13C NMR spectra of poly(alkyl α-chloroacrylate)s

¹³C NMR spectra of isotactic and syndiotactic poly(ethyl α-chloroacrylate)s and poly(isopropyl α-chloroacrylate)s were measured in toluene-d₈ at 25 MHz. The spectra were analyzed for triad, tetrad and pentad tacticities comparing the spectra with the results previously obtained by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Tetrad tacticities of the polymers were measured from the resonance of the backbone methylene carbon and favorably compared with tetrad values obtained by ¹H NMR. The resonance of the carbonyl carbon showed the peaks corresponding to the tactic triad with a pentad splitting in mm resonance. The triad values obtained from the carbonyl carbon resonance were in good agreement with those calculated from the tetrad values as well as the triad tacticities obtained by ¹H NMR. The quaternary carbon reconances were very complicated because the chemical shift differences for the different tactic triads were of the comparable magnitude with those for the pentads, and a tentative peak assignment was made with the aid of the statistical calculation of pentad values assuming first-order Markovian statistics for the isotactic polymer and Bernoullian statistics for the syndiotactic polymer.     

Stereoregularity of poly(methyl vinyl ketone) and poly(isopropenyl methyl ketone) determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy

¹³C NMR spectra of poly(methyl vinyl ketone)s (PMVK) and poly(isopropenyl methyl ketone)s (PIPMK) obtained by radical and anionic catalysts were measured. The ¹³C resonances of the CH₂ carbon of PMVK were tentatively assigned to diad tacticities. The spectra of carbonyl carbon and methyl carbon of the CH₃CO group of PIPMK were assigned to pentad and triad tacticities, respectively. It is shown that radically obtained PMVK and PIPMK have atactic and syndiotactic-rich structure, respectively. The stereoregularity of radically obtained PIPMK obeys Bernoullian statistics, while that of anionically obtained PIPMK conforms to first-order Markov statistics.     

Tacticities of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) obtained by radical polymerization

The tacticities of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) prepared by radical polymerization at temperatures in the range from ?78 to 60°C in several solvents or in bulk are described. The redox system diisopropylperoxy dicarbonate/dimethylaniline was found to polymerize this monomer effectively even at low temperature. The tacticities were determined by NMR spectroscopy. The difference of entropy Δ(ΔS

1 Nippon Oils & Fats Co., Ltd. (Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan)

) and enthalpy Δ(ΔH ) of activation between isotactic and syndiotactic propagations were calculated. The values of Δ(ΔH ) were found not to be affected essentially by polymerization conditions and to be slightly larger than that of methyl methacrylate polymerization.     

Influence of the structure on the photodegradation of poly(vinyl chloride), 3. Dependance of the quantum yield of dehydrochlorination on the isotactic content

The photodehydrochlorination of four poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) samples of different tacticities, as studied previously, was compared with that of a PVC sample after being modified to various degrees by nucleophilic substitution with sodium benzenethiolate (NaBT). In order to separate the influence of substituted structures from that of the chromophoric group grafted onto the polymer, a series of PVC mixtures with sec-butyl phenyl sulfide (BPT), of compositions similar to those of modified polymers was also studied. The evolution of HCl was found to be a linear function of the absorbed dose in all cases. The quantum yield of dehydrochlorination, Φ_HCl, as obtained from the slopes, appeared to decrease with the isotactic content. The results suggest specific isotactic triads to be markedly reponsible for the photodehydrochlorination, which would account for a mechanism based on the occurrence of chlorines of low dissociation energy at such triads.     

老年气虚血瘀证患者微循环和血液流变学特征及通心络胶囊的治疗作用观察

目的 :观察老年气虚血瘀证患者甲襞微循环和血液流变性特征及通心络胶囊的治疗作用。方法 :选择年龄 60岁以上的心、脑血管疾病患者 (中医辨证属气虚血瘀型 ) 60例 ,检测微循环和血液流变学指标 ,再随机分为治疗组 (通心络胶囊组 ) 3 3例和对照组 (尼莫地平组 ) 2 7例作比较 ,观察通心络胶囊对改善微循环和血液流变性及临床症状的治疗作用。结果 :气虚血瘀症患者治疗前甲襞微循环中度及重度异常者 5 2例 ( 86.67% ,5 2 /60 ) ,其中治疗组 2 9例 ( 87.9% ,2 9/3 3 ) ,对照组2 3例 ( 85 .7% ,2 3 /2 7) ,以形态积分 ( 2 .5 8) >流态积分 ( 2 .2 2 ) >袢周积分 ( 0 .83 )为主要特征 ;血液流变学指标两组异常率同为 10 0 % ,其中以全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞聚集指数明显升高 ,红细胞变形能力降低为主要特征。治疗 3 0天后 ,微循环及血液流变学指标较治疗前均有显著改善 (P均 <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1)。并且治疗组与对照组比较均有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。临床治疗总有效率 ,治疗组为 90 .9% ,对照组为 70 .3 9 % ,两组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :老年气虚血瘀证患者甲襞微循环异常和血液流变学指标异常率极高 ,通心络胶囊对改善微循环和血液流变学指标有显著疗效     

