住院创伤患者伤因、年龄构成及伤情谱调查分析

目的探讨近年住院创伤患者伤因、年龄构成及伤情谱变化。方法分析2000-2004年住院创伤患者临床资料并按年龄分为儿童组、青年组、中年组和老年组。按简明损伤定级标准-损伤严重程度评分(AIS-ISS)法分析本组伤情谱。结果自2000年至2004年住院创伤患者呈逐年增多趋势,中、青年组占全组病例的87%。伤因构成以交通伤占首位,中、青年组坠落伤占第二位,儿童组、老年组跌伤占第二位。轻伤(AIS＜3或ISS＜16)1335例,占57．6%,重伤(AIS≥3或,ISS≥16)984例,占42．4%。手术治疗1249例,非手术治疗1070例。死亡73例,病死率为3．14%。结论随着社会的发展,创伤的发生率亦逐年增高,青年和中年是创伤的高危人群。因此,加强交通监管,开展有效的安全教育以减少各种因素造成的创伤势在必行。     

中老年干部5844名疾病谱调查

目的：了解中老年干部体检状况,为提高中老年干部心身健康水平提供依据。方法对5844名中老年干部的体检结果进行统计分析。结果中年组检查结果2项异常率显著低于老年组（P＜0．01）,1项异常、≥3项异常率显著高于老年组（P＜0．01）。中年组高血压病、血糖受损、糖尿病、冠心病检出率显著低于老年组（P＜0．01）,高脂血症、高胆固醇血症、脂肪肝、高尿酸血症检出率显著高于老年组（ P＜0．05或0．01）。结论中老年干部疾病谱以代谢性疾病为主,数病共存现象较严重;相关部门应制定干部健康管理干预措施,以保障领导干部的心身健康。     

高原地区严重创伤患者的救治体会(附154例报道)

目的 探讨高原地区严重创伤救治一体化及应用损伤控制理论对提高严重创伤救治水平的影响.方法 回顾分析2007-01～2009-09收治的环青海湖地区154例严重多发伤患者的资料.按救治方法 (一体化救治和非一体化救治)和手术原则(损伤控制手术和确定性手术)分为三组.结果 急救一体化救治、非一体化救治和确定性手术组比较,急救一体化救治和损伤控制(或确定性手术)组的病死率降低(P＜0.05),确定性治疗前时间、手术持续时间、LTD恢复时间、入住ICU时间及总住院时间均明显缩短,术中输血量明显减少(P＜0.05).结论 在严重多发伤救治中,高原地区采用急救一体化救治模式并早期应用损伤控制理论能显著减少并发症,降低病死率,缩短住院时间,改善患者的预后.     

多发伤急诊死亡危险因素及死因分析

目的:分析多发伤急诊死亡危险因素及死因,为提高该病的救治水平提供客观依据。方法:对我院急诊创伤中心2011-05-2015-04救治的1 583例多发伤患者(其中105例死亡)的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:研究发现,多发伤患者的病死率与性别、致伤原因差异无统计学意义(P0.05);老年患者(年龄)病死率较其他组显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);损伤部位、ISS评分、受伤至就诊时间与患者生存有关,且损伤部位越多,ISS评分越高,受伤至就诊时间越长,死亡风险越大;颅脑损伤(50.48%)和失血性休克(23.81%)为多发伤患者急诊死亡的主要原因。结论:亟需建立自主型急诊创伤外科,对多发伤患者实施一体化救治,提高创伤救治效果,降低患者病死率。     

老年人自发性蛛网膜下腔出血60例临床分析

目的：探讨老年人自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(Subarachnoid hemorrhage，SAH)的临床特点。方法：对60例老年SAH(老年组)患者的临床资料进行分析。并与同期60例青壮年SAH(青壮年组)患者的临床表现及死亡率进行比较。结果：老年组的头痛、呕吐及脑膜刺激征的发生率均明显低于青壮年组(P均＜0．01)；老年组的意识障碍、精神症状与癫痫样抽搐的发生率均明显高于青壮年组(P均＜0．01)；老年组的死亡率明显高于青壮年组(P＜0．05)。结论；老年人SAH的临床表现及症状多不典型，且易误诊。应做脑脊液检查。     

不同年龄组严重多发性创伤的病情特点与转归分析

目的 探讨不同年龄组严重多发伤患者的病情和预后特点，为进一步提高救治水平提供经验。方法回顾最近3a急诊ICU收治的年龄〉18周岁、创伤严重度评分（ISS）≥16分、ICU住院时间〉24h的146例严重多发伤患者的资料。根据年龄分为老年（≥60岁）、中年（40～59岁）和青年（18～39岁）三组，比较各组的一般情况、损伤严重度、急诊手术、继发感染、脏器功能不全、呼吸机使用时间、ICU住院时间和最终预后；比较各组治愈出院者的上述指标。结果各组的一般情况、致伤原因、损伤程度、急诊手术情况差异无显著性，但老年组的APACHEⅢ评分明显高于另两组；老年组入院24h的心率、中性粒细胞绝对值和动脉血氧分压低于另两组；各组继发感染、脏器功能不全、呼吸机使用时间、ICU住院时间比较差异无显著性，年龄越轻，预后越好；治愈出院者中以青年组损伤和病情最为严重。结论创伤时机体的影响随年龄增加而加重，预后明显变差，要特别重视老年创伤的救治，有必要建立专门的创伤救治体系。     

