心室起搏管理对病态窦房结综合征患者生活质量的影响

目的探讨心室起搏管理（MVP）对病态窦房结综合征（SSS）患者生活质量的影响。方法在15例植入具有MVP功能的双腔起搏器SSS患者中,先以传统频率应答双腔起搏（DDDR）模式工作1个月,再程控为MVP模式工作1个月,分析不同起搏模式下患者累计心室起搏百分比（CumVP％）、4种起搏和感知状态时间百分比的变化,采用明尼苏达心力衰竭生活质量评分表（LiHFe）评估患者在两种不同起搏模式下生活质量的变化。结果随访期间,患者CumVP％由DDDR模式下的91．3％下降至MVP模式下的1．6％（U=130．5,P〈0．01）;4种起搏和感知状态时间百分比比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;患者LiHFe总分在DDDR模式下（34．0±3．4）分,MVP模式下（10．4±4．2）分,差异有统计学意义（t=49．4,P〈0．01）,其他各项评分比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论对植入心脏起搏器的SSS患者,MVP不仅是一种安全、有效和可靠的起搏模式,还可以提高患者的生活质量。     

不同起搏模式对病态窦房结综合征患者的预后分析

目的探讨不同起搏模式对病态窦房结综合征（SSS）患者预后的影响。方法分析118例因SSS植入双腔起搏器的患者,术后程控为AAI模式组（5S例）及DDD模式组（60例）,随访两组患者超声心动图指标变化、生活质量评分。结果AAI组术前、术后左房内径（LAD）、左室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）及左室射血分数（LVEF）比较差异无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。DDD组术后LAD、LVEDV较术前增大,LYEF较术前减低,差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。组间比较,术后DDD组较AAI组LAD、LVEDV增大,LVEF减低,差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。术后生活质量评分AAI组高于DDD组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论SSS患者AAI模式较DDD模式预后良好。     

右心房起搏术与双心腔起搏术在病态窦房结综合征患者中的疗效比较

目的：观察右心房起搏术（AAI）与双心腔起搏术（DDD）在病态窦房结综合征（SSS）患者中的疗效。方法：74例患者分为AAI组（共36例，其中男性14例，女性22例；平均66．8±7．9岁）和DDD组（3共8例，其中男性16例，女性22例；平均65．8±9．7岁），回顾分析比较两组心功能变化、房颤、房室传导阻滞和缺血性脑卒中的发生率。结果：心动超声心功能测定，术前和随访结果比较：左室射血分数（LVEF）AAI组从（55．8±3．1％）上升至（56．5±2．4％）（P〉0．05）。DDD组LVEF从（55．5±2．8％下）降至（54．7±2．8％）（P〉0．05）。比较两组患者在心功能、房颤、房室传导阻滞和脑卒中的发生率均无统计学差异。结论：对房室传导功能正常的SSS患者，与DDD比较，安装AAI起搏器不仅手术方法简单、疗效确切、并发症少，而且价廉。     

左束支起搏与右室心尖部起搏治疗病态窦房结综合征的临床效果比较

目的比较左束支起搏(LBBP)与右室心尖部起搏(RVAP)治疗病态窦房结综合征(SSS)的临床效果。方法回顾性分析我院收治的需安装起搏器的80例SSS患者的临床资料,根据起搏方式将患者分为R组(RVAP治疗,60例)与L组(LBBP治疗,20例)。比较两组的临床效果。结果术后6个月,R组的阈值低于术后即刻及L组,阻抗、感知高于术后即刻及L组(P<0.05)。术后,两组的LAVI、LAEF、Tmsv-16-SD%、SNRT、CSNRT、SACT、AHREs发作次数及持续时间、QLIPPv1.0评分均改善,且L组优于R组(P<0.05)。结论相较于RVAP,LBBP治疗SSS更有利于维持心脏机电同步性,可改善心功能和窦房结功能,减少心房颤动。     

