中心复合设计法优化盐酸伪麻黄碱缓释微丸包衣液处方

目的:采用Eudragit RS30D对盐酸伪麻黄碱微丸进行缓释包衣,优化包衣液处方。方法:通过单因素考察,确定影响药物释放的主要因素,以综合评分值(Y)为评价指标,采用中心复合设计试验对包衣液处方进行优化,确立处方组成,并在优化区域内选择一点安排一次验证试验,以检验优化工艺条件的有效性。结果:理论包衣增重(X1)和抗黏剂滑石粉用量(X2)是影响药物释放的主要因素,其中理论包衣增重(X1)对评价指标有非常显著影响(P<0.01),拟合所得多元二次方程为Y=576.2-17.88X1-4.244X2 0.1449X12 0.06391X1X2 0.01080X22,r=0.9775。验证试验表明,本优化方程有良好的预测性。结论:中心复合设计法优化的制备条件良好,制得的盐酸伪麻黄碱缓释微丸的体外累积释放度符合要求。     

流化床包衣法制备100μm级马来酸氯苯那敏掩味微囊

目的制备100μm级马来酸氯苯那敏掩味微囊。方法以自制的2种单体量比为9∶9∶10(Ⅰ)和8∶10∶8(Ⅱ)的聚(丙烯酸乙酯甲基丙烯酸甲酯甲基丙烯酸2羟乙酯)三元丙烯酸类树脂[poly(EA MMA HEMA)]乳胶液作为包衣液,采用Wurster式流化床包衣制备微囊Ⅰ和微囊Ⅱ。测定了2种乳胶液的平均粒径、玻璃转化温度(tg)。通过测定微囊粒度分布、释放度及显微观察和志愿者口尝来评价制备的微囊及掩味效果。结果自制的2种包衣液的平均粒子径为83.4 nm和78.8 nm,tg为64.9℃和67.8℃。质量分数为50%的包衣水平微囊中超过90%的粒径小于106μm,质量分数为50%的包衣水平微囊Ⅰ和微囊Ⅱ的平均掩味时间分别为(33±12)s(n=6)和(51±16)s(n=6),30 min释放度90.1%、84.8%。结论合成的2种poly(EA MMA HEMA)适合制备100μm级的微囊,制得的微囊掩味时间大于30 s,且30 min药物释放度良好。     

Box-Behnken设计-响应面法用于制备连番止泻包衣微丸的工艺研究

目的 优选具有掩味作用的连番止泻包衣微丸的最佳制备工艺。方法 通过微丸制备、以及响应面法进行工艺优化,以黄连包合率为指标,确定包衣微丸制备工艺。结果 最佳工艺得到的最佳条件为用57.63%EC,20.35%HPMC,15.48%滑石粉作为包衣材料,黄连包合率可达到92.8%,且经过模拟药物在人工唾液中的释放速率,证明包衣微丸在人工唾液中2 min内未释放,5 min仅有少量释放。结论 该工艺稳定可行、预测性较好,该工艺研制的包衣微丸质量指标符合要求。     

中心复合设计法优化盐酸普罗帕酮缓释微丸包衣液处方

目的采用Eudragit NE30D对盐酸普罗帕酮微丸包衣,制备了日服2次的盐酸普罗帕酮缓释微丸。方法通过单因素实验考察药物释放的影响因素,确立处方组成;采用中心复合设计试验对处方进行优化。结果包衣增质量和抗黏剂滑石粉用量是影响药物释放的主要因素,以综合评分值为考察指标拟合所得多元二次方程为Y=100.066 1-19.368 4X1-0.808 0X2+1.183 6X21+0.048 21X1X2+0.003 214X22,复相关系数r=0.974 7。结论中心复合设计优化处方预测性良好,制得盐酸普罗帕酮缓释微丸符合实验设计要求。     

醋酸羟丙甲纤维素琥珀酸酯(Shin-Etsu AQOAT®)(八)

1.水系和溶剂包衣法制备掩味包衣细颗粒细颗粒掩味是制药工业中改善固体制剂给药率和依从性的共同目标。对先前肠溶/水溶性高分子聚合物包衣的颗粒进行评价。对不同比例和包衣量的肠溶/水溶性聚合物进行研究。包衣处方见表1。水溶液体系(AS/SM)由氨中和的Shin-Etsu AQOAT^?(HPMCAS;AS-LF)和超低粘度甲基纤维素(METOLOSE^?SM-4)组成。     

