意外伤骨科住院患者急性焦虑抑郁影响因素调查

背景:意外伤害事件易致受伤者产生强烈的情绪反应.国内对此类心理状况变化越来越重视,但针对该人群情绪反应的调查不足.综合医院骨科病房存在大量意外伤患者,目前缺少针对该人群情绪反应调查.目的:探讨意外伤骨科住院患者急性焦虑抑郁表现及影响因素.方法:对323例意外伤骨科住院患者进行创伤严重度评分(Injury Severity Score,ISS)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)评估.结果:本调查共入组患者323例,其中男性213例,女性110例,平均年龄44.32(13.17)岁;住院时间2-40天,平均住院时间11.09(5.64)天.轻度创伤299人,中度创伤20人,重度创伤4人.ISS评分1-38分,平均8.09(4.86)分.HAMA量表报告人数最多的前3位症状分别为睡眠障碍、胃肠道症状和焦虑心境;HAMD量表报告人数最多的前三位症状为睡眠障碍、抑郁情绪和精神性焦虑.非条件Logistic回归分析显示女性(焦虑:OR=2.738,95%CI=1.511-4.962;抑郁:OR=2.622,95%CI=1.504-4.570)、住院时间长(焦虑:OR=1.091,95%CI=1.040-1.145;抑郁:OR=1.093,95%CI=1.044-1.144)为骨科意外伤患者发生焦虑抑郁的危险因素.结论:意外伤骨科住院患者急性焦虑抑郁症状集中在睡眠紊乱、胃肠道症状和焦虑抑郁情绪,女性患者对于意外伤的情绪反应较男性更强烈,焦虑抑郁症状持续存在与患者住院时间长相关,提示需要对意外伤骨科住院患者进行早期心理评估及干预.     

Depression and anxiety in epilepsy: the association with demographic and seizure-related variables

Background  

Depression and anxiety are common psychiatric symptoms in patients with epilepsy, exerting a profound negative effect on health-related quality of life. Several issues, however, pertaining to their association with psychosocial, seizure-related and medication factors, remain controversial. Accordingly, the present study was designed to investigate the association of interictal mood disorders with various demographic and seizure-related variables in patients with newly-diagnosed and chronic epilepsy.     

Symptoms of anxiety in depression: assessment of item performance of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale in patients with depression

Background: Although diagnostically dissociable, anxiety is strongly co‐morbid with depression. To examine further the clinical symptoms of anxiety in major depressive disorder (MDD), a non‐parametric item response analysis on “blinded” data from four pharmaceutical company clinical trials was performed on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) across levels of depressive severity. Methods: The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed using the 17‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD). HAMA and HAMD measures were supplied for each patient on each of two post‐screen visits (n=1,668 observations). Option characteristic curves were generated for all 14 HAMA items to determine the probability of scoring a particular option on the HAMA in relation to the total HAMD score. Additional analyses were conducted using Pearson's product–moment correlations. Results: Results showed that anxiety‐related symptomatology generally increased as a function of overall depressive severity, though there were clear differences between individual anxiety symptoms in their relationship with depressive severity. In particular, anxious mood, tension, insomnia, difficulties in concentration and memory, and depressed mood were found to discriminate over the full range of HAMD scores, increasing continuously with increases in depressive severity. By contrast, many somatic‐related symptoms, including muscular, sensory, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastro‐intestinal, and genito‐urinary were manifested primarily at higher levels of depression and did not discriminate well at lower HAMD scores. Conclusions: These results demonstrate anxiety as a core feature of depression, and the relationship between anxiety‐related symptoms and depression should be considered in the assessment of depression and evaluation of treatment strategies and outcome. Depression and Anxiety, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

帕金森病患者嗅觉减退的相关因素分析

目的 探讨帕金森病患者嗅觉减退的发生率以及相关因素。方法 收集463例帕金森病(PD)患者基本信息,并通过量表系统性评估运动及非运动症状, PD非运动量表“是否有嗅觉减退”项回答“是”者纳入嗅觉减退组,回答“否”者纳入非嗅觉减退组。结果 帕金森病患者嗅觉减退发生率为33.9%,86%的患者嗅觉减退出现在运动症状之前,并且与性别、年龄、起病年龄、运动症状、疾病严重程度无明显关系。伴有嗅觉减退患者的情绪障碍如焦虑、抑郁、淡漠较重,并且睡眠和认知功能较差。高质量的睡眠及吸烟是PD嗅觉减退的保护因素,淡漠是危险因素。结论 合并嗅觉减退患者可能合并更加严重的情绪、睡眠及认知障碍。     