病态窦房结综合征的当今概念

SSS由Lown于1967年命名。一般是指由器质性病变引起的窦房结功能障碍。本文简述近年来关于SSS病因,诊断和治疗等方面研究的进展。     

生理性起搏对房颤及心功能影响的临床观察

目的：观察生理起搏对心房颤动和心功能的影响。方法：安装永久性心脏起搏器治疗的91例病态窦房结综合征患者，其中，生理性起搏者56例，非生理性起搏者35例，对其房颤的发生情况和心功能状况进行回顾性自身和组间对比分析。结果：生理性起搏患者起搏心脏LVEF明显增加（P〈0．01），DDD起搏者E／A比值显著增加（P〈0．01），AAI起搏者E／A比值增加（P〈0．05）；VVI起搏者LVEF明显降低（P〈0．05），且LAD明显增大（P〈0．01），E／A比值下降。生理性起搏者心房颤动的发生率明显降低（P〈0．05），VVI起搏者明显增高（P〈0．05）。结论：生理性起搏可以降低快速性房性心律失常尤其降低心房颤动发生率，改善心功能。     

病态窦房结综合征药物治疗现状

病态窦房结综合征(SSS)的药物治疗对无条件安装起搏器者仍有一定意义,对初发者亦可先试用,故结合文献简介如下: (一)氨茶硷 国外Beuditt用氨茶硷治疗10例有反复发作晕厥伴窦性停搏、房室阻滞的缓慢性心律失常的青年人收到良好效果。1986～1990年贾锦霞等首先在国内采用氨茶硷治疗30例SSS,用药方法:氨茶硷250mg+5％葡萄糖500ml静滴,每日1次,睡前加服氨茶硷缓释片0.2g,15～30日后,改口服0.1g,一日三次,     

病态窦房结综合征81例临床分析

病态窦房结综合征患者病因主要为冠心病、特发性传导系统病变及心肌病。病程缓慢,平均为5.78年。病窦波及心房则进展较快,2～5年内发展为双结病变。主张对房室传导功能良好又无严重快速心律失常患者应安置AAI 起搏器。扩张型心肌病预后最差。     

生理性起搏治疗对心房颤动及心功能的影响

目的 :观察生理起搏对心房颤动和心功能的影响。方法 :安装永久性心脏起搏器治疗的 91例病态窦房结综合征患者 ,其中 ,生理性起搏者 5 6例 ,非生理性起搏者 3 5例 ,对其房颤的发生情况和心功能状况进行回顾性自身和组间对比分析。结果 :生理性起搏患者起搏心脏LVEF明显增加 (P <0 0 1) ,DDD起搏者E/A比值显著增加 (P <0 0 1) ,AAI起搏者E/A比值增加 (P <0 0 5 ) ;非生理性起搏 (VVI)者LVEF明显降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,LAD明显增大 (P <0 0 1) ,E/A比值下降。生理性起搏者心房颤动的发生率明显降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,VVI起搏者明显增高 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :生理性起搏可以降低快速性房性心律失常尤其降低心房颤动发生率 ,改善心功能     

病态窦房结综合征的诊治误区

病态窦房结综合征（简称SSS）是以是窦性心律失常为基础（如窦性心动过缓、窦性停搏、窦房传导阻滞等）而产生头晕、晕厥等症状群组成的综合征,同时可表现出多种快速心律失常（如心房颤动、心房扑动、房性心动过速等,所谓慢一快综合征,某些SSS患常以快速心律失常就诊,易引起误诊误治。     

Reliability of Transesophageal Pacing in the Assessment of Sinus Node Function in Patients with Sick Sinus Syndrome

