初发精神分裂症患者神经认知功能早期受损状况调查

目的：通过分析初发精神分裂症患者与健康人群认知功能的差异,探讨初发精神分裂症患者早期神经认知功能缺陷的程度与特点。方法选取住院的初发精神分裂症患者120例为患者组,健康人群120例为对照组,采用阳性与阴性症状量表、成套神经认知功能测验全面评定患者的精神症状与认知功能。结果（1）阳性症状、阴性症状、一般精神病理以及PANSS总分无性别差异（P＞0.05）。（2）在11项神经认知功能测验中,患者组与对照组之间差异显著（P＜0.05）,患者组学习和记忆、精细动作、信息处理速度以及执行功能的成绩显著低于对照组（ P＜0.001）。（3）男患者的颜色连线2测验（ P＜0.05）、Stroop色词测验（单词总数 P＜0.05,颜色总数 P＜0.05,色/词总数 P＜0.01）、WMS-Ⅲ空间广度总分（P＜0.01）的成绩显著低于女患者。结论初发精神分裂症患者的认知功能全面损害,且男性患者执行功能与视觉空间记忆的缺陷更严重。     

Gender differences of neurocognitive functioning in patients with first-episode schizophrenia in China

AimsTo investigate the gender differences in neurocognitive functioning in patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) in China.MethodsA total of 449 Chinese patients with FES (210 males, 239 females) were included in this study. Participants’ psychopathology was assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Neurocognitive functioning was assessed by 10 neuropsychological tests from a battery. Neurocognitive test scores were converted to scale scores and t-scores using normative data from Chinese populations.ResultsMales were younger and less likely to be married, had an earlier age of illness onset and a longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), and scored higher on the PANSS negative, general and total scales than females. After controlling for potential confounders, females performed better than males in the verbal learning and memory domain (p=0.016). While most neurocognitive domains were correlated with PANSS negative scores for male patients with FES, for female patients with FES, negative associations were found between scores on the PANSS general subscales and neurocognitive domains. We also performed a case-control comparison with a group of patients with clinically stable schizophrenia (CSS) (n = 60) who were matched by age, sex and education years with patients with FES (n = 58). After controlling for potential confounders, no significant differences were found between patients with FES and patients with CSS in all neurocognitive domains. Female patients still performed better in the verbal learning and memory domain (t = 2.14, p = 0.034). No interaction effects of gender and disease were found.ConclusionsGender was an independent influence factor for the verbal learning and memory domain. Both female patients with first-episode schizophrenia and female patients with clinically stable schizophrenia performed better than male patients.     

出院准备度评估在首发精神分裂症患中的应用

目的探讨出院准备度评估对首发精神分裂症患者出院后康复情况的影响。方法选取2016年10月-2017年3月在四川省精神卫生中心住院、符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)精神分裂症诊断标准的首发精神分裂症患者60例,采用随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组各30例。两组患者均接受奥氮平治疗4周及以上,对照组由医生评估后下达医嘱办理出院,研究组由医生评估后下达出院医嘱,并接受出院准备度量表(RDQ)评定,评估达到标准后再办理出院。对两组患者在出院后1月、6月、12月通过电话或门诊随访的方式进行回访,采用自制出院回访调查表了解患者出院后康复情况。结果出院后研究组与对照组复发且再次入院、出现情绪问题、生活不能自理、自行停药情况、睡眠异常5个方面差异均有统计学意义(P均0. 05)。出院后1月,研究组满意度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论对于首发精神分裂症患者,通过出院准备度评估,可能有助于判断患者出院后进一步康复的能力。     

帕利哌酮缓释剂治疗首发与复发精神分裂症的临床疗效比较

目的比较帕利哌酮缓释剂治疗首发、复发精神分裂症患者的临床疗效。方法以28例首发精神分裂症患者（首发组）和32例复发再次住院的精神分裂症患者（复发组）为研究对象,分别给予帕利哌酮缓释剂治疗,于入院时、治疗2、4及8周末,采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定疗效。结果治疗前首发组与复发组PANSS总分、阳性症状量表分、阴性症状量表分及一般病理量表分差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。治疗后第2、4和第8周末,首发组PANSS总分、阳性症状分量表分、阴性症状分量表分及一般病理量表分逐渐降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;复发组PANSS总分、阳性症状分量表分及一般病理量表分逐渐降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;而复发组阴性症状分量表分虽也逐渐降低,但至第4周后差异方有统计学意义。治疗8周末首发组显效率为46.43%,复发组显效率为43.75%,两组比较差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.043,P=0.835）。两组患者不良反应差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论帕利哌酮缓释剂治疗首发、复发精神分裂症患者阴阳性症状均具有良好的疗效,且安全性、依从性好,可在临床进一步推广应用。     