Oxcarbazepine improves mood in patients with epilepsy

This study prospectively examined whether continued add-on treatment with oxcarbazepine (OXC) is associated with quantitative improvement in mood and anxiety symptoms in adult patients with partial epilepsy. Depressive symptoms and anxiety were assessed by clinical interview using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the Cornell Dysthymia Rating Scale (CDRS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). Forty controls (patients with epilepsy treated with antiepileptic drugs other than OXC) and 40 OXC-treated patients were enrolled and completed the study. In our study, a significant improvement in affect, as measured by the CDRS, was demonstrated during the course of OXC treatment for 3 months. HDRS and BDI scores also declined in the OXC-treated group, but these decreases did not reach statistical significance. In addition, 28 of 40 OXC-treated subjects who were dysthymic by CDRS criteria on study entry (score > or =20) demonstrated affective improvement consistent with a treatment-related antidepressant effect (score <20). Although our results do not provide conclusive evidence supporting the specific use of OXC as an antidepressant, the significant decline in dysthymic symptoms in OXC-treated subjects compared with controls lends support to the hypothesis that OXC improves mood.     

Effect of levetiracetam on depression and anxiety in adult epileptic patients

BACKGROUND: Interictal depression is common in patients with epilepsy and it significantly impacts quality of life. Some studies indicate that levetiracetam (LEV) may have mood stabilizing properties. METHODS: Twenty-five adults with uncontrolled partial seizures and concomitant depressive symptoms were treated with LEV. Patients were evaluated for depression and anxiety with several psychometric measures, including: Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Zung Self-rating Scale for Depression (Z-SDS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), Zung Self-rating Scale for Anxiety (Z-SAS). RESULTS: Evaluations after 5 weeks and after 3 months of LEV treatment demonstrated significant improvement in depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: This uncontrolled study suggests that treatment with LEV may also improve depression and anxiety in patients with partial seizures. However, the sample of patients is limited and the possibility of a placebo effect cannot be excluded. These findings must be considered preliminary and should be replicated under placebo-controlled conditions.     

难治性抑郁症的临床特征分析

目的探讨难治性抑郁症患者的临床特征及相关影响因素。方法采用自编一般情况量表、汉密顿抑郁量表、汉密顿焦虑量表、社会支持量表、及生活事件量表，对入组的难治性抑郁症和非难治性抑郁症进行调查和评定，并做相关统计分析。结果难治性抑郁症组在伴有其他慢性躯体疾病和慢性起病者的频率显著高于非难治性抑郁症组。两组在发作次数、住院次数、起病形式、绝望感、躯体焦虑方面有显著差异（P〈0．05）。多元逐步回归显示影响难治性抑郁症因素依次为：伴有其他慢性躯体疾病、首次发病年龄、慢性起病形式及躯体焦虑因子。结论发作次数频繁，病中绝望感重、躯体焦虑明显可能是难治性抑郁症的有效预测因子，临床上仅凭患者的症状严重程度不足以区分两组患者。抑郁症伴有其它慢性躯体疾病、首次发作年龄偏小、起病形式缓慢且躯体焦虑症状严重者，可能是导致抑郁症难治性的潜在危险因素。     

Assessing depression and anxiety in chronic dialysis patients

One hundred and twenty-eight patients on chronic dialysis were studied by the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, the Differential Emotion Scale (DES), the Test of Emotional Styles (TES), and the Social Dysfunction Rating Scale (SDRS). As measured by the Zung scales, approximately half of the sample manifested depression and anxiety symptoms at clinically relevant levels. The data suggested an inverse correlation between depression and anxiety levels and patients' total length of time on dialysis, which may explain some of the variation in depression and anxiety results obtained with different samples. Depression and anxiety scores were correlated with related DES and SDRS factors, but patients' scores on the DES, TES, and SDRS generally indicated positive mood and functioning. Scales containing disease-related somatic items may yield exaggerated depression and anxiety scores for dialysis patients. It may be useful to assess patients' psychological functioning with several different instruments.     

