3、6、12个月对疗效进行临床及影像学评定。结果两组患者术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,置换组6例、非置换组8例出现下肢深静脉血栓形成。患者均获12个月随访。置换组术后3、6、12个月时膝前疼痛发生率均低于非置换组(P<0.05)。两组术后各时间点KSS临床评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);除术后6周及3个月,其余各时间点置换组关节功能评分明显高于非置换组(P<0.05)。两组髌骨评分除术后12个月外,其余各时间点组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。X线片复查示,两组均无髌骨骨折、髌骨脱位、髌骨不稳、假体松动及断裂发生;术后12个月两组股胫角、髌韧带比值、髌骨倾斜角比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论人工全膝关节置换术中行髌骨置换可以一定程度改善膝关节功能评分、髌骨评分及降低术后膝前疼痛的发生率。     

全膝关节置换术对髌骨内外倾运动的影响

目的探讨全膝关节置换术(totalkneearthroplasty,TKA)对髌骨内外倾运动的影响,及其在TKA术后膝前痛形成过程中所起的作用。方法采用6具成人尸体左侧下肢标本建立伸膝装置(股内侧、股中间、股外侧肌群按1.25∶1.5∶1的比例施以负荷)按比例负荷膝关节自由运动模型,应用激光束定位与X线摄片技术,分别测量正常膝关节与采用PFCΣ假体行人工膝关节置换术后膝关节屈曲过程中的髌骨内外倾角度。结果胫股关节屈曲30°、60°、90°、120°、150°时,以股骨滑车为参照标准,膝关节置换前后髌骨的倾斜角度分别是:0°±0°、0°±0°、0°±0°、0.24°±0.35°、-3.21°±1.80°;0°±0°、0°±0°、0°±0°、0°±0°、-1.12°±1.20°。三维空间参照系内,膝关节置换术前,膝关节屈曲0°、30°、60°、90°、120°、150°时髌骨平均外倾:0°±0°、-3.10°±2.25°、2.50°±1.07°、5.46°±2.60°、6.32°±2.16°、-2.10°±1.90°;膝关节置换术后,膝关节屈曲0°、30°、60°、90°、120°、150°时髌骨平均外倾:0°±0°、3.24°±0.35°、2.30°±1.39°、1.65°±1.17°、1.29°±1.03°、-0.86°±1.42°。结论TKA术后虽然髌骨与股骨滑车的对合关系保持正常,但在三维立体空间内髌骨的内外倾模式与幅度较未置换前发生了变化。膝关节初始屈曲时,TKA术前髌骨内倾,术后髌骨外倾,其变化的幅度与股骨假体外旋的幅度一致。膝关节屈曲60°￣120°范围内,TKA术后髌骨外倾较术前减小,而表现为相对内倾,内倾幅度与TKA术后股骨假体相对内翻的幅度一致。     

全膝关节置换术髌骨相关问题的探讨

髌骨是人体最大的籽骨，它是伸膝装置的重要组成部分，在20世纪的早、中期，髌骨的重要性并不为人们所重视。自1971年Kaufer报告髌骨的机械力学功能以来，髌骨的重要性也越来越为人们所认识，众多研究证实，髌骨对全膝关节置换（totalkneearthroplasty,TKA）术后的功能恢复有着重要的影响。一、髌骨的解剖及功能髌骨厚度为2～3cm，其中关节软骨最厚处可达5mm。髌骨后表面的上3/为关节面，共七个，由纵向的中央嵴及内侧嵴分为外侧关节面、内侧关节面和奇面，内、外侧关节面又被两条横嵴分为上、中、下三部分。髌骨后表面的下1/位于关节外，…     

全膝关节置换术中是否置换髌骨的比较

在人工膝关节置换术中，是否置换髌骨仍是一个有争议的问题。虽然多数学者认为对炎性关节炎应进行髌骨置换，但对骨性关节炎髌骨是否置换仍有争议。我们对2001年1月至2004年12月在我院行全膝关节置换术的62例（82膝）骨性关节炎患者进行回顾性研究，比较了置换与未置换髌骨患者的疗效。     

