维持性腹膜透析患者中医证型研究和相关因素分析

目的：研究维持性腹膜透析患者的中医证型和相关因素。方法：125例维持性腹膜透析患者通过问卷调查和中医四诊观察中医正虚证、邪实证分布情况,及其与透析病程、透析方式、理化指标的关系。结果：维持性腹膜透析患者的中医辨证分型以脾肾气虚证和脾肾阳虚证最为常见,其次为肝肾阴虚证和阴阳两虚证,气阴两虚证较少;邪实以湿浊、血瘀最为常见;中医本虚证型和各项理化指标、腹透病程、腹膜转运特性等有相关性;肾性贫血、低蛋白血症、慢性炎症、心血管疾病的合并症发生率占总研究人群的45.6%,表现为脾肾阳虚证、阴阳两虚证和脾肾气虚证为主。结论：维持性腹膜透析患者以脾肾气虚和脾肾阳虚两证为主,并普遍存在贫血、低蛋白血症、慢性炎症和心血管疾病的合并症。     

维持性腹膜透析患者中医证型与C-反应蛋白关系探讨

目的：探讨维持性腹膜透析患者中医证型与C-反应蛋白（CRP）之间的关系,为微炎证状态的治疗提供新的思路。方法：参考中华中医药学会肾病分会2006年《慢性肾衰竭的诊断、辨证分析及疗效评定》标准制定“维持性腹膜透析患者中医证型分布临床症状调查表”,对151例维持性腹膜透析患者进行中医辨证分型,本虚证分为脾肾气虚、肝肾阴虚、脾肾阳虚、气阴两虚、阴阳俱虚5型,标实证分为无兼证、湿浊证、湿热证、热毒证、血瘀证5型,并收集患者的CRP结果,通过方差分析进行比较。结果：本虚证各组间平均值均高于正常参考值,但组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;标实证方面组间总差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,组间两两比较主要表现为湿热证组的CRP水平显著高于其他各组（P〈0.05）,并且把临床上有明显感染征象的患者剔除后再做统计,结果仍显示湿热证组与其他各证型间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：维持性腹膜透析患者湿热证型与CRP结果有较好的相关性,能为临床辨证施治提供参考,为治疗微炎证状态提供新的思路。     

腹膜透析患者中医证型及其影响因素的临床观察

目的：观察腹膜透析（PD）患者中医证型的分布与变化,分析影响证型的相关因素,为中医药治疗干预提供参考.方法：共96例PD患者,记录病史、症状体征与舌脉,进行中医辨证分型,同一患者当中医证型发生变化时进行连续性观察,并观察中医证型与透析龄、临床合并症及实验室指标间的关系.结果：（1）证型分布：本虚证以脾肾气虚证、脾肾阳虚证为主,分别占43.8%、26.0%,标实证依次为湿浊证、血瘀证、风动证、湿热证、水气证,以湿浊、瘀血证多见;（2）证型的变化：血瘀、湿热、湿浊等标实证可随病情发生变化;（3）证型与透析龄的关系：透析龄＜24个月脾肾气虚、脾肾阳虚证与湿浊证多见,透析龄≥24个月脾肾阳虚、阴阳两虚、血瘀、风动证较多,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01或〈.05）;（4）证型与临床合并症的关系：发生腹膜炎与非腹膜炎时比较湿热证增多,脾肾阳虚证减少,发生容量超负荷与非容量超负荷时比较水气证明显增多,但组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;（5）证型与实验室指标的关系：本虚证中阴阳两虚、脾肾阳虚证患者血Hb明显下降,血CRP升高,阴阳两虚证血Alb下降,脾肾阳虚证血iPTH升高,肝肾阴虚、气阴两虚证血TG升高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,各标实证实验室指标比较差异无统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论：PD患者的中医证型本虚证以脾肾气虚与脾肾阳虚证为多,标实证主要为湿浊、血瘀证,透析龄、临床合并证及某些实验室指标是影响中医证型的因素.     

维持性腹膜透析患者营养不良-炎症复合体综合征的认识

随着腹膜透析技术的改进,腹膜透析（peritoneal dialysis,PD）的透析充分性明显提高,但是患者的住院率、病死率仍然持续在较高水平,主要原因是由于进行性的营养不良,并成为PD高住院率、高病死率的重要原因^[1]。国外报道PD营养不良的发生率为20％～40％,其中重度营养不良占8％,且随着腹膜透析时间的延长而呈上升趋势。     

腹膜透析和营养不良

随着腹膜透析装置的改进和腹透液质量的不断提高,腹膜透析合并感染的机会明显减少,而营养不良等远期合并症日显突出.     

