螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用价值

目的　评价螺旋CT对急性肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值。方法　 2 4例临床确诊的肺动脉栓塞病人 ,先行螺旋CT平扫 ,后经肘静脉注入 10 0ml优维显或欧乃派克 ,延迟 15s和 30s行 2次扫描。结果　平扫的间接征象 :肺纹理稀疏 12例 ,肺梗死灶形成 11例 ,肺动脉高压 3例 ,胸膜肥厚 4例 ,胸腔积液 8例。增强后的直接征象 :充盈缺损 (附壁性 32支 ,部分性 30支 ,完全性 92支和中心性即轨道征 15支 )和动脉面细小 14支。结论　螺旋CT扫描速度快 ,图像清晰 ,不遗漏小病灶。螺旋CT肺动脉造影是急性肺动脉栓塞安全、迅速、无创伤的有效诊断方法。     

多层螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用价值

目的 研究多层螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的临床应用，着重研究亚段肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值。方法 共34例，下肢深静脉血栓16例，近期大手术史11例，肺癌1例，不明原因6例。34例均使用GE Light Speed Plus多层螺旋CT(MSCT)行平扫及造影增强扫描，1次采集4层图像。结果 分析34例共1824支肺动脉分支，其中507支肺动脉分支显示了栓塞，占27．8％。在680支肺段动脉中，246支显示了栓塞，占36．2％；而亚段肺动脉1041支中，141支显示了栓塞，占13．5％。平扫肺动脉栓塞的间接征象为肺纹理稀少19例，肺动脉高压2例，胸水16例，胸膜下梗死灶共41个，梗死灶多发11例，单发12例，双肺6例。1例慢性栓塞栓子钙化，极为少见。造影增强后肺动脉栓塞的直接征象为不同程度的肺动脉分支充盈缺损。充盈缺损有4种表现形式：中心型57支，偏心型160支，附壁血栓131支，完全阻塞型159支。结论 多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影是诊断肺动脉栓塞的快速、有效、无创伤的诊断方法，尤其对亚段肺动脉栓塞是一种先进的方法，可以代替肺动脉造影，可与电子束CT媲美，可能成为诊断肺动脉栓塞的首选方法。     

多层螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影（MSCTPA）对肺动脉栓塞（PE）的诊断及应用价值。方法：用16层及64层螺旋CT对临床疑似肺栓塞的196例病人行MSCTPA检查,采用横断面图像结合多平面重建、容积再现、最大密度投影等多种图像后处理技术综合分析进行诊断。结果：196例病人1～5级肺动脉显示率分别为100．00％、100．00％、100．00％、99．67％、98．00％。PE组中,对16层与64层的5级肺动脉显示率进行比较,χ^2=27．29,P〈0．05,差异有统计学意义;非PE组,对16层与64层的5级肺动脉显示率进行比较,χ^2=3．44,P〉0．05,差异无统计学意义;采用16层CT,对有、无PE组的5级肺动脉显示率进行比较,χ^2=3．50,P〉0．05,差异无统计学意义;采用64层CT,对有、无PE组的5级肺动脉显示率进行比较,χ^2=1．38,P〉0．05,差异无统计学意义。肺动脉栓塞直接征象为肺动脉管腔内充盈缺损,间接征象包括肺动脉高压、胸腔积液及肺梗死等,其各自的发生率分别为50．62％、33．33％、41．97％。结论：MSCTPA是一种无创性的血管成像方法,能够安全、快捷、准确显示肺动脉栓塞,可作为目前PE最主要的影像学检查方法。     

多层螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用价值

肺动脉栓塞（Pulmonary Emboliszn，PE）是指内源性或外源性栓子栓塞肺动脉，引起肺循环障碍的综合症。近来发病率有上升的趋势，是当前临床医学中所关注的重要学术热点问题。有的肺栓塞病人无症状或症状轻微，不易发现，故临床上常发生误诊及漏诊。肺动脉栓塞致死率高，如不治疗，其死亡率高达30％，积极的静脉溶栓治疗和口服抗凝剂治疗，死亡率可降至8％左右。因此正确的早期诊断是及时治疗的关键。螺旋CT是近年来发展的无创并且诊断率高的方法，已成为国内外学者的共识。     

64排螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用

目的：研究64排螺旋CT肺动脉造影对肺动脉栓塞患者诊断的临床应用价值。方法：收集经临床及实验室检查并随访确诊肺动脉栓塞患者36例行对比剂增强64排螺旋CT肺动脉造影扫描。结果：36例肺动脉栓塞患者中,64排螺旋CT肺动脉造影共检出173处累及肺动脉及其分支,其中肺动脉主干0处,左、右肺动脉主干处7处,肺叶动脉68处,肺段动脉82处,亚肺段动脉16处;173处病变中,中心性充盈缺损78处,偏心性充盈缺损61处,完全梗阻性充盈缺损34处,结论：64排螺旋CT肺动脉造影技术具有快速、准确、无创等优点,目前已经成为临床诊断肺动脉栓塞及观察疗效的首选方法。     