国产和进口奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效分析

目的 比较国产奥氮平（悉敏）与进口奥氮平（再普乐）治疗首发精神分裂症的临床疗效及安全性。方法 将75例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为悉敏组（38例）和再普乐组（37例）,治疗8周。用简明精神病量表（BPRS）、副反应量表（TESS）等评定疗效及不良反应。结果 两组BPRS总分及各因子分治疗后均有明显下降,悉敏组有效率为80．6％,再普乐组有效率为80．0％,两组间疗效无显著差异。两组的不良反应均较轻微,组间比较无显著性差异。结论 悉敏在治疗首发精神分裂症疗效和安全性方面和再普乐相当。     

首发精神分裂症利培酮治疗前后认知功能的比较研究

目的探讨首发精神分裂症患者利培酮治疗前后认知功能的变化。方法采用认知评估工具连线测验、简单视觉空间记忆测验（BVMT-R）、WMS-III空间广度测验、霍普金斯词语学习测验（HVLT-R）、定步调听觉连续加法测验（PASAT）和威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST-64）对经利培酮治疗8周前后的89例首发精神分裂症患者和62例健康对照者进行神经心理测试。结果首发精神分裂症患者治疗前的神经心理测验成绩显著差于治疗后和健康对照组（P〈0.05）;经利培酮治疗8周后达到临床痊愈标准患者的神经心理测验成绩除WMS-III空间广度测验外,其它大部分测验测验成绩仍显著差于健康对照组（P〈0.05）。结论首发精神分裂症患者存在处理速度、工作记忆、言语记忆、空间记忆、注意警觉和执行功能广泛的认知功能损害,利培酮治疗可部分改善认知缺陷,但精神症状达到临床痊愈的患者仍然存在多个领域认知缺陷,提示认知缺陷是精神分裂症的内表型。     

阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症的对照研究

目的比较阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法将70例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为阿立哌唑组(n=35)和利培酮组(n=35)进行治疗,疗程8周。在治疗前及治疗后第1、2、4及8周末采用阳性阴性症状量表(PANSS)及不良反应量表(TESS)评定其疗效及药物不良反应。结果阿立哌唑的治疗有效率为64.7%,利培酮的治疗有效率为63.6%,两组疗效差异无显著性。两药均无严重不良反应,但阿立哌唑的肌强直、静坐不能以及泌乳、月经紊乱的发生率明显低于利培酮。结论阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症均有效,前者不良反应更少、更安全。     

A systematic review of correlates of physical activity in patients with schizophrenia

Vancampfort D, Knapen J, Probst M, Scheewe T, Remans S, De Hert M. A systematic review of correlates of physical activity (PA) in patients with schizophrenia. Objective: The present review evaluates systematically the published quantitative studies of correlates of PA in patients with schizophrenia. Method: EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, CINAHL and PEDro were searched from their inception to 1 July 2011 combining the medical subject heading ‘schizophrenia’ with ‘physical activity’ or ‘physical inactivity’ or ‘exercise’ or ‘health education’ or ‘health behaviour’ or ‘health promotion’. Results: Out of 68 potentially eligible studies, 25 papers (n = 25 013) evaluating 36 correlates were included. Correlates consistently associated with lower PA participation are the presence of negative symptoms and cardio‐metabolic comorbidity. Also, side‐effects of antipsychotic medication, lack of knowledge on cardiovascular disease risk factors, no belief in the health benefits, a lower self‐efficacy, other unhealthy lifestyle habits and social isolation correlated with lower PA participation. The quality of the PA measurement was not related to the proportion of significant associations (χ² = 3.8, P = 0.07). Current gaps in literature that need to be examined more in detail are the role of environmental and policy‐level factors on PA participation in patients with schizophrenia. Conclusion: All correlates should be confirmed in prospective studies, and interventions to improve the modifiable variables should be developed and evaluated.     