Assignment of finely resolved 13C NMR spectra of polyacrylates

¹³C NMR spectra of poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA), poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA), poly(isopropyl acrylate) (PIPA), poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA), and poly(isobutyl acrylate) (PIBA) with various tacticities were determined. It was found that methine carbon resonances of PIPA split into triad sequences and those of PEA, PBA and PIBA show a mm triad at high field. Methylene carbon spectra of polyacrylates were assigned in terms of hexad sequences using HECTOR (¹³C-¹H COSY) spectra.     

Caractérisation et propriétés rhéologiques en milieu dilué et à l'état fondu des poly(téréphtalate d'éthylène)s linéaires et ramifiés

Dilute solutions of linear and branched poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETP) samples were investigated in various solvents (or mixed solvents) by osmometry, light scattering and viscometry. Branched PETP samples were obtained with the polyfunctional comonomers trimethylolpropane (functionality f = 3) and pentaerythritol (f = 4). For the branched samples, we determined the index of branching g' and compared the experimental results with polycondensation theory in order to estimate the average number of branches per molecule. Finally, the melt viscosity (at 290°C) of branched PETP was measured and compared with the melt viscosity of linear PETP.     

油酸型呼吸窘迫综合征家兔的血液流变性改变及山莨菪碱的作用

对家兔油酸型呼吸窘迫综合征（ＲＤＳ）组、油酸型ＲＤＳ６５４－２治疗组和生理盐水治疗组的血液流变性进行了研究。结果表明油酸型ＲＤＳ和生理盐水治疗组ηａ、ＲＩ、ＴＫ均明显增高，ＯＤ、ＨＣＴ显著降低；而６５４－２治疗组ηａ、ＲＩ和ηｐ等均无明显变化。提示油酸型ＲＤＳ存在高全血粘度血症。６５４－２可能通过抑制红细胞、血小板聚集等而降低全血粘度、减轻肺损伤     

Investigation on the microstructure of poly(cyclohexyl α-chloroacrylate)s using 500 MHz 1H and 25 MHz 13C NMR

The tacticity of poly(cyclohexyl α-chloroacrylate) (PCCA) was studied by 500 MHz ¹H and 25 MHz ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The influence of the polymer configuration was observed at three different carbon resonances: The backbone methylene carbon, the carbonyl carbon and the quaternary carbon. Tetrad tacticities of PCCA measured from the resonance of the backbone methylene carbon were in good agreement with tetrad values obtained by ¹H NMR. The polymer obtained was syndiotactic rich and obeyed Bernoullian statistics in its tacticity distribution.     

Automated measurement of plasma viscosity by capillary viscometer.

Plasma viscosity has several advantages over the erythrocyte sedimentation rate as a measurement of an acute phase response of more than 24 hours' duration. A new capillary viscometer (Coulter Viscometer II), which gives an automated measurement of plasma viscosity, was compared with the selected manual method (Harkness viscometer) of the International Committee for Standardization in Haematology. Automated measurement of plasma viscosity at 25 degrees C showed close correlation (r = 0.979, p less than 0.002) with the selected method for 160 specimens of plasma. Satisfactory precision both within batch and between batch (coefficients of variation of 1.7% or less) was obtained at viscosity values up to 5.7 mPa.s. There was no detectable carry over between samples and viscosity values were corrected adequately for ambient temperature for the range 15-32 degrees C. Careful daily cleaning was required to prevent accumulation of protein within the automatic sampling valve of the instrument. Automated measurement of plasma viscosity is an attractive alternative to measurement of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.     

Rheological studies of matrix--special reference on the mobility of leucocytes in relation to the rheological characters of experimental matrix

The rheological characteristics of a model matrix, consisting of Bacto-agar, were correlated with the ability of the matrix to permit cellular penetration, using a rheolometer and the agar bullet method. The most important rheologic characteristic that affected cellular mobility was found to be the viscosity rate. A viscosity rate under 1,000 X 10(4) dyne sec/cm2 was needed to permit cellular mobility.     

Plasma viscosity in inflammatory bowel disease.