急性肺动脉栓塞的螺旋CT诊断

目的评价急性肺动脉栓塞(APE)螺旋CT(SCT)的诊断价值.材料和方法对48例急性肺动脉栓塞进行SCT扫描,观察血栓累及部位、表现形式及其它改变.结果 48例均累及两下肺部分或全部段动脉,血栓向上延伸,36例达中间肺动脉,8例达叶动脉,2例达主肺动脉.中心肺动脉扩张.结论急性肺动脉栓塞表现为段动脉以上中心性充盈缺损及肺动脉扩张.     

16层螺旋CT肺血管造影在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用

目的　研究 16层螺旋CT肺血管造影在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的应用价值。方法　使用 16层螺旋CT扫描机 (SiemensSensation 16 )对临床拟诊肺栓塞的 4 9例患者进行前瞻性研究。采用层厚 3mm行胸部增强扫描。利用原始数据行层厚 1mm的轴面及多平面重建 (MPR)。比较层厚 3mm、1mm的轴面图像及MPR图像。结果　CT诊断肺栓塞 4 2例。病变共累及肺动脉 35 2支。对于主肺动脉及肺叶动脉栓塞 ,三种图像检出结果一致。但对于肺段及亚段动脉栓塞 ,层厚 1mm较 3mm显示率高 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1) ,1mm的MPR较轴面图像显示率高 ,但差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　 16层螺旋CT肺血管造影无创、快速、敏感性高 ,应当作为肺栓塞的首选检查方法。     

急性肺动脉栓塞的多层螺旋CT诊断

肺动脉栓塞（PE）是常见病，多发病。其发病率和死亡率均较高。临床上常缺乏特异性症状、体征及实验室检查。对PE的各种影像学诊断方法中，选择性肺动脉造影仍是公认的金标准，然而其为有创性检查和具有一定并发症（并发症发病率约4％，死亡率约0．2％），故限制了其临床广泛应用。随着CT技术的不断发展，目前螺旋CT肺动脉造影以其高特异性和逐步提高的敏感性正渐渐取代选择性肺动脉造影：Salah D Qanadli等认为，多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影（MSCTPA）能取代肺动脉造影。作者结合文献，回顾性分析了2004-10-2006-04经我院MSCT诊断的26例肺动脉栓塞患者的CT造影图像，以期增进对肺动脉栓塞的认识并提高诊断能力。     

螺旋CT肺动脉造影对于肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值(附8例报告)

目的评价螺旋CT肺动脉造影对于肺动脉栓塞的诊断及随访观察溶栓疗效的可靠性和准确性。方法经我院螺旋CT肺动脉造影诊断的8例肺动脉栓塞患者中有5例进行溶栓治疗。结果8例患者共有17处肺动脉及分支受累。动脉栓子呈偏于管腔一侧的突起状、不规则状和位于管腔中心的柱状及完全堵塞状态。5例溶栓治疗后有3例栓子完全消失，2例栓子明显缩小。结论螺旋CT肺动脉造影在诊断肺动脉栓塞和治疗随访观察疗效过程中都有着重要的价值，可望成为肺动脉栓塞诊断的首选方法。     

螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞诊治中的应用

目的 研究螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞诊治中的临床应用。方法 本组46例，均经GE螺旋CT机胸部平扫及造影增强检查。其中26例又经下肢深静脉扫描。结果 46例中共275支血管发生栓塞，表现为不同程度的充盈缺损。对26例下肢肿胀者发现下肢深静脉血栓12例。46例均经溶栓治疗。溶栓治疗后19例复查CT，其中15例栓子完全消失，4例栓子不同程度缩小。结论 螺旋CT不仅是一种无创检出肺动脉栓塞的有效方法，尚可判断栓子来源指导溶栓方案，并可较准确判断溶栓疗效。     

Demonstration of pulmonary embolism with gadolinium-enhanced spiral CT

The authors report a case of successful detection of pulmonary embolism using gadolinium-enhanced spiral CT (Gadodiamide, 0.4 mmol/kg, 2 ml/s, delay 18 s) in a 77-year-old woman, with previous allergy to iodinated contrast medium, and renal failure, who presented with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Doppler ultrasound of the lower limbs was first performed and revealed a deep venous thrombosis of the right lower limb. To establish if venous thrombosis was the cause of pulmonary hypertension and to confirm that pulmonary endarterectomy was not indicated in this situation, several imaging modalities were performed. Lung scintigraphy and MRI were non-diagnostic. Gadolinium-enhanced spiral CT demonstrated a large thrombus located proximally and in a segmental artery of the right lower lobe. This case illustrates the potential usefulness of gadolinium as alternative contrast agent with spiral CT to diagnose pulmonary embolism and elucidate the cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension in a patient with some contraindications for iodinated contrast medium injection.     