帕利哌酮和利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者血脂代谢影响的研究

目的探讨帕利哌酮和利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者血脂代谢影响。方法 70例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组35例和对照组35例,分别给予帕利哌酮和利培酮单药治疗8周。两组患者均在治疗前与治疗结束后测量如下指标：体质量指数（BMI）、腰围（WAIST）、血清甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、空腹血糖（FPG）、OGTT后2h血糖（2hPG）,采用阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）进行疗效评价。结果治疗8周末两组的PANSS总分及阳性症状分、阴性症状分较治疗前均降低（P〈0.05）。8周末研究组患者的PANSS总分及阴性症状分显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。治疗8周末研究组患者的BMI、WAIST与治疗前比较显著升高（P〈0.05）;对照组患者的BMI、WAIST、TG与治疗前比较显著升高（P〈0.05）,HDL比治疗前显著降低（P〈0.05）。两组之间比较,研究组BMI、WAIST、TG低于对照组,HDL高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论帕利哌酮对首发精神分裂症的疗效优于利培酮,引起代谢综合征的风险小于利培酮。     

团体人际心理治疗对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能及社会功能的影响

目的 探讨团体人际心理治疗（IPT）对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能及社会功能的影响,为对精神分裂症患者进行适宜的心理治疗提供参考。方法 选取2021年1月-12月在佛山市第三人民医院就诊的、符合《国际疾病分类（第10版）》（ICD-10）诊断标准的62例首发精神分裂症患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组各31例。两组患者均接受利培酮治疗,研究组在此基础上接受团体IPT,两组均治疗8周。在治疗前及治疗8周后,采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）、威斯康星卡片分类测试（WCST）以及个体和社会功能量表（PSP）分别评定患者的精神病性症状、认知功能和社会功能。结果 治疗8周后,两组PANSS评分差异无统计学意义（t=0.296,P>0.05）;研究组WCST总应答数高于对照组,持续性错误数和非持续性错误数均低于对照组,PSP评分高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（t=0.398、2.609、0.523、0.381,P<0.05或0.01）。结论 团体IPT对首发精神分裂症患者症状改善可能无明显作用,但可能有助于改善患者的认知功能和社会功能。     

Cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular flexibility and strength in first-episode schizophrenia patients: use of a standardized fitness assessment

Aim: This study determined the fitness status and examined potential correlates of fitness in first‐episode schizophrenia patients using a standardized fitness test protocol. Methods: A certified fitness instructor administered the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) fitness test to 70 recent‐onset schizophrenia participants within 3 months of entry into the study. Results: Percentile ranks of scores on muscular strength and endurance, muscular flexibility and cardiorespiratory fitness in our sample were all below the 50th percentile when compared with national norms in the United States. As expected, patients with a higher body mass index and those who smoked had poorer cardiorespiratory fitness. A non‐significant trend indicated that patients with a longer duration of illness had worse cardiorespiratory fitness. Exposure to antipsychotic medication was unrelated to cardiorespiratory fitness. Conclusion: Results suggest that physical fitness is impaired and might decline over time in first‐episode schizophrenia patients, but this needs to be confirmed in a longitudinal study.     

Hippocampal integrity and neurocognition in first-episode schizophrenia: A multidimensional study

Objectives. Impairments in memory and executive function are key components of schizophrenia. These disturbances have been linked to several subcortical and cortical networks. For example, anatomical and functional changes in the hippocampus have been linked to deficits in these cognitive domains. However, the association between hippocampal morphometry, neurochemistry and function is controversial. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between hippocampal anomalies and their functional relevance. Methods. Fifty-seven first-episode schizophrenia patients (FE-SZ) and 61 healthy control subjects (HC) participated in this study. Hippocampal volumes were investigated using structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) and hippocampal neurochemistry was determined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS). Verbal memory was used as a hippocampus-dependent cognitive task whereas working memory and cognitive flexibility assessed frontal lobe function. Results. FE-SZ presented smaller volumes of the left hippocampus, with a significant correlation between left hippocampal volume and verbal memory performance (immediate recall). There was also an inverse correlation between neurochemical ratios (NAA/Cho and Cho/Cr) and verbal memory (delayed recognition). Tests of cognitive flexibility and working memory were not correlated with MRI and 1H MRS values. Compared to HC, FE-SZ demonstrated reduced performance in all of the assessed neurocognitive domains. Conclusions. These results point to a relationship between verbal memory and hippocampal integrity in schizophrenia patients which might be independent from deficits in other memory domains. Disturbed verbal memory functions in FE-SZ might be linked specifically to hippocampal function.     

