Frontobasal injuries and csf fistulas. Attempt at an anatomoclinical classification. Therapeutic incidence]

The authors present a classification of trauma to the cranial base, based on observation in 80 cases. There are five types. Type I : involves only the anterior wall of the frontal sinus. Type II : involves the face (craniofacial disjunction of the Lefort II type or crush face) and extend upward to the cranial base and, in occurency, to the anterior wall of the frontal sinus, because of the facial retrusion. Type III : ivolves frontal part of the skull and extend down to the cranial base. Type IV : is a combination of types II and III. Type V : involves only ethmoidal or sphenoidal bones. Cerebrospinal fluid leak is unfrequent in types II, and transitionnal, if it occurs ; but it often occurs in types III, IV and V which include in every case a dural tear. Correct diagnosis facilitates treatment. Fractures of types I and II can be fully treated by maxillo-facial surgeons, whereas for types III, IV, and V, they need the help of a neuro-surgeon.     

Recent advances in microlymphatic surgery in China

Development and advances in clinical and research work on limb lymphedema in China has progressed rapidly in recent years. The authors first performed successful lymphaticovenous anastomosis using the operating microscope for limb lymphedema in China in May, 1979. By 1983, surgery on 48 lymphedematous limbs in the authors' clinic had given good results in one-third of the cases. By the same year, 185 limbs with lymphedema were treated by lymphaticovenous anastomosis throughout China with excellent results achieved in 72.9% of the cases. Lymphology was investigated using animal models, intraluminal pressure, and venous graft substitution of lymphatics.     

Lymphaticovenular Anastomosis for Advanced-Stage Peripheral Lymphedema: Expanding Indication and Introducing the Hand/Foot Sign

BackgroundEffective lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) requires identification of functioning lymphatics, which are not always visible with contrast-based imaging in advanced-stage lymphedema patients. Ultrasound (US) allows to identify preoperatively functioning lymphatic vessels even in limbs severely affected by lymphedema. Moreover, in our experience, we observed an interesting clinical sentry in advanced-stage lymphedema patients, the hand/foot sign that is analyzed in this paper.Patients and MethodsFrom January 2016 to January 2019, 76 consecutive advanced-stage secondary lymphedema patients underwent LVA. Preoperative planning included lymphoscintigraphy, indocyanine-green lymphography (ICG-L) and US. Patients’ features, the hand/foot sign (preservation of more normal skin on the dorsum of the hand or foot), lymphatic degeneration, quantitative, qualitative, and composite outcomes at 1-year follow-up were evaluated.ResultsAn average number of 3±0.1 LVA was performed in upper limb lymphedema (ULL) (range 2–5, 47 patients) and of 4±1.08 LVAs in lower limb lymphedema (LLL) cases (range 4–7, 29 patients). The composite outcome was positive in 45 cases (59.7%). The “negative” hand /foot sign was significantly associated with presence of functioning lymphatic channels. The incidence of adverse outcomes was significantly higher in patients with positive hand/foot sign.ConclusionPatients with no functioning lymphatic vessels detectable by lymphoscintigraphy and ICG-L may still have functioning lymphatic channels that can be identified preoperatively by ultra-high-frequency ultrasound and salvaged by LVA. The “hand/foot sign” is a simple clinical sentry that appears to be correlated with higher probability of being able to localize functional lymphatics for potential lymphovenous bypass surgery.     

Fibronectin, laminin, and collagen types I, III, IV and V in the healing rat colon anastomosis.

The purpose of this work was to study normal anastomotic healing in the rat colon. The unprepared sigmoid colon was divided and a colo-colostomy performed using a one-layer inverting technique. Frozen sections were taken and studied immunohistologically with specific antibodies to fibronectin, laminin and collagen types I, III, IV and V. From day one onwards a strong fibronectin reaction was observed in the anastomosis, reaching maximum staining intensity on postoperative day five. Type III collagen and pericellular type V collagen were at first detected in the anastomosis on day two. From day three onwards all collagens studied and laminin were present in the repair tissue (laminin and type IV and V collagen in the regenerating capillary walls). Maximum immunofluorescence was observed on day seven and it remained on a high level throughout the study, except for fibronectin, which weakened gradually after the fifth postoperative day. The results indicate that healing of the colon anastomosis occurs by rapid accumulation of connective tissue components between the inverted leaves of the colonic wall, as also new capillaries consisting of the basement membrane components, type IV and V collagen as well as laminin, are formed.     