多层螺旋CT对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值

目的:评价多层螺旋CT对急性肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值。方法:22例临床确诊的肺动脉栓塞患者,先行螺旋CT平扫,后经肘静脉注入碘海醇100 ml,延迟15~20 s和25~30 s行两次扫描。结果:平扫的间接征象:肺纹理稀疏11例,肺梗死灶形成9例,肺动脉高压2例,胸膜肥厚3例,胸腔积液8例。增强后的直接征象:充盈缺损(附壁性32支,部分性30支,完全性92支和中心性即轨道征15支)和动脉面细小14支。结论:螺旋CT肺动脉造影是急性肺动脉栓塞安全、迅速、无创伤的有效诊断方法。     

肺动脉栓塞症的螺旋CT检查

目的探讨螺旋CT在诊断肺动脉栓塞中的价值。方法对2 0例肺动脉栓塞症患者行CT检查并对CT图像进行分析,探讨螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞中的应用价值。结果9例双侧肺动脉主干栓塞,7例单侧肺动脉主干栓塞,2例肺动脉主干及双侧肺动脉主干栓塞,2例发生在与段支气管伴行的肺动脉。结论螺旋CT对肺动脉栓塞的检查无创无痛,结果可靠,可作为本病首选的影像学检查方法。     

Multislice CT imaging of pulmonary embolism

In recent years CT has been established as the method of choice for the diagnosis of central pulmonary embolism (PE) to the level of the segmental arteries. The key advantage of CT over competing modalities is the reliable detection of relevant alternative or additional disease causing the patient's symptoms. Although the clinical relevance of isolated peripheral emboli remains unclear, the alleged poor sensitivity of CT for the detection of such small clots has to date prevented the acceptance of CT as the gold standard for diagnosing PE. With the advent of multislice CT we can now cover the entire chest of a patient with 1-mm slices within one breath-hold. In comparison with thicker sections, the detection rate of subsegmental emboli can be significantly increased with 1-mm slices. In addition, the interobserver correlation which can be achieved with 1-mm sections by far exceeds the reproducibility of competing modalities. Meanwhile use of multislice CT for a combined diagnosis of PE and deep venous thrombosis with the same modality appears to be clinically accepted. In the vast majority of patients who receive a combined thoracic and venous multislice CT examination the scan either confirms the suspected diagnosis or reveals relevant alternative or additional disease. The therapeutic regimen is usually chosen based on the functional effect of embolic vascular occlusion. With the advent of fast CT scanning techniques, also functional parameters of lung perfusion can be non-invasively assessed by CT imaging. These advantages let multislice CT appear as an attractive modality for a non-invasive, fast, accurate, and comprehensive diagnosis of PE, its causes, effects, and differential diagnoses.     

Non-severe pulmonary embolism: Prognostic CT findings

The goal of this study was to retrospectively evaluate CT cardiovascular parameters and pulmonary artery clot load score as predictors of 3-month mortality in patients with clinically non-severe pulmonary embolism (PE). We included 226 CT positive for PE in hemodynamically stable patients (112 women; mean age 67.1 years ±16.9). CT were independently reviewed by two observers. Results were compared with occurrence of death within 3 months using Cox regression. Twenty-four (10.6%) patients died, for whom 9 were considered to be due to PE. Interobserver agreement was moderate for the shape of interventricular septum (κ = 0.41), and for the ratio between the diameters of right and left ventricle (RV/LV) (κ = 0.76). Observers found no association between interventricular septum shape and death. A RV/LV diameter ratio >1 was predictive of death (OR, 3.83; p < 0.01) only when we also took into account the value of the embolic burden (<40%). In a multivariate model, CT cardiovascular parameters were not associated with death. Concomitant lower limb DVT and comorbid conditions were important predictors of death. In clinically non-severe PE, a RV/LV diameter ratio >1 is predictive of death when the embolic burden is low (<40%).     