全膝关节置换术后髌骨的X线改变

[目的]探讨不置换髌骨的全膝关节置换术后髌骨的X线变化。[方法]对1999年～2004年间所进行的51例64个膝关节假体进行随访,常规不置换髌骨。平均年龄68.5岁(57～78岁),平均随访4.8年(2.5～8年)。在X线正侧位片和髌骨轴位片观察病人髌骨的退变、髌骨外移和倾斜程度的变化。[结果]手术后髌骨倾斜和外移均明显改善。随时间延长,大多数髌骨轨迹居中,没有明显退变。最常见的X线改变有髌骨上下极和外侧面增生,部分髌骨轨迹出现恶化。髌股关节的症状与髌骨的退变无明确相关。[结论]不置换髌骨的膝关节置换术后,髌骨的轨迹可得到明显改善,髌骨不会出现明显退变。     

全膝关节置换术髌骨置换与否的比较

目的回顾性分析、比较全膝关节置换术髌骨置换与否的疗效及优缺点,为临床治疗提供参考。方法自1994年1月～2000年12月间住院治疗的骨关节炎及类风湿性关节炎患者86例(109膝)。对髌骨置换和未置换的两组患者进行随访,膝关节评分采用美国HSS评分系统,髌骨评分采用Feller等的髌骨评分标准。随访时拍摄膝关节正、侧位及髌骨30°、90°轴位X线片。结果使用SPSS统计软件进行统计学分析。结果置换组与未置换组术后疗效及并发症的发生率无明显差异,髌骨功能评分差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01)。置换组部分功能(上下楼梯及从椅子上坐起)略好于未置换组,未置换组术后膝前痛的发生率高于置换组,但多为轻度,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。术后髌骨不稳定和半脱位的发生率无统计学差异。结论髌骨不稳定的发生与术前畸形明显及术前髌骨外侧偏移倾向有关,是造成未置换组膝前痛的因素之一。未置换组髌骨不稳定与髌骨分型有关,建议如果术前拍摄髌骨轴位X线片时发现髌骨属于Ⅲ型者应置换髌骨。     

全膝关节置换术中髌骨的处理

全膝关节置换术中是否置换髌骨仍有争论。术后膝前疼痛及与髌骨有关的并发症是争论的焦点。假体设计的改进及手术技术的提高,是全膝关节置换术后髌股关节并发症减少的关键。     

全膝关节置换术中髌骨假体内置的临床研究

目的探讨髌骨置换时髌骨假体内置对髌股关节运动轨迹的影响。方法2001年9月～2002年3月48例(75膝)行全膝关节置换患者,采用髌骨假体内置的方法置换髌骨,并在术中髌骨置换前后测试髌股关节运动轨迹,术后对患者进行随访。观察髌骨假体安放位置对髌股关节运动轨迹及术后关节功能的影响。结果75膝术中胫骨、股骨截骨完成并安装试模后测试髌股关节运动轨迹,69膝可达到“nothumbtest”,髌骨内置2～5mm后再次测试仍全部达到“nothumbtest”;余6膝未达到“nothumbtest”,经髌骨内置4～8mm后5膝达到,1膝经髌外侧支持带松解最终实现“nothumbtest”。术后经12～18个月随访,膝关节活动度平均为116.5°(95°～125°)。无一例出现髌骨脱位、半脱位、髌骨坏死、髌骨骨折、髌腱撕脱、髌骨不稳以及皮肤坏死等并发症。结论在全膝关节置换术中,髌骨假体内置可有效地改善髌股关节运动轨迹,减少对髌外侧支持带松解的需求,降低髌骨相关的并发症。     