Increased NoGo-anteriorisation in first-episode schizophrenia patients during Continuous Performance Test

OBJECTIVE: NoGo-stimuli during a Continuous Performance Test (CPT) activate prefrontal brain structures such as the anterior cingulate gyrus and lead to an anteriorisation of the positive electrical field of the NoGo-P300 relative to the Go-P300, so-called NoGo-anteriorisation (NGA). NGA during CPT is regarded as a neurophysiological standard index for cognitive response control. While it is known that patients with chronic schizophrenia exhibit a significant reduction in NGA, it is unclear whether this also occurs in patients undergoing their first-episode. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine NGA in a group of patients with first-episode schizophrenia by utilizing a CPT paradigm. METHODS: Eighteen patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 18 matched healthy subjects were investigated electrophysiologically during a cued CPT, and the parameters of the Go- and NoGo-P300 were determined using microstate analysis. Low resolution tomography analysis (LORETA) was used for source determination. RESULTS: Due to a more posterior Go- and a more anterior NoGo-centroid, NGA was greater in patients than in healthy controls. LORETA indicated the same sources for both groups after Go-stimuli, but a more anterior source in patients after NoGo-stimuli. In patients P300-amplitude responses to both Go- and NoGo-stimuli were decreased, and P300-latency to NoGo-stimuli was increased. After the Go-stimuli false reactions and reaction times were increased in patients. CONCLUSIONS: Attention was reduced in patients with first-episode schizophrenia, as indicated by more false reactions, prolongation of reaction time, P300-latencies and by a decrease in P300-amplitude. Significantly however, the NGA and prefrontal LORETA-sources indicate intact prefrontal brain structures in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Previously described changes in this indicator of prefrontal function may be related to a progressive decay in chronic schizophrenia. SIGNIFICANCE: The results support the idea of a possible new biological marker of first episode psychosis, which may be a useful parameter for the longitudinal measurement of changing prefrontal brain function in a single schizophrenia patient.     

阿立哌唑与奎硫平治疗女性首发精神分裂症的随机、双盲、双模拟平行对照研究

目的比较阿立哌唑与奎硫平治疗女性首发精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法采用随机、双盲、双模拟平行对照的方法,对符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版(CCMD-3)精神分裂症诊断标准的女性首发精神分裂症患者,随机使用阿立哌唑(50例)和奎硫平(51例)治疗8周。采用阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、临床总体印象量表(CGI)评定疗效,采用副反应量表(TESS)评定副反应。结果治疗8周后,阿立哌唑组痊愈率为38．0％,显效率为66．0％;奎硫平组痊愈率为35．3％,显效率为66．7％。阿立哌唑组总不良反应发生率为33．3％,奎硫平组总不良反应发生率为35．2％。结果显示,两组在疗效和不良反应发生率方面均无显著性差异(P>0．05)。阿立哌唑组和奎硫平组均出现较多的不良反应是嗜睡(14．8％vs19．6％)、头昏和昏厥(11．1％vs12．9％);阿立哌唑组恶心呕吐、头痛的发生率比奎硫平组多(12．9％vs1．9％,P<0．05;16．7％vs1．9%,P<0．01),奎硫平组口干、食欲减退或厌食比阿立哌唑组多(均为14．8％vs1．9％,P<0．05)。两组锥体外系反应均不明显,较少引起体重增加和月经紊乱,没有发现溢乳现象。结论阿立哌唑和奎硫平对女性首发精神分裂症疗效相当,不良反应轻,且表现有异有同。两种药物均为疗效好、安全性高、对体重和月经影响较小、无溢乳的抗精神病药,有利于提高女性精神分裂症患者服药的依从性。     

