五灵胶囊中部分化学成分对脂多糖诱导枯否细胞释放炎症因子的影响

目的观察五灵胶囊（Wuling capsules,WL）中部分化学成分对脂多糖（lipopolysaccharider,LPS）诱导大鼠原代枯否细胞（Kupffer cell,KC）表达ERK（extracellular signal-regulated kinase）和核因子（nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB）调节炎症因子和介质的作用。方法分离大鼠KC,采用60μg L 1 LPS诱导KC分泌炎症因子及NOS,ELISA测定TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8,比色法测定NOS,Western blot检测全蛋白ERK、p-ERK、NF-κBp50、NF-κBp65、p-NF-κBp65、p-IκK、p-IκB及核、浆蛋白NF-κBp65、p-NF-κBp65的变化。结果 WL明显下调LPS活化KC表达p-ERK、p-NF-κBp65、p-IκK、p-IκB蛋白,模拟WL混合成分（Mix）及6单体成分明显下调LPS活化KC表达p-ERK和p-NF-κBp65信号通路蛋白。各受试药物组均能降低核内p-NF-κBp65表达,减少p-NF-κBp65入核抑制炎性基因转录,降低活化KC过量分泌TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8和NOS。结论 WL中五味子醇甲、五味子乙素、隐丹参酮、丹参酮ⅡA、柴胡皂苷D是干预LPS诱导KC表达ERK、NF-κB信号通路蛋白,抑制炎性因子与介质基因转录而减少TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8和NOS分泌的有效成分。     

Berberine inhibits IFN-γ signaling pathway in DSS-induced ulcerative colitis

AimsThe potential signaling pathways and core genes in ulcerative colitis (UC) were investigated in this study. Furthermore, potential mechanisms of BBR in treating UC were also explored.MethodsExpression profiling by array of UC patients were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined with the differential analysis. The biological functions of DEGs were analyzed through the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was applied to analyze the expression differences between two different phenotype sample sets. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was applied to establish UC model of mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was utilized to induce inflammatory damage of NCM460 cells. Therapeutic effects of berberine (BBR) on disease performance, pathologic changes and serum supernatant indices were analyzed in vivo. To further investigate the potential mechanisms of BBR in treating UC, the expression of genes and proteins in vivo and in vitro were examined by RT-qPCR, immunohistochemical staining and western blotting.ResultsImmune-inflammatory genes were identified and up-regulated significantly in UC patients. In addition, IFN-γ signaling pathway and its core genes were significantly up-regulated in the phenotype of UC. All disease performance and the pathologic changes of UC in mice were evidently ameliorated by BBR treatment. The pro-inflammatory cytokines of serum, including CXCL9, CXCL1, IL-17 and TNF-α, in UC mice were significantly reduced by treatment of BBR. In terms of mechanisms of BBR in treating UC, the pro-inflammatory and immune-related genes, encoding IFN-γ, IRF8, NF-κB and TNF-α decreased significantly in UC mice followed by BBR treatment. Meanwhile, the expression of IFN-γ and its initiated targets, including IRF8, Ifit1, Ifit3, IRF1, were suppressed significantly by BBR treatment in vivo. The blocking of IFN-γ in vitro led to the silence of IFN-γ signaling pathway after exposure to BBR. Furthermore, the blocking of IFN-γ in vitro led to the silence of IFN-γ signaling pathway after exposure to BBR.ConclusionBBR holds anti-inflammatory activity and can treat UC effectively. The anti-inflammatory property of BBR is tightly related to the suppression of IFN-γ signaling pathway, which is crucial in immune-inflammatory responses of the colon mucosa.     