克拉霉素肠溶掩味颗粒的制备与评价

采用熔融法和流化床包衣技术制备克拉霉素肠溶掩味颗粒,将克拉霉素与药用辅料基质在一定温度下熔融后制成颗粒,再进行流化床包衣。分别用X-射线粉末衍射法(X-ray)和扫描电镜法(SEM)研究药物存在形式和载药颗粒的形态,并考察其体外释放情况。结果表明,载药颗粒的粒径范围为0.2～0.6 mm;颗粒中克拉霉素的晶型未发生变化;肠溶颗粒在0.1 mol.L-1盐酸中2 h累积释放百分数<10%,pH 6.8磷酸缓冲液中1 h累积释放百分数>80%。所制备的克拉霉素颗粒不仅有较好的掩味效果,还有较好的释放,有望更好地应用于临床。     

对黄连提取物进行掩味技术的研究

目的:研究黄连提取物掩味技术。方法:在考察黄连提取物的具体方法及溶剂时将盐酸小檗碱含量当作主要指标,选择提取方法,在掩味处理提取物时主要应用包衣法。结果:提取时应用50%乙醇回流,黄连提取物颗粒包衣液制备材料用PEG6000与丙烯酸树脂Ⅱ号,70:15:15为包衣材料、增塑剂以及抗静电剂比例,经掩味后有较好口感。结论:采用上述技术掩味黄连提取物简单且便于操作,实用性高。     

盐酸地尔硫卓延迟缓释微丸的制备及处方优化

目的制备盐酸地尔硫卓延迟缓释微丸并对其处方进行优化。方法采用挤出滚圆法制备含药丸芯。采用流化床双层包衣技术以乙基纤维素为内层包衣材料,乙基纤维素与丙烯酸树脂的混合膜材为外层包衣材料制备延迟缓释微丸。以释放度为考察指标对其进行单因素考察,采用星点设计-效应面法优化处方,并对模型处方进行验证。结果单因素考察结果表明内层包衣增重、外层包衣增重以及外层包衣材料配比对释放度影响显著。通过所建立优化模型的效应面图可知,内层包衣增重X1=4.5%⁷.0%,外层包衣增重X2=7.0%7.0%,外层包衣增重X2=7.0%¹8.5%时所得的模型处方具有理想的释放时滞和释药速率。处方验证结果的f2相似因子为69.24>50,表明3批自制微丸的释药曲线与理论释药曲线具有良好的相似性。结论制备了具有理想释药时滞和释药速率的盐酸地尔硫卓延迟缓释微丸,所建数学模型具有良好的预测效果。     

对乙酰氨基酚缓释微丸的制备及释放度研究

目的制备对乙酰氨基酚缓释微丸,考察包衣处方等因素对微丸释放度的影响。方法采用离心-造粒法制备微晶纤维素空白丸核和对乙酰氨基酚微丸,并在此基础上采用甲基丙烯酸树脂(Eudragit RS30D/RL30D)包衣,制备对乙酰氨基酚缓释微丸。采用HPLC法测定对乙酰氨基酚缓释微丸释放度,单因素筛选包衣处方的优化参数。结果以Eudragit RS30D/RL30D比例为15:1(w/w),包衣增重为10%,柠檬酸三乙酯占包衣材料量的25%,滑石粉占包衣材料量的40%为包衣液,制备的对乙酰氨基酚释微丸释药曲线具有较好的缓释特性。结论制备的对乙酰氨基酚缓释微丸具有缓释特性且操作简便、工艺稳定。     

卡维地洛脉冲释放片的制备及体外释药特征

目的：制备卡维地洛脉冲释放片并考察其体外释药特征。方法：采用压制包衣法制备卡维地洛定时脉冲释放片,紫外分光光度法测定卡维地洛药物含量,以体外释放度为主要评价指标,考察崩解剂、包衣材料等对脉冲片释药性能的影响,并对处方进行优化。结果：处方中片芯含药量为10%,以63%的CMS-Na为崩解剂,27%的MCC为填充剂压制片芯;以35%的HPMC、62.5%的卡拉胶和1%的PEG 6000为衣膜材料,2.5%的滑石粉为润滑剂,粉末直接压片包衣。以pH4.0醋酸缓冲液为释放介质,包衣脉冲片时滞8 h后,累积释放度达80%以上。结论：卡维地洛压制包衣片能实现定时脉冲释药效果。     

Development and optimization of a novel oral controlled delivery system for tamsulosin hydrochloride using response surface methodology