The purpose of this study was to find out whether transesophageal pacing could be utilized for assessment of sinus node function in patients with sick sinus syndrome (SSS). In 17 patients with SSS (study group) we compared the results of sinus node tests obtained both in the basal state and after pharmacological autonomic blockade by endocavitary stimulation and, 24 hours later, by transesophageal pacing. In another group of 17 patients with SSS (control group), we compared the results obtained by two endocavitary studies. In "study group", sinus cycle length (SCL) and corrected sinus node recovery time (CSRT) did not show significant differences between the two studies both in the basal state and after autonomic blockade, whereas sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) was more prolonged during esophageal pacing (P less than 0.01). In "control group", sinus node measures did not show significant differences between the two studies. In the "study group," the following coefficients of correlation were obtained in the basal state; SCL, r = 0.65, CSRT, r = 0.57, SACT, r = 0.52 and after autonomic blockade: SCL, r = 0.95, CSRT, r = 0.62 and SACT, r = 0.53. In the basal state, the correlation for SCL and CSRT between the two studies was lower in the "study group" than in the "control group" (P less than 0.05), whereas after autonomic blockade the correlation for sinus node measures did not show significant differences between the two groups of patients. These data suggest that transesophageal study influences the autonomic tone regulating the sinus node; however, it is not responsible for important variations in sinus node measures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Pacing for Carotid Sinus Syndrome and Sick Sinus Syndrome

BRIGNOLE, M., ET AL: Pacing for Carotid Sinus Syndrome and Sick Sinus Syndrome. The real incidence of pacemaker implants for carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) and the relation between CSS and sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is not precisely known. Patients who needed pacing therapy because of atrial bradyarrhythmias were investigated by means of carotid sinus massage, dynamic ECG, and invasive electrophysiological sinus node evaluation. Of 298 consecutive patients receiving a pacemaker implant, 36 (12%) had a severe cardioinhibitory carotid sinus reflex with reproducible spontaneous symptoms (CSS), 33 (11%) had sinus bradycardia < 50 beat/min or an abnormal electrophysiological evaluation (SSS) and 24 (8%) had both (CSS + SSS). The annual incidence was 40, 37, and 26, respectively, implants per year/million of inhabitants (total incidence 325). Patients affected by CSS, if compared with those affected by SSS, showed: a higher prevalence of syncope (97% vs 42%); more syncopal, episodes per patient (2.9 ± 2 vs 1.8 ± 0.9); a lower prevalence of associated cardiac diseases (53% vs 100%); cardiac enlargement (36% vs 88%); heart failure (6% vs 36%) and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (0% vs 42%); and a more frequent indication for VVI pacing (75% vs 3%). In patients with CSS + SSS, intermediate characteristics were present. In conclusion, CSS is as frequent an indication to cardiac pacing as SSS; clinical differences justify a distinction between them, even if they are associated in 26% of cases.     

Incidence and Predictors of Loss of Pacing in the Atrium in Patients with Sick Sinus Syndrome

Atrial and dual-chamber pacemakers may be associated with reduced morbidity in patients with the sick sinus syndrome (SSS). In some patients, however, subsequent development of chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial lead failure make long-term pacing in the atrium not feasible. We analyzed the incidence and predictors of loss of atrial pacing in 395 consecutive patients with SSS (376 with dual-chamber pacemakers and 19 with single-chamber atrial pacemakers). None of them was in established atrial fibrillation at time of implant. Patients were followed-up for 55 ± 35 months. Actuarial survival of effective atrial pacing was 92.5% at 1 year, 85% at 5 years, and 76.5% at 10 years. Overall, 60 patients lost atrial pacing. The most frequent cause was the development of chronic atrial fibrillation (53 patients). By multivariate analysis (Cox proportional-hazards model), independent predictors of Joss of pacing in the atrium were preimplant episodes of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) lasting more than 1 hour (P < 0.001; hazard ratio (HR) = 4.3); prior history of PAF for more than 5 years (P < 0.001; HR = 2.67; and endocardial P wave < 2 mV (P = 0.014; HR = 1.96). In a subgroup of patients (n = 187) who had echocardiograms, a left atrium > 50 mm was also an independent predictor of loss of atrial pacing (P = 0.028; HR = 2.28). Conclusions: 1) most patients with SSS can maintain long-term atrial pacing; 2) loss of pacing in the atrium is related to the previous history of PAF, left atrial enlargement, and low amplitude of the endocardial P wave at implant; and 3) patients with these risks variables are less than ideal candidates for atrial pacing modes. In them, the implant of DDDR units might be indicated, to provide wide flexibility in case reprogramming to a ventricular pacing mode is required.     