A new experimental model of lymphedema in rats' hind lower legs

Summary In this study, a simple and reliable experimental model for lymphedema is described. In the middle portion of albino rats' hind lower leg, leaving the saphenous vessels and the accompanying lymphatics intact, all other soft tissues are incised circularly. After retraction of the cut ends of muscles, the skin edge of the ventral side is sutured to that of the dorsal side to envelope the muscles of both cut ends and the saphenous vessels and lymphatics. Resection of lymphatics or circular strip of soft tissues is not performed. In 48 of 50 rats' legs, measurements were made of leg circumference and the diameter of the lymphatics; in addition changes of lymphatic contractility were observed. These measurements, observations and histopathological studies showed a consistent picture of lymphedema. The clinical implication of this observation is that a small number of lymphaticovenous anastomoses will not correct lymphedema and that the quality of the results will correlate with the number of anastomoses. In studying the findings of experimental lymphedema, some other clinical phenomena are explained and modifications of the operative procedure of microlymphaticovenous anastomosis for treating lymphedema are suggested.     

An experimental study of surgical treatment for lymphedema in rats: A modified Kinmonth procedure and autologous lymph node capsule-venous anastomosis with lymph node transfer.

This study was carried out in order to determine the effect of various surgical procedures on lymphedema in a rat model. In 26 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, randomly divided into four groups, surgical lymphedema was created in the left hind limbs.: The control group had no drainage, Group 1 had a conventional Kinmonth operation, Group 2 had a modified Kinmonth operation using the greater omentum and Group 3 had autologous lymph node capsule-venous anastomosis with lymph node transfer. Circumference measurement was performed to calculate percent difference and circumferential reduction rate. In Groups 2 and 3, patent blue violet was injected to identify lymphatics. In all groups, hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) and 5'-nucleotidase stainning were done to evaluate lymphatics histopathologically. The percent difference and the circumferential reduction rate respectively showed the smallest and largest values in Group 2. A significant difference was found between the control group and Group 2 (p < 0.05). Lymphatic vessels were shown by patent blue violet injection in Groups 2 and 3. H-E and 5'-nucleotidase staining revealed patency of lymphatics. A modified Kinmonth procedure using the greater omentum was the most effective procedure for early lymphedema in a rat model and autologous lymph node capsule-venous anastomosis with lymph node transfer was effective for lymph draining in certain conditions, so it may assist in elucidating surgical treatment of lymphedema.     

Microsurgery for groin lymphocele and lymphedema after oncologic surgery

Groin lymphocele (GL) is a frequent complication of inguinal lymph node dissection, and conservative treatment is not always successful. Different surgical methods have been used to treat lymphoceles arising from lymphatics injured during groin surgery. However, they all involve the closure of lymphatics merging at the lymphocele, increasing the risk of postoperative lower limb lymphedema or of worsening lymphedema if already clinically evident. We assessed the efficacy of a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol to manage inguinal lymphoceles using lymphoscintigraphy (LS) and microsurgical procedures. Sixteen GL [seven associated with leg lymphedema (LL)] were studied by LS preoperatively and treated by complete excision of lymphocele and microsurgical lymphatic‐venous anastomoses between afferent lymphatics and a collateral branch of great saphenous vein. Lower limb lymphatics were identified intraoperatively using Patent Blue dye injection. Nine patients without lymphedema had complete healing of lymphocele and no appearance of lower limb postoperative lymphedema. The other seven patients with associated secondary lymphedema had complete disappearance of lymphocele and a remarkable reduction of leg volume. Four of them completely recovered without the need of any compression garment, after the first year postoperative. Inguinal lymphocele nonresponsive to conservative treatment can be advantageously studied by LS and successfully treated by microsurgical reconstructive procedures, above all if associated to LL. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:10–13, 2014.     

Lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) for treatment of isolated penile lymphedema: A case report

Isolated penile lymphedema is a rare but severely disabling condition due to reduced lymphatic drainage. In this area treatment opportunities are poor being that conservative management is usually not effective and surgery limited to debulking lymphangiectomy, which is indicated only in very severe cases. Lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) has a demonstrated efficacy in treatment of upper and lower limbs lymphedema but still has few applications in genital lymphedema and none when the swelling is confined in the penis. Here we present a case of an isolated penile lymphedema treated with super-microsurgical LVA. A 33-year-old patient presented swelling and pain immediately after a traumatic injury at the base of the penis. After 2 years of conservative praxis with manual lymphatic drainage of the penis and upper thigh bandage compression, no improvement of the symptoms was obtained. Indocyanine green lymphography was performed with dye injection in the glans confirming the diagnosis by showing lymphatic drainage stasis (dermal backflow). We consequently decided to undergo a surgical procedure performing lymphovenous anastomosis at the dorsum of the penis. Immediately following this intervention, both objective and subjective symptoms relief were noted with decrease of swelling and pain. The postoperative course was uneventful and at the 6 months follow up the patient reported no recurrence of the swelling even with the complete removal of compression therapy. We consider therefore that LVA may be a valid possibility for management of similar cases to provide a definitive clinical improvement.     