维持性腹膜透析患者合并异位钙化1例

病例 患者女性，42岁，农民。以“头晕、眼花4年，加重伴浮肿5d”于2008年8月11日入院。     

高通量透析对维持性血液透析患者中医证候的影响

目的：观察高通量透析（HFHD）对维持性血液透析（MHD）患者中医证候以及营养不良和微炎症状态的影响。方法：采用随机对照,A组应用高通量透析,B组应用普通透析,比较治疗前及治疗后中医证候积分（TCM syndromes cores）,及治疗后血红蛋白（Hb、血浆白蛋白（Alb）、前白蛋白（PAB）、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、肱三头肌皮皱厚度（TSF）、上臂中段肌肉周径（MAMC）等指标变化。结果：（1）治疗4周、8周后,A组中医实证积分、虚证积分、总积分与治疗前相比有降低趋势,但差异尚无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。12周后与治疗前比较,A组中医证候积分均明显下降（P〈0.05）,B组证候积分与治疗前相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。治疗12周A组临床疗效优于B组（P〈0.01）。（2）治疗12周时,A组Hb、Alb、PAB明显上升（P〈0.05）,hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α水平与治疗前相比明显下降（P〈0.01）,TSF升高（P〈0.01）,MAMC有升高趋势,但差异尚无统计学意义。B组患者Hb、Alb、PAB、hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α水平与治疗前相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,两组治疗12周后,A组IL-6水平低于B组患者（P〈0.05）。结论：HFHD可减少MHD患者中医证候临床积分,改善患者营养不良及微炎症状态。     

维持性腹膜透析患者蛋白质能量消耗发生率及其影响因素分析

目的：探讨维持性腹膜透析患者蛋白能量消耗（PEW）情况,分析其影响因素。方法：选择2012年3月-2015年9月泰兴市人民医院收治的维持性腹膜透析患者96例,男56例,女40例,年龄25岁-78岁,透析龄3-36月。运用改良SGA法评分系统（MQMGA）、营养不良-炎症评分（MIS）和白蛋白等进行营养评估,采用酶联免疫法（ELISA）检测血清超敏C反应蛋白（Hs-CRP）浓度进行微炎症状态评估,同时检测人体学指标[身高、体重、体重指数（BMI）、中臂围（MAC）、肱三头肌皮褶厚度（TSF）,和中臂肌围（MAMC）]、生化指标[血清白蛋白（Alb）、血清总蛋白（TP）、血清前白蛋白（PA）、血红蛋白（Hb）、转铁蛋白（TF）血肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）、胆固醇（TC）]等。入组标准：按照国际肾脏营养及代谢协会（ISRNM）专家组制定的PEW的标准进行筛选,分为PEW组35例及非PEW组61例。结果：（1）维持性腹膜透析患者PEW发生率36.5%（35/96）,其中大于65岁患者22例,占62.9%（22/35）,糖尿病肾病患者14例,占40%（14/35）;（2）两组比较,在原发病方面,PEW组糖尿病肾病比例较非PEW高（P〈0.05）;PEW组年龄、透析时间、Hs-CRP明显高于非PEW组（P〈0.05）;而BMI、TP、Alb、PA、Hb、TC、MAC、MAMC的比例等明显低于非PEW组（P〈0.05）;（3）多因素分析显示,高龄（〉65岁）、透龄长、Hs-CRP、Alb是导致PEW的独立危险因素。结论：维持性腹膜透析患者PEW发生率高,其中高龄（〉65岁）、糖尿病患者发病率高,高龄（〉65岁）、透龄长、微炎症状态、低蛋白血症是PEW的独立危险因素。     