AIMS: To assess the relation of plasma viscosity to disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: Crohn's disease (n = 60) and ulcerative colitis (n = 71) were diagnosed on the basis of typical histological or radiological features. Active Crohn's disease was defined as a Crohn's disease activity index of 150 or over. Active ulcerative colitis was defined as a liquid stool passed three times a day or more with blood. Blood samples were assessed for haemoglobin concentration, total white cell count, platelets, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum albumin, and C-reactive protein. RESULTS: Plasma viscosity was higher in those with active Crohn's disease compared with those with inactive Crohn's disease or active ulcerative colitis. Plasma viscosity correlated significantly with erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and platelet count in patients with Crohn's disease. In ulcerative colitis plasma viscosity correlated only with serum C-reactive protein. Plasma viscosity showed a low sensitivity for detecting active Crohn's disease, with 48% of those with active disease having a plasma viscosity within the laboratory reference range. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma viscosity is related to disease activity in Crohn's disease, but is insufficiently sensitive for it to replace erythrocyte sedimentation rate as a measure of the acute phase response in Crohn's disease.     

Red cell and hemorheological changes in multiple sclerosis

Blood rheology in multiple sclerosis (MS) was investigated in 15 subjects with varying degrees of locomotor difficulties who were members of the local MS Society. Control data were obtained from blood samples from 25 male and 25 female normal blood donors. Whole blood viscosity was measured and blood filterability was assessed. Six MS females provided blood samples for scanning electron microscopy. Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and phospholipids were assayed. Whole blood viscosity in MS females was higher than controls at 3 of 4 shear rates (p less than 0.001) but in MS males blood viscosity was higher only at shear rate of 1.0 s-1 (p less than 0.05). MS erythrocyte filtration rates were significantly lower than controls (p less than 0.001). Leucocyte counts in MS were greater than controls both in males (p less than 0.01) and females (p less than 0.001). MS erythrocyte morphology was greatly different from controls (p less than 0.0001) and erythrocyte membranes contained less sphingomyelin than controls (p less than 0.01) but more phosphatidylinositol plus phosphatidylserine (p less than 0.02). We conclude that, because our findings indicate an identifiable and potentially correctable abnormality, it is possible to envisage an inhibition of the progressive nature of MS, with the hope of a better prognosis for patients.     

Long-term change in conformation of macromolecules in solution, 2. Poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate)s

The solution viscosity of aqueous poly(acrylamide-co-sodiumacrylate)s decreases with time in the scale of weeks. This unusual viscosity loss has been investigated by viscometry and by light scattering on high purity copolymer samples with different ratios of the components. — No viscosity loss can be observed in NaCl solution of high enough salt concentration. From the experiments it is concluded that a conformational change causes the viscosity decrease. No chain scission occurs. Light scattering measurements were used to directly confirm this hypothesis. — The viscosity loss may be caused by a conformational change of single molecules involving hydrogen bonds and can be interpreted as a transition from a partly stiffer, higher viscous structure to a more flexible one. As the driving force for the conformational change the entropy is discussed. The pronounced time dependence may be interpreted by a cooperative effect of loosening and combining of hydrogen bonds. — A similar behaviour has been observed earlier in aqueous poly(acrylamide) solutions. Thus, for some water soluble polymers one has to be aware of a time dependent parameter.     

心房纤颤患者血液流变性的变化特点及降粘治疗的意义

目的 :探讨心房纤颤患者血液流变性的变化特点及降低血粘度治疗的有效性。方法 :选心房纤颤患者 78例 ,其中持续性心房纤颤( >3月 ) 3 8例 ,阵发性心房纤颤 ( <3月 ) 40例 ,均口服巴米尔 (肠溶阿司匹林 )片 10 0mg和静脉滴注舒血宁注射液 2 0ml治疗 ,每日一次 ,共 2周。检测治疗前后血液流变学各参数。结果 :持续性心房纤颤组全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞压积、血小板粘附率和纤维蛋白原均明显高于阵发性心房纤颤组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;经口服巴米尔片和静脉滴注舒血宁注射液治疗后 ,两组上述血流变学各参数较治疗前均有显著或非常显著性降低 (P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1)。结论 :心房纤颤患者易合并高血粘状态 ,口服巴米尔片和静脉滴注舒血宁对其有较显著疗效     

Rheologic changes in the synovial fluid of patients with gonarthritis induced by intraarticular infiltration of hyaluronic acid.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate possible changes in synovial fluid viscosity in gonarthritic patients treated with intraarticular infiltration of hyaluronic acid. Thirty patients with radiologically proven (Stage III Kellgren) serious gonarthrosis, local pain and functional limitation were enrolled. All patients had reported at least 4-5 episodes of hydrarthrosis during the previous 12 months. Therefore, two different phases of their illness could be observed: a relatively silent phase of hydrarthrosis and a symptomatic phase. According to the protocol, one sample of synovial fluid was collected for evaluation of baseline viscosity (pretreatment); immediately afterwards, intraarticular administration of high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate (one 20 mg vial/week for 3 weeks) was initiated. During the entire treatment period and for 3 weeks following the end of treatment, intraarticular synovial fluid samples (one sample per week for 3 treatment weeks followed by a further 3 weeks as control) were collected to perform rheologic assessment and viscosimetric analysis. The results of this preliminary study show that exogenous administration of high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate induced normalization of hyaluronic acid viscosity values in patients with high and low baseline hyaluronic acid viscosity values.     