Supermicrosurgical lymphaticovenular anastomosis and lymphaticovenous implantation for treatment of unilateral lower extremity lymphedema

Recent supermicrosurgical techniques have developed the possibility for vascular anastomosis of smaller vessels and it is now safe and sound to perform precise anastomoses between lymphatics and venules. Reported here is the 2 years experience on supermicrosurgical lymphaticovenular anastomosis and/or lymphaticovenous implantation combined with a nonoperative physical therapy for treatment of lower extremity lymphedema. Microlymphatic surgery was performed in 42 patients with unilateral lower extremity lymphedema. Thirty patients were women and 12 were men with a mean age of 34. Lymphaticovenular anastomoses were performed in 37 patients with an average of 2.5 anastomoses per patient, and lymphaticovenous implantations were made in 36 patients with an average of 2.4 implantations per patient. The lymphatics that were larger than 0.3 mm were anastomosed to venules with supermicrosurgical technique. Lymphaticovenous implantation technique was used for thinner lymphatics in a particular incision. Postoperatively, 18 patients used continuous compressive garments, 9 patients used garments but discontinued after 6 months, and no compression was used in 9 patients. The results of surgery were assessed both clinically with volume measurements and by lymphoscintigraphy and were classified as good, moderate, or ineffective. The mean decrease in the volume of the edema was 59.3% at an average follow‐up of 11.8 months. Six outcomes were classified as ineffective, eight outcomes as moderate, and 28 outcomes as good. Supermicrosurgical lymphaticovenular anastomosis and/or lymphaticovenous implantation seems to be highly beneficial, especially in the early stages of peripheral lymphedema and may be offered as the treatment of choice in selected patients. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 2009.     

Primary intrapelvic lymphaticovenular anastomosis following lymph node dissection

Lymphedema of lower extremities occurs following surgical resection of malignant tumors and intrapelvic lymph node dissection and is a long-term problem for patients. We performed primary intrapelvic lymphaticovenular anastomosis to prevent postoperative leg lymphedema. The procedures were conducted in 7 patients (aged 35-61 years) with cancer of the uterine body. After completion of hystero-oophorectomy and intrapelvic lymph node dissection, the afferent lymphatics entering internal and external iliac lymph nodes were end-to-end anastomosed with branches of the deep inferior epigastric veins. The time taken for constructing 4 anastomoses was 100 to 120 minutes. The follow-up period ranged from 10 to 18 months (mean, 14 months). All patients were discharged and are independent in daily living. Apart from mild leg lymphedema in 1 patient, no lymphedema was observed in other patients up to the last follow-up. This surgical modality is effective in preventing lymphedema in lower extremities after intrapelvic para-aortic lymph node dissection.     

Three-dimensional analysis of colonic adenoma and of carcinoma in adenoma with scanning electron microscope and sequential serial sectioning

Three-dimensional structures were analyzed on 32 human colonic adenomas, 5 hyperplastic polyps, 4 normal colonic mucosa and 5 advanced colonic carcinomas with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and with sequential serial sectioning. After SEM observation, the samples were softened with 2% NaHCO3 and observed with histological serial sectioning. By combining both techniques, that is combined analysis of outer structures for SEM and inner structures for serial sectioning, three dimensional analysis of the colonic adenoma and carcinoma in adenoma were successfully completed. The colonic adenomas were classified into 6 types based on the surface structure observed by SEM as Type I (circular type), Type II (long-elliptical type), Type III (branched type), Type IV (gyral type), Type V (wrinkle type) and Type VI (complicated type). Classified Types I, II, III and IV were observed in tubular adenoma, and grades of atypia seemed to be increased as increasing type numbers. Type V, in tubulo-villous adenoma and villous adenoma, were found out and showed severer atypia than observed in Type IV. Among 32 adenomas, 3 portions of focal cancers were detected, and the surface structures of them had highly complicated patterns as shown with Type VI.     