营养不良-炎症评分评估腹膜透析患者营养状态及相关影响因素

目的通过营养不良-炎症评分系统探讨腹膜透析患者的营养状态及相关影响因素。方法对安徽医科大学第二附属医院腹膜透析中心行维持性腹膜透析的患者进行营养不良-炎症评分(malnutrition-inflammation score,MIS),同时检测腹膜透析患者人体测量指标、握力、生化指标(包括血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、总铁结合力、钠、超敏C反应蛋白、β2微球蛋白),并分析MIS与各项指标的相关性。结果符合纳入标准的腹膜透析患者共91例,其中男43例,女48例,平均年龄为(49.3±17.2)岁,均为营养不良者,其中轻度43例,中度46例,重度2例。中重度营养不良患者的体质量指数、上臂肌围及握力均较轻度营养不良患者明显下降(P0.05);与营养相关的生化指标包括白蛋白、前白蛋白亦明显下降(P0.05);在铁代谢指标中总铁结合力和转铁蛋白饱和度明显降低(P0.05);而微炎症指标超敏C反应蛋白在中重度营养不良患者中则明显升高。MIS与体质量、上臂肌围、白蛋白、前白蛋白、尿酸、握力、转铁蛋白、总铁结合力呈负相关,而与铁蛋白、超敏C反应蛋白、甲状旁腺素呈正相关。而性别、握力及白蛋白对MIS有显著影响。结论 MIS可用以评估腹膜透析患者的营养状态,随着MIS分值的增加,患者的营养不良炎症状态也越重。而高龄、白蛋白水平低或握力低的患者有较高的MIS分值,营养状况更差。     

慢性肾脏病合并代谢综合征患者的中医证候分析

目的:对慢性肾脏病(CKD)合并代谢综合征(MS)患者的中医证候进行回顾性研究,了解CKD合并MS的证候特征,为CKD的个体化诊治提供指导。方法:收集2007年～2009年住院或门诊的CKD患者,其中CKD合并MS组121例,CKD非合并MS组123例,设计中医证候临床观察表,对两组病人临床脉证进行调查研究。结果:(1)CKD合并MS组男性患病人数明显高于女性,年龄大于CKD非合并MS组。两组病程及慢性肾脏病的分期差异无统计学意义。(2)代谢综合征各组分比较:CKD合并MS组腰围(W)、BMI、高血压发生率、FPG、TG、LDL-C明显高于CKD非合并MS组(P<0.01)。HDL-C明显低于CKD非合并MS组(P<0.05)。(3)两组病人肾损害比较:Scr、BUN、24h尿蛋白定量、血尿及肾衰竭发生率两组相比差异无统计学意义(P<0.05)。CKD合并MS组UA明显高于CKD非合并MS组(P<0.001)。(4)两组病人中医证候的比较:虚证中合并MS组以脾肾气虚多见,非合并MS组以气阴两虚多见;实证中合并MS组以血瘀、痰湿、热盛多见,非合并MS组以湿热、血瘀为多见;合并MS组实证中两证以上相兼的现象较非合并MS组常见;合并MS组血瘀证和热盛证兼夹、血瘀和痰湿证兼夹、血瘀、痰湿和热盛证兼夹多见,非合并MS组以血瘀和湿热证兼夹、湿热和热盛证兼夹多见。两组总的证候均以虚实夹杂为主要特征。结论:CKD合并MS的中医证候特点以虚实夹杂,多证相兼为主要特征。虚证以脾肾气虚为主,实证以血瘀、痰湿、热盛为主。     

98例无症状性尿检异常肾炎患者的证候学特点

目的:了解无症状性尿检异常患者的证候特点。方法:观察无症状性尿检异常患者症状、中医证候、实验室指标及病理特点。结果:98例患者中79例因常规体检或偶然情况下发现尿检异常而诊断本病;其中肾虚证13例,肾虚血瘀证21例,肾虚风湿证18例,肾虚风湿血瘀证46例;单纯性血尿患者肾虚血瘀证多见(9/25例),单纯蛋白尿患者多以肾虚伴风湿证或血瘀证多见(9/10例),蛋白尿伴血尿患者以肾虚血瘀风湿证多见(37/63例);其中51例名患者进行了肾病理检查,结果提示肾虚血瘀风湿三联证32例,占62.7%,尤其Lee氏Ⅲ级及以上的IgA肾病患者肾虚血瘀风湿证最多见(26/38例);其次二联证,而单纯肾虚患者仅3例;其中19例参考病理诊断风湿证,10例参考病理诊断血瘀证。结论:虚、瘀、风湿是本病的证候特点;适时的肾穿刺并结合微观辨证无疑可以加深对本病证候特点的认识。     