孕烷X受体/NF-κB信号通路在美沙拉嗪改善大鼠溃疡性结肠炎中的作用

目的研究孕烷X受体/NF-κB(PXR/NF-κB)信号通路在美沙拉嗪(Mes)干预溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大鼠中的作用。方法SPF级雄性SD大鼠一次性结肠灌注2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)每只0.8 mL,连续4 d。每天观察各组大鼠体质量,粪便性状,计算病变活动指数(DAI),DAI为正常组的2倍以上,则为造模成功。模型大鼠按照分组每天分别ig给予Mes 300 mg·kg^-1(模型+Mes组)、利福平(Rif)50 mg·kg^-1+Mes组(模型+Mes+Rif组)和酮康唑(Ket)35 mg·kg^-1+Mes组(模型+Mes+Ket组),均先给Rif和Ket、给药4 d后给予Mes,连续7 d。HE染色观察结肠病理改变;ELISA法测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素4(IL-4)和IL-13含量;比色法检测结肠髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性;实时PCR和Western印迹法检测结肠PXR,NF-κB,NF-κB p65和κB抑制因子α(IκB-α)蛋白和mRNA水平。结果模型组大鼠体质量明显下降,并伴有稀便和血便的症状。与UC模型组相比,模型+Mes组大鼠体质量明显升高(P<0.05),HE染色见结肠组织病变程度减轻;血浆TNF-α与IFN-γ含量、结肠组织中MPO活性、NF-κB mRNA及p-P65蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.05),而血浆IL-4和IL-13含量及结肠组织Pxr,NF-κB p65和IκB-αmRNA水平均显著升高(P<0.05)。与模型+Mes组相比,模型+Mes+Rif组结肠组织Pxr和NF-κB通路相关靶基因表达水平差异无统计学意义,而模型+Mes+Ket组结肠中Pxr和IκB-αmRNA水平显著下降(P<0.05)。结论Mes对UC的治疗效果很可能与激活PXR/NF-κB信号通路有关。     

Soluble Siglec-9 alleviates intestinal inflammation through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway

BackgroundSialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are a superfamily of immunoreceptors recognizing sialic acid. Siglec-9 has been shown to mediate inhibitory immune responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a soluble form of Siglec-9 (sSiglec-9) on inflamed intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), murine macrophages, and experimental murine colitis models.MethodsCOLO 205 human IECs and RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were pretreated with sSiglec-9 and then stimulated with TNF-α or lipopolysaccharides, respectively. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 and TNF-α was measured using real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. To demonstrate the inhibitory effects of sSiglec-9 on the NF-κB pathway, IκBα phosphorylation/degradation was determined using western blotting and the DNA binding activity of NF-κB was evaluated using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Further, mouse models with dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis and piroxicam-induced IL-10^-/- chronic colitis were generated. Intraperitoneal injections of sSiglec-9 were performed, and body weight, colon length, and histopathologic findings were examined.ResultssSiglec-9 suppressed IL-8 and TNF-α gene expression in stimulated COLO 205 and RAW 264.7 cells. sSiglec-9 inhibited IκBα phosphorylation/degradation and the DNA binding activity of NF-κB. sSiglec-9 injections significantly ameliorated weight loss, colon shortening, and the severity of intestinal inflammation in acute and chronic colitis mouse models.ConclusionsSiglec-9 may inhibit NF-κB activation in IECs and macrophages and alleviate experimental colitis in mice, suggesting that sSiglec-9 is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.     

Gallic acid improved inflammation via NF-κB pathway in TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis

Gallic acid (GA), as an active component, has been found in many fruits and plants, and it exhibits potential protective effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral and anticancer. However, the effects of GA on ulcerative colitis (UC) remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of GA on IL-1β-induced HIEC-6 cells and TNBS-induced UC in mice. Various biochemical analyses including proliferation and apoptosis were assessed in HIEC-6 cells. In addition, body weight of mice, the level of cytokines and histological changes were utilized to analyze the GA protecting mice with UC.Our results showed that administration of GA significantly increased the expressions of IL-4, and IL-10, while down-regulated IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23, TGF-β and TNF-α expressions compared with a model control group in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, flow cytometry and TUNEL analysis revealed that administration of GA significantly inhibited the apoptosis of HIEC-6 cells and mics in UC. Furthermore, pretreatment with GA obviously reversed the decrease in body weight, increase in colon weight, and attenuated the histological changes derived from UC. In addition, western blot analysis demonstrated that GA efficiently suppressed NF-κB signaling pathway in TNBS-induced UC. In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrated that GA plays an anti-inflammatory role in UC via inhibiting NF-κB pathway.     