The purpose of this study was to develop and optimize oral controlled-release formulations for tamsulosin hydrochloride using a combination of two cellulose ester derivatives, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP), with Surelease as a coating material. A three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design was used to prepare systematic model formulations, which were composed of three formulation variables, the content of HPMC (X(1)) and HPMCP (X(2)) and the coating level (X(3)), as independent variables. The response surface methodology (RSM) and multiple response optimization utilizing the polynomial equation were used to search for the optimal coating formulation with a specific release rate at different time intervals. The drug release percentages at 2, 3 and 5h were the target responses and were restricted to 15-30% (Y(1)), 50-65% (Y(2)) and 80-95% (Y(3)), respectively. The optimal coating formulation was achieved with 10% HPMC and 20% HPMCP at a coating level of 25%, and the observed responses coincided well with the predicted values from the RSM optimization technique. The drug release from pellets coated with the optimized formulation showed a controlled-release pattern (zero-order), in comparison with a commercial product (Harunal capsule). In conclusion, a novel, oral, controlled-release delivery system for tamsulosin hydrochloride was successfully developed by incorporating HPMC and HPMCP as coating additives into Surelease aqueous ethylcellulose dispersion.     

Optimization of tamsulosin hydrochloride controlled release pellets coated with Surelease and neutralized HPMCP

This study was to optimize the coating level in the development of controlled release pellets coated with Surelease and neutralized hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) by a computer optimization technique based on a response surface methodology utilizing polynomial equation. A full factorial 3(2) design was used for the optimization procedure with coating level (X(1)) and HPMCP content (X(2)) as the independent variables. The drug release percent at 2, 3 and 5 h were the target responses, which were restricted to 12-39% (Y(1)), 44-70% (Y(2)) and 70-100% (Y(3)), respectively. The quadratic model was well fitted to the data, and the resulting equation was used to predict the responses in the optimal region. It was shown that the optimized coating formulation was achieved at the ratio of 3:1 (Surelease: neutralized HPMCP) with 20% coating level. The optimized formulation showed release profiles and responses, which were close to predicted responses. Therefore, a full factorial 3(2) design and optimization technique can be successfully used in the development of optimized coating formulations based on Surelease and neutralized HPMCP to achieve a controlled release drug delivery system containing tamsulosin hydrochloride.     

Theoretical and experimental investigations into the delamination tendencies of bilayer tablets

A controlled release resinate beads of betahistine diHCl (BHCl), a short half-life freely water soluble drug, was developed to allow once-daily administration to improve patient compliance and eliminate the risk of intolerance of the drug. BHCl-resin complex was subsequently coated with Eudragit RS100. A 2(4) full factorial design was employed for optimization and to explore the effect of Eudragit RS100 concentration in the coating solution (X(1)), the coating percentage (X(2)), the speed of rotation (X(3)) and the concentration of plasticizer (PEG 400) (X(4)) on the release rate of the drug from the microcapsules. The extent of coating (Y(1)), and the percentage drug released at given times (Y(2), Y(3) and Y(4)) were selected as dependent variables. The optimization process was performed for X(1), X(2), X(3) and X(4) using target ranges of these responses determined based on target release model deduced form zero-order dissolution profile of BHCl for once-daily administration. The levels of X(1), X(2), X(3) and X(4) of optimized BHCl microcapsules are 14.42%, 50.63%, 1495rpm and 9.94%, respectively. The calculated value of f(2) for the optimized BHCl microcapsules filled into hard gelatin capsules was 67.03 indicating that the dissolution profiles of the optimized formulation is comparable to that of the target release model. It could be concluded that a promising once-daily extended-release microcapsules of the highly water soluble drug, BHCl, was successfully designed.     

Optimization and characterization of controlled release multi-particulate beads coated with starch acetate

The objectives of the present study were (1) to model the effects of process and formulation variables on in vitro release profile of a model drug dyphylline from multi-particulate beads coated with starch acetate (SA); (2) to validate the models using R2 and lack of fit values; (3) to optimize the formulation by response surface methodology (RSM); (4) to characterize the optimized product by thermal, X-ray and infrared spectroscopic analyses. Dyphylline loaded inert beads were coated using organic solution of SA with high degree of substitution. A three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design was used for the optimization procedure with coating weight gain (X1), plasticizer concentration (X2) and curing temperature (X3) as the independent variables. The regression equation generated for Y5 (cumulative percent drug released after 12 h) was Y5 = 89.83-11.98X1 + 2.82X2 - 4.31X1(2) + 1.90X1X2. Optimization was done by maximizing drug release in 12 h and placing constraints at dissolution time points of 0.5, 1, 4 and 8 h. The drug release data of the optimized product were close to that predicted by the model. The models could explain 99% of variability in responses. Thermal, X-ray and infrared analyses suggested absence of any significant interaction of the drug with the excipients used in the formulation. SEM photographs showed the integrity of the coating layer.     