乳腺增生病中医辨证分型与性激素量变的关系

目的：观察乳腺增生症中医辨证分型与性激素量变的关系。方法：420例乳腺增生症患者中医辨证为肝郁气滞证、痰瘀凝结证和冲任不和证3型,通过放射免疫法测定患者静脉血的雌二醇（Estradiol,E2）、孕酮（Progesterone,P）和睾酮（Testosterone,T）含量。结果：健康对照组与3证型组间血清雌二醇、孕酮与睾酮水平有一定差异,雌二醇水平在3证组都有不同程度的增高,孕酮水平随肝郁气滞证组、痰瘀凝结证组和冲任不和证组顺序降低,睾酮水平则随以上顺序提高。性激素比值也随以上顺序升降,组间有统计学差异（P〈0．05—0．001）。结论：乳腺增生症及其中医辨证分型与雌激素水平升高和性激素紊乱有关。     

Characterization of the Pro-Thrombotic State in CAPD Patients

Purpose. To investigate whether a chronic pro-thrombotic tendency, which may contribute to a high rate of atherothrombotic disease, is present in patients treated for continuous peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and, if so, what its pattern is. We investigated this issue by jointly exploring all the systems involved, the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems and platelets. Methods. Markers of coagulation activation, markers of fibrinolysis activation, and standard fibrinolytic parameters and platelet aggregation induced by different agents were measured in 15 patients treated by CAPD and in 15 matched, healthy controls. All CAPD patients received erythropoietin, were in the stable condition, and did not have acute disease or malignancy. Results. CAPD patients had substantially (p < 0.001) increased levels of prothrombin fragments F1+2, disclosing a low-grade activation of the coagulation system. D-dimer was also significantly (p < 0.05) increased, whereas the levels of t-PA antigen and activity, PAI antigen and activity, and plasminogen were comparable to controls, suggesting that slight secondary (and not primary) activation of fibrinolysis due to coagulation activation took place. Patients had significantly (p < 0.05) elevated levels of fibrinogen. A study of platelet aggregation (induced by adenosine diphosphate, collagen, and epinephrine) did not show platelet hyperactivity in patients. Conclusions. We found that a pro-thrombotic tendency is present in the plasma of CAPD patients. The main reason for a pro-thrombotic state is chronic low-grade activation of the coagulation system and elevated levels of fibrinogen. The fibrinolytic system and platelets seemingly do not contribute to this pro-thrombotic tendency.     

严重腹腔感染所致多脏器功能障碍综合征中医辨证规律研究

目的：研究严重腹腔感染所致多脏器功能障碍综合征中医证型分布规律及变化特点,方法：采用八纲辨证方法连续观察外科重症监护病房46例严重腹腔感染所致MODS患者,在采取病因及对症治疗同时按不同证型进行中医辨证论治观察记录中医证型变化。结果：第1d以里实热证和虚实夹杂证为主,第3d和第7d以虚实夹杂证为主,其次为里实热证和里虚热证,里虚寒证及亡阴／亡阳证少见,未见里实寒证。结论：随病情加重里实热证逐渐减少,里虚热症有增加趋势。     

Ten years experience of CAPD in diabetics: comparison of results with non-diabetics

CAPD outcomes were compared between a group of 301 diabeticpatients (mean age±SD, 58.9±12.7 years, 55.8%males) and a group of 1689 non-diabetic patients (mean age±SD57.8±14.8 years, 55.9% males) treated in 30 centres participatingin the Italian Cooperative Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group from1980 to 1989, with follow-up observation periods of 444 years(mean±SD, 1.48± 1.24) and of 3502 years (mean±SD,2.07± 1.91) respectively. CAPD was the first modality for 87.2% of diabetics and 78.1%of non-diabetics (P<<0.001). The percentage of patientswho needed a partner for CAPD was 45.9% in diabetics and 30.2%in non-diabetics (P<0.00l). In diabetics compared with non-diabetics, cardiovas cular diseasesand cachexia were nearly twice and infections other than peritonitismore than three times as frequent in causing death. In diabetics,survival was significantly worse (P<0.0001) and the relativerisk of death 2.13 times higher (P<0.001). The technique survival and the relative risk of drop out werenot significantly different in the two groups. Clinical problemswere the most important cause of drop-out among diabetics. Theprobability and relative risk of drop-out due to peritonitis,as well as of the first peritonitis episode, were not significantlydifferent between the two groups and between diabetics usingor not using intraperitoneal insulin. Days per patient year of hospitalization, excluding the first,were 18.4 in diabetics and 14.3 in non diabetics. CAPD-relatedproblems caused hospitalization in a similar way in the twogroups. In conclusion, compared to non-diabetics on CAPD, diabeticson the same treatment showed more clinical problems that accountfor a higher need of partner, death, and hospitalization andare the first reason for technique failure; on the other hand,problems closely related to the CAPD technique seem to occurwith the same frequency in the two groups.     