Absence of the genicular arterial anastomosis as generally depicted in textbooks

IntroductionTextbook representations of the genicular arterial anastomosis show a large direct communication between the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (DBLCFA) and a genicular branch of the popliteal artery but this is not compatible with clinical experience. The aim of this study was to determine whether the arterial anastomosis at the knee is sufficient, in the event of traumatic disruption of the superficial femoral artery, to infuse protective agents or to place a stent to restore flow to the lower leg.MethodsDissection of ten cadaveric lower limbs was performed to photograph the arterial anatomy from the inguinal ligament to the tibial tubercle. Anastomosis with branches of the popliteal artery was classified as: ‘direct communication’, ‘approaching communication’ or ‘no evident communication’.ResultsA constant descending artery in the lateral thigh (LDAT) was found to have five types of origin: Type 1 (2/10 limbs) involved the lateral circumflex femoral branch of the femoral artery, Type 2 (3/10 limbs) the lateral circumflex femoral branch of the profunda femoris artery, Type 3 (1/10 limbs) the femoral artery, Type 4 (3/10 limbs) the superficial femoral artery and Type 5 (2/10 limbs) the profunda femoris artery. In one limb, there were two descending arteries (Types 4 and 5). Collateral circulation at the knee was also variable: direct communicating vessels (3/10 limbs); approaching vessels with possible communication via capillaries (5/10 limbs); no evident communication (2/10 limbs). Communicating vessels, if present, are too small to provide immediate collateral circulation.ConclusionsModern representations of the genicular arterial anastomosis are inaccurate, derived commonly from an idealised image that first appeared Gray’s Anatomy in 1910. The afferent vessel is not the DBLCFA. The majority of subjects have the potential to recruit collateral circulation via the LDAT following gradual obstruction to normal arterial flow, which may be important if the LDAT is removed for bypass or flap surgery. A direct communication is rarely present and is never as robust as generally depicted in textbooks.     

Microsurgical lymphovenous anastomosis for treatment of lymphedema: a critical review

Lymphovenous anastomoses (LVA) offer ideal physiologic treatment for lymphedema, and our experimental data support late patency. Between Jan. 1, 1982, and April 1, 1986, 18 patients underwent operation for chronic lymphedema; LVA could be performed in 14 patients (10 women and four men). Six patients had secondary lymphedema of the upper extremity. One of eight patients with lymphedema of the lower extremity had filariasis, and seven had primary lymphedema. Mean follow-up was 36.6 months (range: 5 to 57 months). Limb circumference and volume, number of postoperative episodes of cellulitis, and lymphoscintigraphy were used to assess results. Improvement occurred in three upper extremities and two lower extremities. There was no change in five extremities, and in four patients the edema progressed. One patient with primary lymphedema and four of seven patients with secondary lymphedema improved. Only one of five patients benefited from one anastomosis; however, all patients with more than two anastomoses improved. Lymphoscintigraphy was performed in 10 patients. No lymphatic channel was visualized before operation in three patients, and at operation none was found. In four other patients lymph channels localized by lymphoscintigraphy were identified during operation. Significant improvement was documented by lymphoscintigraphy in one patient after operation, and this patient had permanent improvement 30 months later. Patients with primary lymphedema had disappointing results, but four of seven patients with secondary lymphedema benefited from LVA, especially if several anastomoses could be performed. Lymphoscintigraphy appears to be a suitable method of both identifying patent lymph channels before surgery and determining function of LVA after operation. However, presently objective data to prove the clinical efficacy of this operation are lacking.     

Portal vein reconstruction in pediatric liver transplantation from living donors.