苦参素对溃疡性结肠黏膜细胞NF-κB表达的影响

目的探讨苦参素对溃疡性结肠黏膜细胞中NF-κB mRNA表达的影响机制。方法 SPF级SD大鼠随机分成正常对照组,UC模型组,UC+苦参素组,UC+柳氮磺胺吡啶组,实验结束时,剖取病灶结肠,RT-PCR方法检测各实验组动物结肠黏膜细胞中NF-κB mRNA表达水平。结果苦参素可显著抑制NF-κB mRNA在溃疡性结肠炎症细胞中的表达(P<0.01)。结论苦参素可干预NF-κB mRNA在炎症性结肠黏膜细胞中的表达,进而抑制溃疡性结肠炎症反应。     

柴芩承气汤通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB p65通路减轻小鼠重症急性胰腺炎并发肝损伤

目的基于TLR4/NF-κB p65信号通路探讨柴芩承气汤(chaiqinchengqi decoction,CQCQD)对小鼠重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)并发肝损伤的保护机制。方法昆明小鼠36只,随机分为3组(n=12),即对照组(Control),重症急性胰腺炎模型组(SAP)和柴芩承气汤治疗组(SAP+CQCQD)。腹腔注射20%L-精氨酸(3.3 g·kg-1,2次,间隔1 h)建立SAP模型,治疗组给予柴芩承气汤灌胃(19 g·kg-1·d-1)。造模后72 h观察胰腺、肝脏组织病理变化,检测血清内毒素含量,肝组织TLR4、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达,及肝内炎性因子水平。结果与Control组相比,SAP组胰腺和肝脏可见明显的病理损伤,血清内毒素含量增多,肝组织TLR4、p-NF-κB p65表达增加,IL-6、TNF-α、MIP-1αmRNA水平升高。与SAP组相比,柴芩承气汤组胰腺和肝脏组织病理损伤减轻,血清内毒素含量降低,肝组织TLR4、p-NF-κB p65表达和IL-6、TNF-α、MIP-1α mRNA水平减少。 结论 柴芩承气汤可能通过抑制肝组织TLR4/NF-κB p65通路活化,降低促炎因子水平,从而减轻小鼠SAP并发肝损伤。     

熵权法结合星点设计-效应面法优化祛湿清肺方提取工艺及体外抗炎活性评价

目的:优化祛湿清肺方提取工艺,并对祛湿清肺方提取液进行体外抗炎活性评价。方法:以绿原酸、虎杖苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、芦荟大黄素、汉黄芩素、大黄素成分含量及得膏率为指标,加水量及提取时间为考察因素,采用熵权法结合星点设计-效应面法对祛湿清肺方提取工艺进行优化。以脂多糖(LPS)诱导大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞(RAW_264.7)为炎症模型,酶联免疫吸附法测定白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、一氧化氮(NO)的含量,蛋白质印迹法检测磷酸化NF-κB抑制蛋白激酶(phosphorylated inhibitor of NF-κB kinase,p-IKK)、磷酸化NF-κB p65(phosphorylated NF-κB p65,p-NF-κB p65)、NF-κB抑制蛋白α(inhibitor of NF-κBα,IκBα)蛋白表达水平变化,评价祛湿清肺方提取液抗炎活性。结果:星点设计-效应面法优化所得的最佳提取工艺为加水量13倍,提取2次,每次提取时间105 min。祛湿清肺方提取液能降低IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、NO的含量,抑制p-IKK、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达,促进IκBα蛋白表达,具有较好的体外抗炎活性。结论:熵权法结合星点设计-效应面法优选的祛湿清肺方提取工艺稳定可行,所得提取液具有较好的抗炎活性,为祛湿清肺方开发和现代化研究提供参考奠定基础。     

IFN-τ inhibits S. aureus-induced inflammation by suppressing the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs in RAW 264.7 cells and mice with pneumonia