股骨假体设计对保留髌骨全膝关节置换术后膝前痛的影响

目的探讨不同股骨假体设计对保留髌骨全膝关节置换术(totalkneearthroplasty,TKA)后膝前痛发生率及疼痛程度的影响。方法2002年1月15日～2月15日间,门诊共随访保留髌骨TKA后患者44例59膝,所有手术均于1998年10月～2001年10月间施行,术前诊断均为骨关节炎,术后随访3～40个月,平均19.1个月。依据目前较普遍认同的标准:股骨假体髌骨滑槽的深度、宽度、是否对称,髌骨滑槽的延伸范围,股骨假体前方向远端移行是否平滑等将股骨假体分为“髌骨友好”与“髌骨不友好”两组。病例排除的标准:(1)膝关节屈曲小于80°者;(2)X线影像提示存在股骨假体屈曲大于3°、股骨前方皮质切迹(notching)、髌骨高位或低位等外科操作失误者。按美国膝关节学会评分方法及患者自我感觉对疼痛发生率及疼痛程度进行量化分析。结果入选的40例51膝分属上述两组,“髌骨友好”组21膝,术后膝前痛评分平均为1.58(0～8)分;“髌骨不友好”组30膝,术后膝前痛评分平均为3.32(0～6)分,两组之间差异有非常显著性意义(t=4.642,P<0.01)。“髌骨友好”与“髌骨不友好”两组无膝前痛患者构成比分别为64%与9%,两组之间差异有非常显著性意义(χ2=15.457,P<0.01)。结论股骨假体设计的不同会直接影响保留髌骨TKA术后膝前痛的发生率及疼痛程度,行保留髌骨TKA     

全膝关节置换术中髌骨假体内置应用的体会

自2000年3月～2002年10月对6例9膝行全膝关节置换,均采用髌骨假体内置的方法进行髌骨置换,获得了良好的效果。     

Total knee arthroplasty for the stiff knee

The underlying cause of stiffness must be carefully evaluated when considering total knee arthrolasty for the stiff knee. Any previous skin incision must be recorded as well as the state of the extensor mechanism. The choice of prosthesis constraint should be decided on the state of the soft-tissues often released extensively to gain flexion. A quadriceps release or plasty and a tibial tubercle osteotomy are the current options for exposure, soft-tissue release and bone cuts. Postoperatively, the motion should be started early combined to pain control in order to obtain an average of 65° of flexion at follow-up. The complication rate remains high including recurrent stiffness, delayed wound healing and deep infection.     

Total knee arthroplasty using the total condylar III knee prosthesis

Twenty-seven total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) were performed in 24 patients using the total condylar III knee prosthesis (TCP III) and were evaluated clinically and radiographically with a mean follow-up period of 4 years. Eighteen were revision TKAs, and nine were primary knee arthroplasties. Evaluations were made using the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee scale as well as the Knee Society radiographic evaluation method. Clinical results for all knees were 11% (3 of 27) excellent, 70% (19 of 27) good, 15% (4 of 27) fair, and 4% (1 of 27) poor. The one poor rating resulted from an intraoperative vascular injury. The results showed no statistical difference between revision and primary TKA. After operation, pain relief, range of motion, walking, function, and activity level improved in both the primary and revision patients. Radiolucencies 2 mm or greater in width were found in 6 of the 27 tibial components, in none of the 27 femoral components, and in 1 of the 19 patellar components. Only two tibial implants showed progressive radiolucencies. No correlation was found between the radiographic position of the implants and the clinical results. The authors conclude that the TCP III is a satisfactory choice for TKA in selected knees in which there is significant instability and in which intramedullary fixation is required.     

Total knee arthroplasty after failed high tibial osteotomy

The objective of this review was to propose surgical techniques for different technical problems in total knee arthroplasty after high tibial osteotomy and to discuss the literature on the subject. Whereas early results of high tibial osteotomy in the treatment of unicompartmental osteoarthritis of the knee were promising, long-term follow-up indicates recurrence of symptoms and finally the need for total knee replacement in most cases. One of the major problems caused by high tibial osteotomy is an extraarticular deformity difficult to correct with ligament balancing. Based on the parameters “valgus angle”, “ROM” and “patella position”, the knees were evaluated and classified, then surgical techniques for the different grades of this classification were described. Most studies show that arthroplasty in a knee after osteotomy is more prone to complications such as persisting pain, malalignement and infections. After reviewing the literature, the overall results of total knee arthroplasties after failed high tibial osteotomy were found to be inferior to that after primary total knee arthroplasty. We concluded that total knee arthroplasty after failed high tibial osteotomy is technically more demanding than primary arthroplasty and that the use of the appropriate technique, determined by meticulous preoperative planning, is crucial for the outcome of the procedure.     