帕金森病患者视空间障碍及其相关因素的分析

目的 探讨帕金森病(PD)患者视空间障碍情况及其与相关因素的关系. 方法 选择自2007年4月至6月在广州6家医院门诊或住院部连续就诊并且同意参与本次调查的PD患者共107例,用复制立方体评估PD患者的视空间能力,并选用Hoehn-Yahr分级、PD统一评分量表第2部分(UPDRS-Ⅱ)、UPDRS-Ⅲ、UPDRS-Ⅴ、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HRSD)、Fuld物体记忆测验(FOM)、言语流畅性测验(RVR)、韦氏成人智力量表积木测验(WAIS-BD)、韦氏成人量表数字广度测验(WAIS-DS)、简易精神状态量表(MMSE)、神经精神科问卷(NPI)、睡眠量表、Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)、非运动并发症等量表评估PD患者的运动症状、神经精神症状、认知及日常生活能力.用Spearman相关分析分析视空间能力与各相关因素的双变量相关性,用二分类Logistic回归分析视空间障碍与相关因素的关系. 结果 在107例PD患者中有59例(55.14%)出现视空间损害.Spearman相关分析表明,视空间能力与发病年龄、性别、Hoehn-Yahr分级、病程、UPDRS-Ⅱ、UPDRS-Ⅲ、FOM、RVR、WISC-BD、WAIS-DS、焦虑状态、痴呆等相关(P＜0.05).经二分类Logistic回归分析发现.Hoehn-Yahr分级及病程是视空间障碍的危险因素,而RVR及WISC-BD是视空间障碍的保护因素. 结论 PD患者视空间障碍的发生可能与病情分级、病程、语言流畅性、图像识别及构造能力等有关,临床上可以通过改善患者运动症状及训练患者的语言能力、图像识别及构造能力等综合治疗来改善患者的视空间能力.     

Is interictal EEG activity a biomarker for mood disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy?

Objective

Psychiatric comorbidities are frequent in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and symptoms of these comorbidities may be related to epilepsy activity. Here we evaluated interictal EEG activity in TLE patients with or without psychiatric comorbidities.

Methods

A cohort study of 78 patients with TLE, with evaluation of wake/sleep interictal scalp EEG. All subjects were submitted to a psychiatric structured clinical interview (SCID) for the diagnosis of lifetime psychiatric comorbidities. Three major diagnostic categories were studied: mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and psychosis. We then evaluated differences in interictal EEG activity between patients with and without these psychiatric comorbidities.

Results

Infrequent EEG interictal spikes, defined as less than one event per minute, were significantly associated with mood disorders in TLE (p = 0.02).

Conclusions

Low intensity seizure disorder has been associated with a decrease in interictal EEG discharges and with an increase in psychiatric symptoms in TLE, a phenomenon known as forced normalization. In our study, we observed a low interictal spike frequency on EEG in TLE patients with mood disorders.

Significance

A low spike index might be a neurophysiological marker for depression in temporal lobe epilepsy.     

Qualitative changes in symptomatology as an effect of treatment with escitalopram in generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder

The purpose of this article is to examine the similarities and differences between patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) versus Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) versus MDD with anxiety symptoms. Data were analysed from all randomized double-blind clinical studies with escitalopram that measured symptoms using either Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) or Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). The contribution of each item of a scale to the total score was calculated before and after treatment, in remitters. Most single items of the HAMA contribute nearly equally in patients with GAD. In patients with MDD, four symptoms (i.e. anxious mood, tension, insomnia and concentration) contribute to most to the HAMA total score. In patients with GAD, three symptoms (tension, sleep and concentration) contribute two-thirds of the MADRS total score. In contrast, most MADRS items contribute equally to the total score in patients with MDD. After treatment to remission, the profile of residual symptoms MDD or GAD was similar to the symptom profile before treatment. Anxiety symptoms are very common in patients with MDD or GAD, and the symptomatic pattern is similar. In both disorders, the symptomatic pattern of residual symptoms is similar to the pattern of symptoms before treatment.     