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a significant cause of pneumonia, leads to severe inflammation. Few effective treatments or drugs have been reported for S. aureus infection. Interferon tau (IFN-τ) is a type I interferon with low cellular toxicity even at high doses. Previous studies have reported that IFN-τ could significantly mitigate tissue inflammation; however, IFN-τ treatment in S. aureus-induced pneumonia has not been well reported. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the anti-inflammatory mechanism of IFN-τ in S. aureus-induced pneumonia in mice. A S. aureus-induced pneumonia model and RAW 264.7 cells were used in this research. The histopathological as well as lung wet to dry ratio (W/D) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity results showed that IFN-τ could protect the lung from S. aureus damage. In addition, ELISA and qPCR revealed that IFN-τ treatment led to a decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in both the cells and mouse model, but IL-10 was increased. TLR2, which is involved in the response during S. aureus infection, was also down-regulated by IFN-τ treatment and directly affected NF-κB and MAPK pathway activation. Then, we examined the phosphorylation of IκBα, NF-κB p65 and MAPKs by western blotting, and the results displayed that the phosphorylation of IκBα, NF-κB p65 and MAPKs was inhibited upon IFN-τ treatment in both the cells and mouse model. These findings indicate that IFN-τ has anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo through the inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK activation, suggesting that IFN-τ may have potential as a therapeutic agent against S. aureus-induced inflammatory diseases.     

五灵胶囊有效成分对脂多糖诱导大鼠枯否细胞核因子的影响

目的观察五灵胶囊中有效成分对脂多糖（LPS）诱导大鼠枯否细胞核因子（NF-κB）的调节作用。方法分离大鼠肝细胞和枯否细胞,60μg·L~（-1）LPS诱导枯否细胞分泌促炎因子及NO。采用^125Ⅰ放射免疫测定法测定TNFα、IL-6、IL-8水平,比色法测定NO生成量,Western blot法检测ERK、p-ERK、NF-κB P50、NF-κB P65、p-NF-κB P65、IκB、p-IκB、IKK、P38、p-P38、CD14、Stat3蛋白的变化。结果五灵胶囊中的有效成分可显著抑制LPS诱导枯否细胞分泌TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、NO的生成量。结论五灵胶囊有效成分能抑制枯否细胞释放促炎因子,是其治疗慢性肝炎的作用机制之一。     

Polydatin ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice through inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activation

Nuclear factor- κB (NF- κB) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. The real-time expression level of NF- κB reflects the development of ulcerative colitis (UC). Polydatin has vast pharmacological activities, including inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators, inducing the production of antioxidants, regulating immune function, etc. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential inhibitory effects of polydatin on NF- κB pathway activation in a mouse UC model. The results showed that polydatin treatment downregulated NF- κB p65 activity and expression, blocked the expression of TNF- α, IL-6 and IL-1 β at both mRNA and protein levels, decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and alleviated inflammatory damage of colitis in mice with UC (p < 0.05), suggesting that the anti-inflammation effects of polydatin can be attributed, at least partially, to the blocking of the NF- κB pathway.     

藏党参提取物对胶原诱导性关节炎模型大鼠的影响及机制研究

目的:研究藏党参提取物(以下简称“ZDS”)对胶原诱导性关节炎(CIA)模型大鼠的影响及机制。方法:在48只大鼠中随机选8只作为正常对照组(生理盐水),剩余40只大鼠建立CIA模型。造模成功后,将其随机分为模型组(生理盐水),ZDS低、中、高剂量组(0.44、0.88、1.76 g/kg,以生药量计)和地塞米松组(阳性对照,0.0025 g/kg),每组8只。灌胃给药,灌胃体积为400μL,每天1次,连续28天。分别于给药前(0天)及给药7、14、21、28天后称定大鼠体质量,并进行关节炎指数评分;末次给药后,观察大鼠膝关节滑膜组织病理变化,测定其胸腺指数、脾指数、血清中炎症因子[白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、IL-6]水平以及膝关节滑膜组织中核因子κB(NF-κB)p65、磷酸化NF-κB p65(p-NF-κB p65)、NF-κB抑制蛋白(IκB)、磷酸化IκB(p-IκB)蛋白表达水平。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组大鼠体质量(给药14、21、28天)显著降低(P<0.05),关节炎指数评分(给药前及给药不同时间)显著升高(P<0.05),关节滑膜组织病理损伤明显,胸腺指数、脾指数、炎症因子水平以及p-NF-κB p65、p-IκB蛋白的表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05),IκB蛋白的表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,ZDS低剂量组大鼠IL-1β水平显著降低(P<0.05);ZDS中、高剂量组和地塞米松组大鼠的体质量(给药21、28天)均显著增加(P<0.05),关节炎指数评分(给药14、21、28天)均显著降低(P<0.05),关节滑膜组织病理损伤明显减轻,胸腺指数、脾指数、炎症因子水平以及p-NF-κB p65、p-IκB蛋白的表达水平均显著降低(P<0.05),IκB蛋白的表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:ZDS对CIA模型大鼠具有一定的改善作用,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB信号通路有关。     