首发精神分裂症患者的生活质量评估

目的评估首发分裂症患者的生活质量，及生活质量与精神症状的相关性。方法评估447例患者基线、随访6个月、随访1年时阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）、健康状况调查问卷（SF-36）、社会功能缺陷筛选量表（SDSS）、生活满意度量表（LSR）。主要根据SF-36评估首发分裂症患者的生活质量，并将SF-36与PANSS、SDSS、LSR作相关分析。结果首发精神分裂症患者在躯体角色功能（RP）、社会功能（SF）、情绪角色功能（RE）3个维度平均分显著低于杭州市居民的数据。除精力（VT）外，其余7个维度与PANSS的阳性症状分、阴性症状分、一般精神病理分以及SDSS均呈负相关，与LSR呈正相关。而VT与PANSS的阴性症状分及LSR呈负相关。随访1年问躯体健康（PF）、躯体角色功能（RP）、躯体疼痛（BP）、总体健康（GH）、社会功能（SF）、情绪角色功能（RE）、心理健康（MH）等7个维度得分显著提高。结论首发分裂症患者的情绪角色功能、躯体角色功能和社会功能受损明显，经1年治疗后上述功能均能明显改善。除精力感外，精神症状缓解越明显，生活质量越高，提示了早期治疗的重要性。同时也表明SF-36可适用于评估分裂症患者的生活质量。     

维思通维持性治疗首发精神分裂症的剂量选择及其随访结果

目的;为探讨采用维思通维持特性治疗首发精神分裂症的最佳剂量。方法：将1998年3月－1998年12月从我院出院服用维思通治疗的首发精神分裂症患者23例,随机分成治疗量维持组和治疗量的半量维持组,并采用简明精神量评定量表（BPRS）、大体评定量表（GAS）和副反应评定量表（TESS）对患者进行了2年的调查研究。结果：两组患者复发率、缓解率和副反应出现频率均无显著差异。结论：采用维思通治疗量的半量可能是维持性治疗首发精神分裂症的最佳治疗剂量。     

小剂量利培酮对首发精神分裂症的疗效观察

目的：探索小剂量利培酮对首发精神分裂症的疗效和副反应。方法：33例患者给予小剂量利培酮（A组）,并以中等剂量的利培酮（B组,34例）和氨氮平（C组,30例）治疗进行对照。结果：A组第8周末阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）部分和各项目积分比疗前均显著下降（P均＜0．001）;生效时间在第2－4周,和C组相似,但比B组晚。疗程中3组间PANSS总分的减分率以及治疗后的总有效率均无显著差异。A组的不良反应症状量表（TESS）总分显著低于其它两组。结论：小剂量利醅酮对首发精神分裂症是一种有效、安全、经济、实惠的治疗方案。     

The neuropsychological basis of insight in first-episode schizophrenia: a pilot metacognitive study

The aim of the present study was to explore the neuropsychological basis of insight in first-episode schizophrenia, by evaluating its differential and joint links with cognitive vs. metacognitive performance. Thirty first-episode patients were assessed with the Scale of Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD) and a metacognitive version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). In addition to the standard administration of the WCST, subjects were also asked to rate their level of confidence in the correctness of each sort (prior to getting the feedback), and to choose whether they wanted each sort to be “counted” toward their overall performance score on the test. Each “volunteered” sort received a bonus of 10 cents if correct, but an equal penalty if wrong. Insight into illness had higher correlations with free-choice metacognitive indices derived from confidence ratings and volunteered sorts than with the conventional scores from the WCST. Moreover, prediction of poor insight was significantly improved when adding the new, free-choice metacognitive measures to the conventional WCST measures, but not the other way around. These preliminary results suggest that metacognition is an important mediator between basic cognitive deficits and poor insight, and might be even more relevant to poor insight than cognitive deficits per se.     

齐拉西酮与阿立哌唑治疗首发精神分裂症的临床疗效及对代谢的影响

目的 探讨齐拉西酮与阿立哌唑治疗首发精神分裂症的临床疗效及对代谢的影响.方法 将118例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为齐拉西酮组与阿立哌唑组,2组患者分别接受齐拉西酮及阿立哌唑口服,疗程8周.比较2组治疗前后阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、不良反应发生率及对代谢的影响.结果 治疗后2组PANSS量表分均显著下降（P＜0.05）,但2组间无显著差别（P＞0.05）;齐拉西酮组与阿立哌唑组不良反应发生率分别为40.0%和44.8%,差别无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;2组治疗后血脂、体重指数及空腹血糖均无显著改变（P＞0.05）.结论 齐拉西酮与阿立哌唑治疗首发精神分裂症均可获得理想疗效,且安全性好,对代谢糖脂无显著影响.