Severity of acute pulmonary embolism: evaluation of a new spiral CT angiographic score in correlation with echocardiographic data

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the severity of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) could be quantitatively assessed with spiral CT angiography (SCTA). Thirty-six consecutive patients without underlying cardiopulmonary disease and high clinical suspicion of PE underwent prospectively thin-collimation SCTA and echocardiography at the time of the initial diagnosis (T0) and after initial therapy (T1; mean interval of time T1–T2: 32 days). The CT severity score was based on the percentage of obstructed surface of each central and peripheral pulmonary arterial section using a 5-point scale (1: <25%; 2: 25–49%; 3: 50–74%; 4: 75–99%; 5: 100%). The sum of the detailed scores attributed to 5 mediastinal, 6 lobar and 20 segmental arteries per patient led to the determination of central, peripheral and global CT severity scores and subsequent determination of percentages of obstruction of the pulmonary circulation. Echocardiographic severity criteria included the presence of signs of acute cor pulmonale and/or systolic pulmonary hypertension (>40 mm Hg). The SCTA depicted acute PE in all patients at T0 with complete resolution of endovascular clots in 10 patients at T1. At T0, the mean percentage of obstruction of the pulmonary arterial bed was significantly higher in the 22 patients with echocardiographic signs of severity (56±13 vs 28±32%; p<0.001). A significant reduction in the mean percentage of pulmonary artery obstruction was observed in the 19 patients with resolution of echocardiographic criteria of severity between T0 and T1 T0: 57±14%; T1: 7±11%; p<0.001).The threshold value for severe PE on CT angiograms was 49% (sensitivity: 0.773; specificity: 0.214). The mean (±SD) pulmonary artery pressure was significantly higher in the 26 patients with more than 50% obstruction of the pulmonary artery bed (45±15 mm Hg) than in the 10 patients with less than 50% obstruction of pulmonary artery bed at T0 (31±11 mm Hg; p<0.01). The CT severity score evaluated in the present study enables quantitative assessment of acute PE severity on spiral CT angiograms, readily applicable in routine clinical practice. Electronic Publication     

64层螺旋CT血管成像在肺动脉栓塞中的诊断价值

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT血管成像在诊断肺动脉栓塞中的价值。方法:回顾性分析19例临床确诊为肺动脉栓塞的64层螺旋CT肺动脉成像资料,并用最大密度投影(MIP)、多平面重组(MPR)、容积再现(VR)等方法显示肺动脉。结果:19例患者中,其中左右肺动脉栓塞有8支,叶肺动脉栓塞27支,段及亚段肺动脉栓塞56支。偏心型41支,闭塞型38支,中央型8支,附壁环形型4支。结论:64层螺旋CT肺动脉成像可作为肺动脉栓塞诊断的首选方法。     

脓毒性肺栓塞的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的 探讨脓毒性肺栓塞的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)表现,以提高对该病的认识.方法 回顾性分析12例脓毒性肺栓塞MSCT表现,并与X线胸片比较.结果 所有12例患者,X线胸片和CT表现比较,分别见结节(8、12例),滋养血管征(0、9例),空洞(6、10例),楔形阴影(4、7例),局灶浸润影(2、4例),气囊(2、5例)及胸腔积液、脓胸(3、6例),肺门或纵隔淋巴结肿大(0、3例).发现病灶分布在外周或胸膜下分别为8和12例,CT较X线胸片可更清晰地显示病灶.多平面重组(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)显示大多数滋养血管环绕结节周围,MPR显示结节边缘规整.结论 脓毒性肺栓塞的CT表现多样,但MIP、MPR能更好显示滋养血管征及结节的特征.     

Reproducibility of multi-detector spiral computed tomography in detection of sub-segmental acute pulmonary embolism

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inter-observer and intra-observer agreement of the diagnosis of sub-segmental acute pulmonary embolism (PE) in an inpatient population explored by 16 slice multi-detector spiral computed tomography (MDCT). Four hundred consecutive inpatients were referred for MDCT for the clinical suspicion of acute PE. One hundred and seventy seven (44.2%) had a known cardio-respiratory disease at the time of examination. Inter-observer and intra-observer agreements for the diagnosis of acute PE and of sub-segmental acute PE were assessed blind and independently by three experienced readers and by kappa statistics. Seventy-five patients were diagnosed as having acute PE findings (19.5%), and clots were located exclusively within sub-segmental arteries in nine patients (12%). When clots were limited to sub-segmental or more distal branches of the pulmonary arteries, kappa values were found to be moderate (0.56) to very good (0.85) for the diagnosis of sub-segmental acute PE, whereas for the diagnosis of acute PE in the whole population, kappa values ranged from 0.84 to 0.97. Intra-observer agreement was found to be perfect (kappa=1). MDCT is a reproducible technique for the diagnosis of sub-segmental acute PE as well as for acute PE. In this inpatient population, sub-segmental acute PE was not a rare event.