复方地西泮与地西泮抗焦虑的多中心双盲对照研究

为比较复方地西泮片与地西泮片的镇静、催眠、抗焦虑效果及安全性，对２０６例病例随机入组，疗程３周。结果：（１）用复方地西泮治疗可明显减少地西泮用量，疗效更好；（２）观察组（复方地西泮片）总有效率５０．４％，显著高于对照组（地西泮片）的２２．８％；（３）汉米尔顿焦虑量表（ＨＡＭＡ）及抑郁量表（ＨＡＭＤ）总分于治疗后均明显减低，观察组的减分幅度显著大于对照组；（４）ＨＡＭＡ和ＨＡＭＤ混合因子分析结果显示，两药均可改善睡眠障碍、焦虑、抑郁心境、植物神经及全身症状，复方地西泮片对前二组症状的疗效显著优于地西泮片；（５）不良反应量表记录两组治疗不良反应均轻微，且发生率低。观察组偶见倦、头痛等，均不影响治疗。提示复方地西泮片是一种安全、有效的抗焦虑新药。     

Clinical correlates of pathological gambling symptoms in patients with epilepsy

Pathological gambling symptoms (PGS), that is, the subjective urge to gamble and the actual gambling behaviors, are currently acknowledged as relatively common symptoms among Western countries, with an estimated point prevalence of 0.6–1.1% in the general population. Converging evidence suggests that PGS are overrepresented in patients with neurological conditions affecting dopaminergic reward pathways, and can be expressed in both impulse control disorders and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. This study explored the clinical correlates of PGS in patients with epilepsy. Eighty-eight consecutive adult outpatients recruited at three epilepsy clinics in northern Italy were assessed using the Gambling-Symptom Assessment Scale (G-SAS), along with a battery of psychometric instruments to index depression (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]), anxiety (Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI]), and obsessionality (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale [YBOCS]) symptoms. On the G-SAS, patients with a diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) reported a mean [sd] G-SAS score of 2.0 [5.7], significantly higher than patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) (0.6 [1.7]) and idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) (0.4 [1.4]). Moreover, multiple regression analysis showed that G-SAS scores were selectively predicted by YBOCS scores, thus suggesting an association between the expression of obsessional spectrum symptoms and PGS in patients with TLE. Alterations in the mesolimbic reward system could represent the putative neuropathological substrate for this multifaceted clinical picture.     

Parkinson's disease motor subtypes and mood

Parkinson's disease is heterogeneous, both in terms of motor symptoms and mood. Identifying associations between phenotypic variants of motor and mood subtypes may provide clues to understand mechanisms underlying mood disorder and symptoms in Parkinson's disease. A total of 513 patients were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and separately classified into anxious, depressed, and anxious-depressed mood classes based on latent class analysis of a semistructured interview. Motor subtypes assessed related to age-of-onset, rate of progression, presence of motor fluctuations, lateralization of motor symptoms, tremor dominance, and the presence of postural instability and gait symptoms and falls. The directions of observed associations tended to support previous findings with the exception of lateralization of symptoms, for which there were no consistent or significant results. Regression models examining a range of motor subtypes together indicated increased risk of anxiety in patients with younger age-of-onset and motor fluctuations. In contrast, depression was most strongly related to axial motor symptoms. Different risk factors were observed for depressed patients with and without anxiety, suggesting heterogeneity within Parkinson's disease depression. Such association data may suggest possible underlying common risk factors for motor subtype and mood. Combined with convergent evidence from other sources, possible mechanisms may include cholinergic system damage and white matter changes contributing to non-anxious depression in Parkinson's disease, while situational factors related to threat and unpredictability may contribute to the exacerbation and maintenance of anxiety in susceptible individuals.     