OBJECTIVE: The authors analyze the surgical pattern and the underlying rationale for the use of different types of portal vein reconstruction in 110 pediatric patients who underwent partial liver transplantation from living parental donors. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: In partial liver transplantation, standard end-to-end portal vein anastomosis is often difficult because of either size mismatch between the graft and the recipient portal vein or impaired vein quality of the recipient. Alternative surgical anastomosis techniques are necessary. METHODS: In 110 patients age 3 months to 17 years, four different types of portal vein reconstruction were performed. The portal vein of the liver graft was anastomosed end to end (type I); to the branch patch of the left and right portal vein of the recipient (type II); to the confluence of the recipient superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein (type III); and to a vein graft interposed between the confluence and the liver graft (type IV). Reconstruction patterns were evaluated by their frequency of use among different age groups of recipients, postoperative portal vein blood flow, and postoperative complication rate. RESULTS: The portal vein of the liver graft was anastomosed by reconstruction type I in 32%, II in 24%, III in 14%, and IV 29% of the cases. In children <1 year of age, type I could be performed in only 17% of the cases, whereas 37% received type IV reconstruction. Postoperative Doppler ultrasound (mL/min/100 g liver) showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower portal blood flow after type II (76.6 +/- 8.4) versus type I (110 +/- 14.3), type III (88 +/- 18), and type IV (105 +/- 19.5). Portal vein thrombosis occurred in two cases after type II and in one case after type IV anastomosis. Portal stenosis was encountered in one case after type I reconstruction. Pathologic changes of the recipient native portal vein were found in 27 of 35 investigated cases. CONCLUSION: In living related partial liver transplantation, portal vein anastomosis to the confluence with or without the use of vein grafts is the optimal alternative to end-to-end reconstruction, especially in small children.     

Patterns of saphenous reflux in women with primary varicose veins

OBJECTIVE: Varicose veins have been linked to great saphenous vein (GSV) reflux and in particular, with reflux at the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ). Early stages of disease, however, may be associated with limited, localized reflux in segments of the GSV and/or small saphenous vein (SSV). Ultrasound mapping of saphenous veins was performed to determine patterns of GSV and SSV reflux in women with simple, primary varicose veins. METHODS: Ultrasound mapping was performed prospectively in 590 extremities of 326 women with varicose veins (CEAP C 2 class) but without edema, skin changes, or ulcers (C 3 to C 6 ). Average age was 42 +/- 13 (SD) years (range, 8 to 87). Patterns of GSV and SSV reflux, obtained in the upright position, were classified as I: perijunctional, originating from the SFJ or saphenopopliteal junction (SPJ) tributaries into the GSV or SSV; II: proximal, from the SFJ or SPJ to a tributary or perforating vein above the level of the malleoli; III: distal, from a tributary or perforating vein to the paramalleolar GSV or SSV; IV: segmental, from a tributary or perforating vein to another tributary or perforating vein above the malleoli; V; multisegmental, if two or more distinct refluxing segments were detected; and VI: diffused, involving the entire GSV or SSV from the SFJ or SPJ to the malleoli. RESULTS: Reflux was detected in 472 extremities (80%): 100 (17%) had reflux in both the GSV and SSV, 353 (60%) had GSV reflux only, and 19 (3%) had SSV reflux only, for a total prevalence of 77% at the GSV and 20% at the SSV. The most common pattern of GSV reflux was segmental (types IV and V) in 342 (58%) of 590; either one segment in 213 (36%) or more than one segment with competent SFJ in 99 (17%), or incompetent SFJ in 30 (5%), followed by distal GSV reflux (type III) in 65 (11%), proximal GSV reflux (type II) in 32 (5%), diffused throughout the entire GSV (type VI) in 10 (2%), and perijunctional (type I) in 4 (<1%). GSV refluxing segments were noted in the SFJ in 72 (12%) and in the thigh in 220 (37%), and leg (or both) in 345 (58%). CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of reflux justifies ultrasound mapping of the saphenous veins in women with primary varicose veins. Correction of SFJ reflux, however, may be needed in 相似文献   

Traumatic separation of epiphyses. An experimental study in rats

Four types of physeal fracture-separations, defined by the Salter-Harris classification, were created experimentally in the proximal physis of the right tibia of immature rats. The four types are: Type I, pure epiphyseal separation; Type II, separation of the epiphysis with a metaphyseal fracture; Type III, partial epiphyseal separation with a vertical fracture of the epiphysis; and Type IV, vertical epiphyseal and metaphyseal fractures. A sham operation performed on the left tibia served as the control. The animals were killed at various intervals up to 25 days after the operation. The findings were assessed by roentgenographic, histologic, and vessel injection methods. For Types I and II morphometric analyses were also performed. The influence of various types of lesions on the growth rate and the healing process was documented. For Types I and II lesions there was a transitory growth arrest and an increased thickening of the zone of hypertrophic cells. The alterations regressed after Day 15, and by day 25, a nearly normal plate was seen. For Type III lesions an angular deformity of the tibia occurred that increased with time. For Type IV lesions, a step-off developed on the articular surface that became more severe with time. Early vascular anastomoses between the epiphysis and the metaphysis led to the formation of bone bridges in Type III and Type IV lesions.     