Incidence and Predictors of Syncope in Paced Patients with Sick Sinus Syndrome

In spite of a normal pacemaker/unction, syncope still occurs in some patients with sick sinus syndrome (SSSJ. Causes often remain unknown. To identify predictors and etiologies of this bothersome symptom, we studied 507 patients who received atrial, ventricular, and dual-chamber pacemakers for SSS. During a mean follow-up of 62 ± 38 months, actuarial incidence of syncope was 3% at 1 year, 8% at 5 years, and 13% at 10 years. Causes were vasovagal (18%), orthostatic hypotension (25.5%), rapid atrial tachyarrhythmias (11.5%), ventricular tachycardia (5%), acute myocardial ischemia (2.5%), and pacemaker/lead malfunction (6.5%), In 13 patients (29.5%), syncope remained unexplained. The only preimplant predictor for syncope was syncope as primary indication for pacemaker implant. Electrocardiographic correlation with bradycardia was not a predictor of relief of syncope during the follow-up. In conclusion: (1) syncope in paced patients with SSS has multiple etiologies and may be multifactorial; (2) the only predictor of syncope after pacemaker implant is the occurrence of preimplant syncope as the main indication for pacing; (3) extensive Holier monitoring is not useful to document bradycardic origin of syncope nor to predict its recurrence; (4) SSS probably overlaps with other entities such as autonomic dysfunction, vasovagal syncope, carotid sinus hypersensitivity, and venous pooling, which would provide an explanation for recurrent syncope in patients with normal pacemaker function.     

The Role of Rate Hysteresis Pacing in the Hypersensitive Carotid Sinus Syndrome

The ability of rate hysteresis programming with the escape interval longer than the automatic interval lo reduce the hypotensive response to carotid sinus massage at the onset of ventricular pacing was studied in six patients paced for carotid sinus syndrome. Rate hysteresis significantly reduced this hypotensive response and abolished spontaneous symptoms in two patients and symptoms reproduced by carotid sinus massage in four patients.     

Chronic Ventricular Pacing with Ventriculoatrial Conduction Versus Atrial Pacing in Three Patients with Symptomatic Sinus Bradycardia

Three patients with symptomatic sinus bradycardia due to sick sinus syndrome were treated with permanent ventricular pacing for periods rang-ing from 2.5 to 4 years. All three patients had ventriculo-atrial conduction on routine electrocardiography. Although ventricular pacing was effective, they complained of fatigue, lightheadedness, and near syncope. Hemodynamic studies revealed the presence of regular cannon waves in the right atrium as well as in the pulmonary artery wedge pressure curves. Temporary atrial pacing resulted in disappearance of the cannon waves and a significant rise in cardiac output (32–48%). After narmal atrio-ventricular conduction was confirmed by rapid atrial stimulation and His bun-dle electrocardiography, the pacing mode was changed to permanent atrial pacing on demand. The effort tolerance of the patients marked by improved, and the previ-ously mentioned symptoms disappeared. Control hemodynamic studies 9 to 12 months affer impiantation of the atrial demand pacemaker showed that the im-provement in cardiac performance was maintained.     

The Role of Rate Hysteresis Pacing in the Hypersensitive Carotid Sinus Syndrome

The ability of rate hysteresis programming with the escape interval longer than the automatic interval lo reduce the hypotensive response to carotid sinus massage at the onset of ventricular pacing was studied in six patients paced for carotid sinus syndrome. Rate hysteresis significantly reduced this hypotensive response and abolished spontaneous symptoms in two patients and symptoms reproduced by carotid sinus massage in four patients.     