13例闭合性创伤性膈肌破裂临床分析

目的研究老年人闭合性创伤性膈肌破裂的临床特点。方法回顾性分析本科1996—2005年收治的闭合性创伤性膈肌破裂13例老年患者(年龄≥65岁)和46例中青年患者(年龄＜65岁)的临床病例资料,就年龄、性别、伴随疾病、创伤程度评分(ISS评分)、膈肌破裂长度、手术前延误(入院24 h内未手术)发生率、手术后并发症及病死率等指标比较和分析两者结果的异同。结果与中青年组相比较,老年组基础疾病发生率高,初诊时胸部X片未发现异常的病例数更多,手术前延误发生率显著增加,膈肌破裂长度偏短[(5．6±2．3)cm vs(10．0±6．0)cm,P＜0．05],手术后机械通气时程更长[(17．7±21．2)d vs(3．2±5．0)d,P＜0．01],手术后并发肺炎发生率更高,死亡率远高于前组。两组创伤程度评分差异无统计学意义。结论老年组由于膈肌破裂长度偏短以及机械通气、初诊时胸部X片未发现异常的病例数显著增多,从而导致手术前延误发生率显著增加;进而需要更长时间的手术后机械通气,更易并发手术后肺炎,加之基础疾病发生率高,因而病死率显著增高。     

年龄对大肠癌临床特征的影响

目的：探讨青年大肠癌和中老年大肠癌的临床特点和发病规律。方法：总结分析南方医院和惠州市中心人民医院1985-2004年经病理确诊的3870例大肠癌患者的临床资料。结果：（1）年龄分组构成比，青年组、中年组和老年组分别占17．0％、45．2％和37．7％，近20年青年大肠癌所占比例从21．7％下降到12．2％，而老年大肠癌从22．5％上升到47．2％。（2）男女比例，青年组为1．04：1，无明显差异；中年组1．44：1，男性显著多于女性；老年组1．48：1，男性显著多于女性。（3）发病部位，直肠癌青年组、中年组和老年组3组分别占59．8％、59．8％和51.3％，青年组与中年组无明显差异（P〉0．05）．但显著高于老年组（P〈0．01）；左半结肠癌3组分别占17．0％、17．8％和18．9％，3组无明显差异；右半结肠癌3组分别占23．2％、22．3％和29．8％，青年组与中年组无明显差异（P〉0．05），但显著低于老年组（P〈0．01）。（4）组织学分型为，腺癌青年组、中年组和老年组3组分别占66．5％、83．7％和88．8％，老年组显著高于中年组（P〈0．01），中年组显著高于青年组（P〈0．01）；黏液细胞癌、印戒细胞癌和未分化癌等较高恶性程度肿瘤在3组人群中分别占28．8％、14．5％和9．4％，青年组显著高于中年组（P〈0．01），中年组显著高于老年组（P〈0．01）。结论：近20年青年大肠癌所占比例下降，而老年大肠癌上升。青年大肠癌男女比例无明显差异，而中年组和老年组男性多于女性。青年大肠癌病变部位与中年组相似，直肠癌显著高于老年组，右半结肠癌显著低于老年组。青年大肠癌组织学分类黏液癌、印戒细胞癌和未分化腺癌等恶性程度较高者多于中年组和老年组。     

不同人群下消化道出血结肠镜检查结果及病因分析

目的探讨下消化道出血分布特点及病因。方法 436例下消化道出血患者,按年龄分为四组:按不同年分为四组:儿童组(≤14岁)16例3.67%),青壮年组(15~39岁)107例(24.54%),中年组(40~59岁)175例(40.14%),老年组(≥60岁)138例(31.65%)。全部病例经非急诊结肠镜检查和急诊结肠镜检查确诊。结果 436例下消化道出血病例中,依次为大肠癌138例(31.7%)、炎症性肠疾病113例(25.9%)、肛周疾病93例(21.3%)、大肠息肉74例(17.0%)、其他病例占4.1%。不同年龄组下消化道出血病因差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),大肠息肉在儿童组中的发病率明显高于其他年龄组(P<0.05),青年组炎症性肠疾病和肛周疾病患病率均高于其他年龄组,但青年组与中年组的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),大肠癌在老年组的发病率明显高于其他年龄组(P<0.05)。结论大肠息肉是儿童组常见病因,中青年人组以炎症性肠疾病和肛周疾病多见,大肠癌随年龄增长发病率呈增高趋势。大肠癌是老年人下消化道出血的主要原因。     

缺铁性贫血150例临床分析

目的 探讨缺铁性贫血（IDA）的临床特征。方法 将临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 150例IDA按年龄分老年组（≥60岁）和非老年组（＜60岁）。以疲劳乏力、面色苍白、心悸气急、头昏眼花等贫血表现为首发症状就诊者,老年组21例,非老年组65例,两组对比差异非常显著（P＜0．01）,重度贫血老年组22例,非老年组17例,两组对比差异非常显著（P＜0．01）。病因：老年组以消化系统病变为多,消化道肿瘤成为导致老年IDA重要原因,恶性肿瘤在老年组占18．2％,非老年组占3．2％,两组对比差异非常显著（P＜0．01）;在非老年组,以月经过多最常见。结论 老年IDA患者症状不典型,重度贫血发生率高,消化系统病变及肿瘤为其常见病因;非老年组IDA病因主要为月经过多。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.