Two cases of late medial instability of the knee due to hip disease after total knee arthroplasty

IntroductionThere are few specific reports of late medial instability after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We described two cases of late medial instability of the knee due to hip disease with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis after TKA, which required revision TKA.Presentation of casesAn 82-year-old woman experienced right femoral neck fracture due to a fall that required conservative treatment at age 77 years and underwent left TKA at age 80 years. A 68-year-old woman underwent left TKA at age 54 years, right TKA at age 64 years, and left THA at age 67 years. Both cases required revision TKA with constrained knee prostheses due to the severe medial instability. Hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle, range of motion (ROM), Knee Society score (KSS) and functional score (FS) were evaluated pre- and postoperatively. Their respective HKA angle improved from 134° and 155° preoperatively to 184° and 179° postoperatively. KSS improved from −4 and 53 points to 59 and 100 points, respectively. FS improved from −10 and 58 points to 25 and 90 points, respectively. In the 82-year-old woman, ROM did not improve from −10–90° to −20–90°. On the other hand, in the 68-year-old woman, ROM improved from 0–110° to 0–125°. The late medial instability in the current case report was partly due to a similar mechanism underlying the long leg arthropathy and coxitis knee caused by hip joint degeneration.ConclusionsConstrained prostheses were applied for both patients, providing moderately good short-term results.     

Total knee arthroplasty in patients with hypersensitivity to metals

Purpose

We evaluated the risk of hypersensitivity to metals in a population of consecutive subjects undergoing a total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We also proposed a diagnostic pathway to address any sensitivity to metals. We finally presented the mid-term outcomes of a full non allergenic knee implant.

Methods

We developed a protocol based on the medical history, patch testing, and on specific laboratory assays, in order to assess a sensitization to metals. Twenty-four patients (25 knees) with referred or suspected allergy to metals were found in more than 1,000 treated patients, with a mean age of 72.9 years. We proceeded to a radiologic study, a clinical evaluation by the visual analogic scale (VAS), and Knee Society rating system (KSS). In all cases a full anallergic cemented implant with an oxidized zirconium femoral component and an all-polyethylene tibial baseplate was chosen.

Results

Four (16.6%) of the 24 patients were considered to be hypersensitive to metals. The mean follow-up was 79.2 months. No patient reported any reaction related to hypersensitivity or complications after TKA. The VAS improved from a mean preoperative value of 7.2 to 1.8 postoperatively; the KSS and the functional score increased from 38 to 91 points and from 39 to 88 points, respectively.

Conclusions

We consider careful research of medical history for metals hypersensitivity crucial, and we perform patch testing and lab assays in case of doubtful sensitization. The choice of a modern hypoallergenic implant may prevent any kind of potential reactions.     

Hydroxyapatite in knee arthroplasty

Summary HA interface remains controversial in knee replacement especially as regards the tibial component. When speaking about non cemented knees the poor results afforded by the porous coatings especially microbeads or fibermesh made many surgeons fall in doubt about non using acrylic cement. HA coatings provide us with a very new biologic system and has to be considered as definitely different :1- Biological evidence of reliable implant bonding: Histological analysis performed by many authors including Thomas Bauer from Cleveland demonstrated that there is a very intimate contact between bony formations and metallic substract thanks to HA. This provides very good interlock and long lasting fixation. If the coating resorbs after several years, this resorbtion is a part of the regular bony turn over and HA is replaced by bone. This is finally the ultimate goal of replacement when reliable and sound fixation is achieved directly by the host bone.2- Hip HA experience is very successful at 10 year of FU: We started our hip experience 12 years ago in May '87. To date our personal experience with HA hips reaches 2 000 cases. Results were reported at the Barcelona '97 meeting held by the European Federation of National Associations of Orthopaedic and Traumatology (EFORT). This paper summed up the results of a non selected series. Then global survival rate was 0.985 at 10 year and these results look encouraging and at least as good as the best cemented series.3- HA total knee arthroplasty. A 9-year experience: Our personal experience in TKR using the Omnifit knee started 9 years ago in 1990. The first implant was the 3000 distal-coated Omnifit knee and we now currently use the 7000 fully coated knee. Based upon a series of 51 cases over 5 year of FU (5 to 7 year) of which 100% were reviewed for this study, the knee score according to the International Knee Society score was 96.2 out of 100 (ranging 77 up to 100). The mean function score was 93.2 (ranging from 85 up to 100). To date the failure rate is 0% and we had no clinical failure and no evidence of loosening. Finally the most important finding as regards the HA biological interface was demonstrated by the ability for bone to fill in previous lucent line due to fibrous tissue layer.Finally HA seems to be considered as a reliable third track as our 7 year experience is very encouraging. Radiological stability of patterns over 5 to 9 year, the seal afforded by HA preventing from migrating osteolysis, and mainly the ability for HA to fill in gaps over the years and transform fibrous tissue into bone may be considered as critical assets.     