Compressibility of floating pellets with verapamil hydrochloride coated with dispersion Kollicoat SR 30 D.

The purpose of this study was to work out a method of compression of floating pellets with verapamil hydrochloride (VH) in a dose of 40 mg. It was assumed that this form should reside in the stomach floating for several hours and gradually release the drug in a controlled way. Compression of pellets into tablets, being a modern technological process, is much more perfect than enclosing them in a hard gelatin capsule. Kollicoat SR 30 D was selected for coating. In experiments three plasticizers were examined-propylene glycol, triethyl citrate and dibuthyl sebecate (all at concentration of 10%). It was found that VH release from pellets coated by the films of the same thickness (70 microm), however, containing plasticizers is considerably different. Pellets were prepared by wet granulation of powder mixture, spheronization of the granulated mass and coating of the cores with a sustained release film. Two kinds of cellulose, microcrystalline and powdered, and sodium hydrocarbonate were the main components of pellet core. Proper pellet coating film thickness, ensuring obtaining desirable VH release profile and flotation effect, was defined. X compositions of tablets with pellets were examined in order to obtain formulation, from which VH release would mostly approximate pellets before compressing. The best formulation was evaluated taking into account the effect of compression force an tablet hardness and friability, and pellet agglomeration and flotation. Tablet cross-section photographs were taken confirming necessary coating film thickness preventing their deformation caused by compressing into tablets.     

Tablet film-coating with amylose-rich maize starch.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate an aqueous-based amylose-rich maize starch (Hylon VII) film-coating process of tablets performed by a side-vented pan coating system. Three formulation or process parameters of potential importance, including the plasticizer concentration (X(1)), the temperature of coating pan (X(2)) and the spray rate of the coating solution (X(3)), were evaluated using a central composite face-centred experimental design. Only a few process-related limitations associated with the aqueous film coating of Hylon VII were observed, and, in general, the coated tablets were of fairly good quality. At low spray rates, the temperature of the coating pan did not affect the roughness of the coated tablets. At higher spray rates, higher temperature gave smoother films. As regards surface quality and smoothness, a plasticizer concentration (i.e., a 1:1 mixture of sorbitol and glycerol) of approximately 65% of the polymer weight, seems to be suitable for the present formulations. The dissolution of all Hylon VII-coated tablets in an acidic medium was rapid, more than 75% of the drug (theophylline) dissolved within 15 min. On the basis of the present results, it can be concluded that amylose-rich maize starch (Hylon VII) may be considered as an aqueous film-coating agent to be used for pharmaceutical purposes and in established film-coating processes.     

酮咯酸氨丁三醇控释片的制备工艺研究及处方优化

目的:采用双层渗透泵技术制备酮咯酸氨丁三醇控释片,并应用Box-Behnken设计-效应面法获得优化处方.方法:以药物累积释放度为考察指标,采用单因素试验筛选片芯处方和包衣处方;选择2 h、16h药物累积释放度和0～16 h释药曲线的相关系数为优化指标,含药层聚氧乙烯(PEON10)用量、聚乙二醇(PEG-4000)用...     

颗粒包衣工艺提高鱼腥草素钠的稳定性

目的:对鱼腥草素钠(SH)进行颗粒包衣,提高其稳定性。方法:采用羟丙甲基纤维素(HPMC)为包衣材料,用流化床项喷技术对SH颗粒进行包衣,以收率为指标,考察了包衣增重、增塑剂用量、包衣温度、黏合剂等因素对包衣收率的影响,筛选包衣处方及优化制备工艺参数,并通过稳定性考察包衣后鱼腥草素钠的稳定性。结果:优化后的包衣处方是包衣增重为15%,增塑剂用量为5%,包衣温度为60℃。包衣颗粒中SH含量是(86.6±0.4)%(g/g,n=9)。SH包衣颗粒在高温、高湿条件下放置10 d,稳定性很好。结论:SH原料颗粒经过HPMC包衣后能有效提高其稳定性。