MR淋巴造影术诊断肢体淋巴水肿

目的 探讨新的能够反映形态学和功能改变的淋巴循环系统疾病的影像诊断方法.方法 皮内注射钆贝葡胺注射液后采用Philip 3.0T MR成像仪进行扫描,观察淋巴结和淋巴管的形态改变和功能状况,包括淋巴液在管内的流速和腹股沟淋巴结内造影剂充盈的动态性改变.结果 30例门诊肢体淋巴水肿患者接受了检查,原发性下肢淋巴水肿27例,继发性淋巴水肿3例.注射造影剂后所有的患肢淋巴管均显影,原发性淋巴水肿肢体的淋巴管形态变异较大.测得的淋巴的流速为0.30～1.48 cm/min.患侧腹股沟淋巴结造影剂浓度显著低于健侧.造影剂在患侧淋巴结内达到峰值的时间和排除的时间均明显较健侧延迟.此外,患侧淋巴结内有造影剂部分充盈和髓质区先充盈等异常发现.结论 采用钆贝葡胺造影剂的MR淋巴造影是形态和功能兼备的肢体淋巴循环障碍疾病的检查方法.     

MR淋巴造影术诊断肢体淋巴水肿

目的 探讨新的能够反映形态学和功能改变的淋巴循环系统疾病的影像诊断方法.方法 皮内注射钆贝葡胺注射液后采用Philip 3.0T MR成像仪进行扫描,观察淋巴结和淋巴管的形态改变和功能状况,包括淋巴液在管内的流速和腹股沟淋巴结内造影剂充盈的动态性改变.结果 30例门诊肢体淋巴水肿患者接受了检查,原发性下肢淋巴水肿27例,继发性淋巴水肿3例.注射造影剂后所有的患肢淋巴管均显影,原发性淋巴水肿肢体的淋巴管形态变异较大.测得的淋巴的流速为0.30～1.48 cm/min.患侧腹股沟淋巴结造影剂浓度显著低于健侧.造影剂在患侧淋巴结内达到峰值的时间和排除的时间均明显较健侧延迟.此外,患侧淋巴结内有造影剂部分充盈和髓质区先充盈等异常发现.结论 采用钆贝葡胺造影剂的MR淋巴造影是形态和功能兼备的肢体淋巴循环障碍疾病的检查方法.     

MR淋巴造影术诊断肢体淋巴水肿

目的 探讨新的能够反映形态学和功能改变的淋巴循环系统疾病的影像诊断方法.方法 皮内注射钆贝葡胺注射液后采用Philip 3.0T MR成像仪进行扫描,观察淋巴结和淋巴管的形态改变和功能状况,包括淋巴液在管内的流速和腹股沟淋巴结内造影剂充盈的动态性改变.结果 30例门诊肢体淋巴水肿患者接受了检查,原发性下肢淋巴水肿27例,继发性淋巴水肿3例.注射造影剂后所有的患肢淋巴管均显影,原发性淋巴水肿肢体的淋巴管形态变异较大.测得的淋巴的流速为0.30～1.48 cm/min.患侧腹股沟淋巴结造影剂浓度显著低于健侧.造影剂在患侧淋巴结内达到峰值的时间和排除的时间均明显较健侧延迟.此外,患侧淋巴结内有造影剂部分充盈和髓质区先充盈等异常发现.结论 采用钆贝葡胺造影剂的MR淋巴造影是形态和功能兼备的肢体淋巴循环障碍疾病的检查方法.     

胆道手术中副肝管损伤的防治体会：附26例报告

目的: 总结胆道手术中防治副肝管损伤的经验。方法: 回顾分析近10年间发现的26例副肝管病例资料。结果: 26例病例中I型10例，占38.5％，均被切断、结扎，术后无胆汁漏、胆系感染或梗黄发生;II型7例，占26.9％，损伤3例,经相应处理，未发生并发症;III型6例，占23.1％，损伤2例,1例术后发生胆漏,经再次手术治愈。IV型2例，占7.7％，2例均得以保护，未损伤。V型1例，占3.8％，术前得以确诊，未损伤。结论: 为防止副肝管损伤，应加强术前、术中副肝管诊断，尤其是术中胆道造影。不同类型副肝管损伤，处理上应分别对待。对于I型胆囊胆管可切断结扎，II型汇入胆囊管的副肝管应尽量保护，如损伤，根据管径大小，采取不同处理方法。III型、IV型副肝管均应保护，防止损伤，如损伤，采用修补或内引流术，防止术后发生严重并发症。