Wound healing after total knee arthroplasty

Wound healing complications in the early postoperative period can be severely detrimental to clinical outcomes after total knee arthroplasty. Thorough knowledge of preoperative risk factors, meticulous surgical technique and wound closure, along with careful postoperative wound monitoring can prevent wound complications or lead to their resolution without subsequent morbidity. If complications arise in the postoperative period, the wound must be evaluated and treated promptly to avoid periprosthetic infection.     

Total knee arthroplasty in patients after patellectomy

Twenty-six total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) were evaluated in 22 patients who had had a patellectomy. Fourteen knees (12 patients) had a primary TKA, and 12 patients had a revision TKA. Two patients in the revision group, whose prostheses failed, were from the primary TKA group. The mean follow-up time was 8.5 years in the primary TKA group and 7.6 years in the revision TKA group. A group of 14 control knees with patellae was randomly generated but matched for prosthesis, diagnosis, surgeon, age, and time of surgery. This group was similarly evaluated with an average follow-up time of 6.9 years. The primary TKA group had seven knees that were rated as good or excellent, two as fair, and three as poor. The control group had a significantly higher average rating than the primary TKA group. In this group, there were 12 good or excellent knees, three fair, and none poor. Postoperative pain, flexion contracture, extension lag, and range of motion all contributed significant information to the final score, whereas other variables (walking, function, strength, and instability) did not contribute any additional information. Although higher overall scores may have been expected if the patients had patellae, the results during the follow-up examination were satisfactory and justified TKA in these patients. In general, however, patients without patellae may be at a higher risk for failure of the prosthesis, as seen in five patients having primary TKA and another ten patients with failed TKA requiring revision.     

全膝关节置换术后镇痛治疗的研究进展

背景 术后镇痛治疗是全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)后的基本辅助措施,直接关系到手术效果和术后膝关节功能的恢复.目的 综述国内外关于TKA镇痛治疗的研究进展.内容 TKA的镇痛疗法各有优缺点,新型镇痛药物及技术的应用使镇痛方案选择更加多元化,镇痛方式及药物的选择也更加注重利于患者术后膝关节功能的康复及个体化感受.趋向 以局部浸润镇痛(local infiltration analgesia,LIA)治疗为代表的多模式镇痛(multimodal analgesia,MMA)是近年来国内外提出并研究较多的新的镇痛治疗方式,通过已有的研究已经证实MMA的积极治疗作用,但如何制定个体化的MMA方案仍然是临床面临的重要问题之一.     

膝骨关节炎膝内翻畸形的全膝关节置换术

目的：探讨人工全膝关节置换术治疗膝骨关节炎膝内翻畸菜的临床疗效。方法：对40例人工全膝关节置换术进行3个月～6年的随访,手术的假体均使用后稳定型人工膝关节,并应用HSS膝关节评分系统进行分析。结果：手术优良率为95％,忠者术后在疼痛、功能及关节活动度等方面都有明显改善,各种产发症的发生率低。结论：全膝关节置换术是治疗膝骨关节炎膝内翻畸形的有效方法,术中应注意膝周软组织平衡的重要性,术后应加强功能康复训练。