FAIMS在爆炸伤伤口样本检测中的初步实验研究

目的:探索高场不对称离子迁移谱（FAIMS）用于伤口样本检测的可行性。方法:收集3 位爆炸伤病人5 个伤口样 本（坏死肌肉、死皮或者脓液）。每次获得2个样本,一个样本送检验科进行细菌检测;对另一个样本进行FAIMS的气味分 析,获取伤口样本的气味检测的正模式和负模式FAIMS数据。结果:检验科细菌检测结果显示5个样本中,1例是蜡样芽 孢杆菌,1 例是少见嗜铜菌,1 例是肺炎克雷伯杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌,另2 例是无细菌生长。有细菌感染的样本的FAIMS检 测的正模式和负模式图谱出现了一些特征峰,且不同细菌感染样本的FAIMS特征峰的形状与位置不同。无细菌生长样 本的FAIMS则无特征峰出现。结论:FAIMS能在一定程度反映伤口样本的感染情况,且不同的细菌感染样本的FAIMS 有所不同,提示FAIMS可用于区分伤口感染的类型。FAIMS是潜在的快速检测伤口感染的技术,值得进一步的实验研 究。     

黑光灯对银屑病血液流变性的影响与疗效

黑光灯对银屑病血液流变性的影响与疗效刘夕茹１李海生２于霖２银屑病是一种常见、易复发的慢性炎症性皮肤病，人们曾对其发病机制以及治疗有过大量探索。本文通过使用黑光灯对其治疗前后的血液流变学指标的检测和综合分析，对该病作进一步探讨。１资料与方法１．１病例选...     

羟乙基淀粉130／0．4溶液术前扩容对结肠癌患者围术期血液流变学及术后深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的观察羟乙基淀粉（HES）130／0．4溶液术前扩容对结肠癌患者围术期血液流变学及术后深静脉血栓发生率的影响。方法择期行结肠癌根治术的40例患者随机分为两组（n=20）。麻醉诱导时于30min内给两组患者分别输注15ml·kg^-1 HES 130／0．4溶液（HES组）和乳酸钠林格氏（RL）溶液（RL组）。分别于麻醉诱导前（T0）、扩容结束后即刻（T1）、扩容结束后1h（T2）、手术结束后1h（T3）抽取静脉血，检测全血黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞聚集指数（EAI）、纤维蛋白原、血细胞比容（HCT）。采用彩色多普勒超声于术后第7天检查双下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的发生情况。结果与T0比较，HES组T1、T2和T3时全血黏度、血浆黏度、EAI、纤维蛋白原、HCT降低（P〈0．05）。与T0比较，RL组T1时全血黏度、血浆黏度、EAI、纤维蛋白原、HCT降低（P〈0．05），T3时全血低切黏度、红细胞聚集指数增加（P〈0．05）。与RL组比较，HES组T2和T3时全血黏度、EAI、纤维蛋白原和HCT均显著降低（P〈0．05）。HES组术后DVT发生率明显低于RL组（P〈0．05）。结论术前采用HES130／0．4溶液扩容能明显改善结肠癌根治术患者围术期血液流变学指标，并能降低术后DVT的发生率。     

氦氖激光血管内照射与复方丹参联合治疗银屑病患者的血液流变性研究

目的：对比研究低强度氦－氖激光血管内照射与复方丹参联合治疗寻常型银屑病的血液流变性变化及临床疗效。方法：３３例寻常型银屑病患者,采用低强度氦－氖激光血管内照射二个疗程及复方丹参注射液联合治疗,检测血液流变性某些指标的变化及临床疗效,并与２９例单用复方丹参注射液治疗组进行比较。结果：二种治疗方法均有不同程度的降低血粘度的作用,但以前者更为明显,临床疗效也以前者为佳。结论：低强度氦-氖激光血管内照射疗法与复方丹参治疗银屑病患者在活血化瘀、改善微循环方面有协同作用,联合使用优于单用复方丹参,不失为银屑病治疗实用、经济、有效的方法之一。