Alexithymia and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Epileptic Seizure

This study investigated (1) the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder following epileptic seizure (post-epileptic seizure PTSD) and psychiatric co-morbidity and (2) the extent to which alexithymia traits related to the severity of the preceding outcomes. Seventy-one people with epilepsy participated in the study and completed the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Toronto Alexithymia Scale. The control group comprised 71 people without epilepsy who completed the HADS. Fifty-one percent met the diagnostic criteria for full-PTSD; 30 % for partial-PTSD and 19 % for no-PTSD. The epilepsy group reported significantly more anxiety and depression than the control with demographic variables controlled for. Difficulty identifying feelings predicted post-epileptic seizure PTSD, anxiety and depression. It was positively correlated with post-epileptic seizure PTSD and depression, while it was negatively correlated with anxiety. People can develop PTSD and psychiatric co-morbid symptoms following epileptic seizures. The severity of these symptoms was related to difficulty in identifying internal feelings and emotions.     

Manic episode in epilepsy and bipolar I disorder: a comparative analysis of 13 patients

PURPOSE: To determine whether the manic episode of patients with epilepsy has different characteristics from manic episode of patients with bipolar disorder. METHODS: Interictal manic episodes in patients with epilepsy (epilepsy group) were compared with mood disorders in patients with bipolar I disorder (bipolar group), as defined by the DSM-IV. There were 13 patients (five women and eight men) in each group. RESULTS: Five epilepsy patients had relatives with epilepsy and/or convulsions, and four bipolar patients had relatives with mood disorders. In the epilepsy group, two had substance-related or organic factors associated with the episodes besides epilepsy, and two exhibited a postictal manic state that had the same symptoms as those of their interictal manic episodes. Ten patients of the epilepsy group had dependent-childish behavior. The epilepsy group had fewer severe mood episodes than the bipolar group. Ten epilepsy patients had fluctuating mood disturbances, and eight had rapid cycling of mood episodes. The epileptogenic zone was in the frontal and/or temporal lobes of eight patients and in multiple lobes of two others; it could not be localized in the three remaining patients. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical features of the interictal manic episodes in the epilepsy group were different from those in the bipolar group. The manic episodes of the epilepsy group appeared heterogeneous in their causal factors. An epileptogenic zone in the frontal and temporal lobes seems to play an important role in the mood episodes of the majority of patients with epilepsy.     

Anxiety in patients with epilepsy: systematic review and suggestions for clinical management

Up to 50 or 60% of patients with chronic epilepsy have various mood disorders including depression and anxiety. Whereas the relationship between epilepsy and depression has received much attention, less is known about anxiety disorders. It is now recognized that anxiety can have a profound influence on the quality of life of patients with epilepsy. The relationship between anxiety disorders and epilepsy is complex. It is necessary to distinguish between different manifestations of anxiety disorder: ictal, postictal, and interictal anxiety. Preexisting vulnerability factors, neurobiological factors, iatrogenic influences (antiepileptic drugs, epilepsy surgery), and psychosocial factors are all likely to play a role, but with considerable individual differences. Despite the high prevalence of anxiety disorders in patients with epilepsy, there are no systematic treatment studies or evidence-based guidelines for best treatment practice. Nevertheless, a practical approach based on the temporal relationship between anxiety and epileptic seizures allows clinicians to consider appropriate treatment strategies to reduce the psychiatric comorbidity in patients with epilepsy.     

治疗不敏感性抑郁症的临床特征与治疗转归

目的探讨治疗不敏感性抑郁症的临床特征与治疗转归。方法采用前瞻性的研究方法对入组的147例抑郁症患者进行随访,共124例患者完成整个研究。在治疗前、治疗1、2、4、6周末进行症状评估,评估工具包括汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、简明精神病量表(BPRS)、临床疗效总评量表、副反应量表。结果(1)A、B、C、D4组治疗有效率分别为86.21%、86.96%、50.00%和58.33%,但A组的脱落率较高,达18.69%;(2)治疗敏感性抑郁症患者的症状指标在随访3(7±1)d即有下降;而治疗不敏感性抑郁症患者在随访4(14±1)d才下降,治疗前精神性焦虑症状相对较轻,均分约少1.2分,治疗后遗留较多症状,具体为HAMD的焦虑/躯体化、阻滞、HAMA的精神性焦虑、躯体性焦虑、BPRS的焦虑忧郁、缺乏活力、激活性。结论不敏感性抑郁症患者治疗前精神性焦虑症状较轻,症状改善较慢,治疗后遗留较多抑郁焦虑的症状。