Effects of Rosiglitazone on Cardiac Function in CAPD Patients: A Tissue Doppler Study

Background. Insulin resistance was an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in uremic patients without diabetes. Rosiglitazone (ROS) improves insulin sensitivity in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. We prospectively investigated the effects of ROS on cardiac functions by standard (SDE) and tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDI) in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Methods. A total of 24 CAPD patients (13 males, 11 females; mean age 42.2 ± 14.8 years) were included. Routine blood samples were examined. Left and right ventricular functions were assessed, and myocardial performance index (MPI) was calculated by SDE and TDI at baseline and after 12-month ROS therapy. Left and right atrial volumes were measured and indexed to body surface area. Results. When compared with baseline, after 12 months of ROS treatment, it was shown that early (E) and late (A) diastolic velocities of atrioventricular valves, E/A ratio, mitral E-wave deceleration time (DT), isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), and MPI were similar (p > 0.05). Also, no significant changes were detected in LV dimensions, LV mass index, LVEF, LA volume index, or RA volume index measured by SDE before and after ROS therapy (p > 0.05). Left and right ventricular function parameters measured by TDI including Sm, Em, Am, Em/Am ratio, E/Em ratio, and MPI were similar. Conclusion. It was found that there was no negative effect of long-term ROS therapy on cardiac functions measured by SDE and TDI in CAPD patients.     

Use of pure bicarbonate-buffered peritoneal dialysis fluid reduces the incidence of CAPD peritonitis.

BACKGROUND: Advances in bag connection technology have reduced the incidence of peritonitis in CAPD patients but there is little information on the effect of the new peritoneal dialysis fluids. METHODS: We studied the incidence of CAPD peritonitis for about 3 years in 100 incident patients--50 patients dialysed with lactate-buffered solution, pH 5.5 and containing glucose degradation products (GDP) (lactate group), and 50 patients with pure bicarbonate-buffered solution, pH 7.4 and low GDP (bicarbonate group). Patients in both groups were similar in age, sex, length of time on CAPD, connection technology and handling of dialysis. RESULTS: In the lactate group, 74 episodes of peritonitis were recorded compared with 43 in the bicarbonate group, i.e. one episode per 21 patient-months with the lactate dialysis fluid and one episode per 36 patient-months with the bicarbonate dialysis fluid (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37-0.91, P = 0.017). A total of 3369 exchanges per episode of peritonitis were recorded for bicarbonate compared with 2004 exchanges per episode of peritonitis in the lactate group. The majority of organisms isolated in both groups were Gram-positive bacteria, with a predominance of the oropharyngeal and cutaneous endogenous flora. Three episodes of fungal peritonitis occurred in the lactate group and none in the bicarbonate group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the pure bicarbonate-buffered peritoneal dialysis fluid appears to reduce the frequency of peritonitis in CAPD patients possibly in relation to greater biocompatibility and maintenance of peritoneal membrane structural integrity. Similar results can probably relate to all low-GDP solutions.     

八纲辨证在外科全身炎症反应综合征中的应用

目的：探讨八纲辨证在外科全身炎症反应综合征中的应用价值.方法：对符合SIRS标准的202例SICU病例按八纲辨证的相关资料制作成调查表,每天进行1次相关资料的采集,并于入SICU的1、3、5 d分别进行TNF-a、IL-6的检测,分析病情变化与中医证型的关系.结果：131例轻证病例中22例病情加重,其中表实热证5例（22.72%）,表实寒证1例（8.33%）,里虚热证4例（33.33%）,里实热证12例（54.55%）.轻症中表证病情进展发生率6/97（6.19%）;里证病情加重发生率16/59（27.1%）,两者在发生率及TNF-α、IL-6浓度上均存在统计学差异.78例中度症状病例中27例病情加重,其中表实热证2例（7.41%）、表实寒证1例（3.70%）、里虚热证5例（18.52%）、里虚寒证3例（11.11%）、里实热证16例（59.26%）.中度症状病例中里虚证发生病情加重的8/36（22.22%）;里实证发生病情加重的16/21（76.20%）,两者在发生率及TNF-a、IL-6浓度上均存在统计学差异.尤其当病程中出现里热实证时,多提示病情加重.结论：八纲辨证的理论对于外科全身炎症反应综合征预后有一定的预测作用.