Morbidity and Mortality of Patients with Sinus Node Disease: Comparative Effects of Atrial and Ventricular Pacing

ZANINI, R., ET AL.: Morbidity and Mortality of Patients with Sinus Node Disease: Comparative Effects of Atrial and Ventricular Pacing. In patients with sinus node disease (SND), VVI pacing seems an inappropriate method of cardiac stimulation because of its potential adverse hemodynamic and arrhythmic effects. AAI-DDD pacing, preferred because of lower morbidity, may also determine a higher survival rate. We examined retrospectively two groups of patients with SND. Stimulated respectively with VVI pacing (group 1 = 57 patients) and AAI pacing (group 2 = 53 patients). The mean duration of the follow-up interval was 40.1 months for group 1 and 45 months for group 2. Ten patients (17.5%) in the VVI group and five (9.4%) in the AAI died. During the follow-up, in the VVI group three patients developed congestive heart failure and ten developed chronic atrial fibrillation, whereas only one case of heart failure and two with atrial fibrillation have been recorded in the AAI group. Moreover, four patients had embolic complications in group 1. Five patients (9.4%) with AAI pacing were converted to sequential pacing due to the occurrence of second-degree heart block. The statistical analysis was developed by the X² test for the comparison of the proportion of the events (atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, embolic accidents) in the two groups: a significantly higher morbidity (p < 0.01) was recorded in the AAI group. Survival is also higher in AAI patients, but the survival rate difference, calculated using the Mantel-Cox method, is not statistically significant. The findings of our study show that in SND the superiority of AAI pacing over VVI is statistically significant as far as morbidity is concerned, and we have also noticed an evident but not statistically significant superiority regarding mortality.     

The Natural History of Sick Sinus Syndrome

A literature review has addressed the two major factors in disease progression in sick sinus syndrome: atrioventricular block and atrial fibrillation. An incidence of atrioventricular block of 8.4 percent in a follow-up period of 34.2 months is considered clinically significant and sufficient to justify use of a ventricular lead in pacemaker management. Atrial fibrillation occurs much more commonly [22.3%] in ventricular pacing than with atrial demand pacing (3.9%) in a 21/2 year observation period. Coincident with the reduction in arrhythmia achieved by atrial demand pacing is a significant reduction in systemic embolism (1.6% vs. 13%]. This is considered largely to be due to the improved rhythm control with AAI pacing but also possibly to the avoidance of retrograde atrioventricular conduction. The benefits of AAI pacing in terms of mortality in sick sinus syndrome have not yet been fully assessed. In the future, DDI pacing is recommended with, in some patients, the addition of another sensor to provide rate responsiveness on exercise.     

Ventricular Pacing as the Preferable Mode for Long-Term Pacing in Patients with Carotid Sinus Syncope of the Cardioinhibitory Type

This study was designed to determine the efficacy of long-term VVI pacing in patients having the isolated cardioinhibitory type of carotid sinus syncope. The study included 20 patients suffering from repeated syncopal attacks; all were proven by electrophysiological studies to have isolated forms of cardioinhibitory type carotid sinus syncope. Long-term pacing by the VVI mode was carried out in all patients by programming the pacemaker rate well below the patient's sinus rate. The follow-up period after pacemaker implantation, which ranged from 2 to 54 months (average, 20 months), revealed that none of the patients had any recurrence of syncopal attack. Repeated Holter monitoring showed that ten had permanent sinus rhythm without any artificial pacing activity, while in the other ten, pacemaker activity was recorded--predominant in two patients and rare in the other eight. During Holter monitoring, attacks of weakness were reported by four patients; however, they were not related to pacemaker activity. This report indicates the importance of electrophysiological studies in patients suffering from carotid sinus syncope. These studies make possible the diagnosis of the isolated form of cardioinhibitory type syncope for which VVI pacing offers complete relief of symptomatology, thus rendering AV sequential pacing superfluous.