白芍总苷对免疫性肝纤维化大鼠肝组织NF-κB和TGF-β1蛋白表达的影响

目的研究免疫性肝纤维化大鼠肝组织中核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)和转化生长因子β1(trans-forming growth factor beta1,TGF-β1)的变化以及白芍总苷(TGP)对两者蛋白表达的影响。方法采用猪血清诱导建立大鼠肝纤维化模型,肝组织HE染色和V-G染色观察肝组织损伤及胶原表达变化;免疫组化S-P法观察NF-κB p65和TGF-β1蛋白表达;显微摄像及图像分析检测胶原、NF-κBp65和TGF-β1蛋白的表达量。结果与正常组比较,模型组大鼠肝组织明显破坏,胶原合成增加,NF-κB p65和TGF-β1表达增强(P<0.01);与模型组比较,TGP治疗组肝组织破坏减轻,纤维化程度也明显改善,胶原面积、NF-κB p65和TGF-β1表达均明显减少(P<0.01),三者呈相关性。结论NF-κB介导TGF-β1产生或活化在免疫性肝纤维化过程中可能发挥着重要作用,而TGP抑制纤维化大鼠肝组织NF-κB和TGF-β1的表达可能是TGP的抗肝纤维化主要作用机制之一。     

Anti-inflammatory effect of Yam Glycoprotein on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via the NLRP3 and NF-κB/TLR4 signaling pathway

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common lung disease accompanied by acute and persistent pulmonary inflammatory response syndrome, which leads to alveolar epithelial cells and capillary endothelial cell damage. Yam glycoprotein, separated from traditional Chinese yam, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In this experiment, we mainly studied the therapeutic effect and mechanism of a glycoprotein on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mice. An oral glycoprotein method was used to treat the mouse ALI model induced by LPS injection in the peritoneal cavity. Afterward, we measured the wet/dry (W/D) ratio, the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), the oxidative index superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and the production of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) to evaluate the effect of yam glycoprotein on lung tissue changes. We examined the protein expression of TLR4, ASC, NF-κBp65, p-NF-κBp65, Caspase-1, IκB, NLRP3, p-IκB, and β-actin by western blot analysis. Immunohistochemical analyses of NLRP3 and p-p65 in lung tissue were carried out to assess the mechanism of glycoprotein action. This result suggests that glycoprotein markedly depressed LPS-induced lung W/D ratio, MPO activity, MDA content SOD and GSH-Px depletion, and the contents of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Moreover, glycoprotein blocked TLR4/NF-κBp65 signaling activation and NLRP3inflammasome expression in LPS-induced ALI mice. As this particular study shows, glycoprotein has a safeguarding effects on LPS-induced ALI mice, possibly via activating NLRP3inflammasome and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways.     

原花青素对白介素-1β诱导的A549细胞环氧合酶-2 mRNA转录的抑制作用

目的研究原花青素对白介素-1β(IL-1β)诱导的人肺癌细胞A549中环氧合酶-2(COX-2)mRNA转录的抑制机制。方法采用RT-PCR法测定原花青素对IL-1β诱导的A549细胞中COX-2 mRNA转录的影响,采用Western blot和免疫组化法考察原花青素对IL-1β诱导的A549细胞核转录因子κB(NF-κB)亚基p65(NF-κB/p65)及NF-κB抑制性蛋白(I-κB)表达的抑制作用。结果原花青素对A549细胞中COX-2 mRNA的转录有较强抑制作用,抑制NF-κB/p65的表达及I-κB的降解。结论原花青素可能是通过抑制NF-κB/p65的表达及I-κB的降解而抑制COX-2mRNA的转录。