原发性高血压患者心肌、动脉结构改变与动态血压参数关系的研究

目的 探讨高血压患者心肌、颈动脉结构改变与动态血压参数的相关性。方法 检测78例原发性高血压（EH）病人的左室心肌重量指数（LVMI），相对室壁厚度（RWT），颈动脉内膜-中层厚度（IMT），并进行24h无创性动态血压监测（ABPM）。结果 左室肥厚组与左室正常构型组比较，颈动脉内膜-中层增厚组与非颈动脉内膜冲层增厚组比较：24h平均收缩压、24h平均舒张压、白昼平均收缩压、白昼甲均舒张压、白昼收缩压和舒张压负荷值，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张、夜间收缩压和舒张压负荷、24h收缩压和舒张压变异系数、血压昼夜节律异常，差异显著（P〈0．01）。结论 高血压患者靶器官损伤与血压昼夜节律及血压变异的幅度相关。     

高龄老年高血压患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度与动态血压参数的关系

目的 探讨高龄老年高血压患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度(IMT)及其与动态血压参数特点相关性的研究.方法 将205例患者根据颈动脉超声检查结果分为3组:对照组为非颈动脉内膜中膜增厚(IMT＜1.0 mm),硬化组颈动脉内膜中膜增厚(1.0 mm＜IMT＜1.2 mm),斑块组为颈动脉内膜中膜增厚合并斑块(IMT≥1.2 mm),应用无创24 h动态血压监测系统记录24 h平均收缩压、24 h平均舒张压、白天平均收缩压、白天平均舒张压、夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压、24 h脉压及白天脉压、夜间脉压值,记录其中杓型高血压和非杓型高血压的比例和合并冠心病比例.用各组IMT均值与24 h平均收缩压、白天平均收缩压、夜间平均收缩压、24 h脉压、白天脉压、夜间脉压及冠心病发生率作相关分析.结果 斑块组和硬化组24 h平均收缩压、白天平均收缩压、夜间平均收缩压、24 h脉压、白天脉压及夜间脉压均高于对照组(P＜0.05).其中非杓型高血压在对照组中占54.3%,在硬化组占62.9%,斑块组占77.6%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).各组冠心病发生率对照组为42.1%,硬化组为53.1%,斑块组89.5%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).各组IMT均值与冠心病发生率及24 h平均收缩压、白天平均收缩压、夜间平均收缩压、24 h脉压、白天脉压和夜间脉压均呈正相关(r值分别为r=0.878,r=0.487,r=0.514,r=0.469,=0.448,r=0.492,r=0.435,P＜0.05).结论 高龄老年高血压患者动态血压的平均收缩压升高、平均脉压增大和血压昼夜节律消失是造成颈动脉内膜中膜厚度增厚及斑块形成的重要因素.颈动脉内膜中膜厚度斑块形成与冠心病的发生有良好的相关性.     

凌晨血压增高与亚临床动脉粥样硬化密切相关

目的 探讨高血压患者凌晨血压增高(MBPS)及动态血压监测参数与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系.方法 高血压患者226例,分为MBPS组(51例)与非MBPS组(175例),并根据颈动脉内膜中膜厚度(IMT)分为IMT增厚组94例和非IMT增厚组132例,分别检查血脂、动态血压监测、颈动脉超声等,比较两组之间年龄、动态血压参数以及颈动脉IMT以及斑块Crouse积分的差别.结果 1)MBPS组MBPS值、凌晨平均动脉压、凌晨脉压、颈动脉IMT、斑块积分显著高于非MBPS组(P＜0.05);2)颈动脉IMT增厚组MBPS值、凌晨平均动脉压、凌晨脉压、24 h平均收缩压、24 h平均舒张压、白昼平均收缩压、白昼平均舒张压、夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压显著高于颈动脉非IMT增厚组(P＜0.05).结论 MBPS者颈动脉粥样硬化程度较高,MBPS可能促进颈动脉粥样硬化进程.     

老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律与颈动脉粥样硬化相关性研究

目的探讨老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法选择2016年9月～2018年6月青岛大学附属医院保健科住院的老年高血压患者117例,根据24h动态血压监测结果分为杓型组24例和异常昼夜节律组93例,异常昼夜节律组又分为非杓型组67例,反杓型组26例。所有患者行颈动脉超声检查,检测左右颈总动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)、颈动脉斑块及管腔狭窄情况,对颈动脉粥样硬化进行分级。测定患者空腹血糖,血脂,同型半胱氨酸,记录24h收缩压、24h舒张压、昼间收缩压、昼间舒张压、夜间收缩压和夜间舒张压。结果异常昼夜节律组左侧IMT、右侧IMT、斑块发生率和颈动脉粥样硬化程度明显高于杓型组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。反杓型组夜间收缩压、夜间舒张压明显高于非杓型组[(132.92±15.75)mm Hg vs (122.85±14.91)mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa),(72.38±8.75)mm Hg vs (64.34±9.98)mm Hg,P0.01]。非杓型组和反杓型组左侧IMT和左侧斑块发生率明显高于右侧,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律与颈动脉粥样硬化关系密切,异常血压昼夜节律损伤靶器官概率更大,并且对左侧颈动脉内膜损害较右侧明显。     

凌晨血压增高与亚临床动脉粥样硬化密切相关

目的探讨高血压患者凌晨血压增高(MBPS)及动态血压监测参数与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法高血压患者226例,分为MBPS组(51例)与非MBPS组(175例),并根据颈动脉内膜中膜厚度(IMT)分为IMT增厚组94例和非IMT增厚组132例,分别检查血脂、动态血压监测、颈动脉超声等,比较两组之间年龄、动态血压参数以及颈动脉IMT以及斑块Crouse积分的差别。结果1)MBPS组MBPS值、凌晨平均动脉压、凌晨脉压、颈动脉IMT、斑块积分显著高于非MBPS组(P<0.05);2)颈动脉IMT增厚组MBPS值、凌晨平均动脉压、凌晨脉压、24h平均收缩压、24h平均舒张压、白昼平均收缩压、白昼平均舒张压、夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压显著高于颈动脉非IMT增厚组(P<0.05)。结论MBPS者颈动脉粥样硬化程度较高,MBPS可能促进颈动脉粥样硬化进程。     

高血压伴颈动脉粥样硬化患者动态血压监测的意义

对１０８例原发性高血压患者应用彩色超声心动图检查颈动脉形态，并结合２４小时动态血压监测（ＡＢＰＭ），观察颈动脉粥样硬化（ＣＡＳ）与动态血压的关系。结果显示：ＣＡＳ组夜间收缩压和舒张压负荷值明显高于颈动脉正常组（Ｐ值均＜０．０１）；日间收缩压和舒张压负荷值及２４小时平均收缩压和舒张压两组比较亦有显著性差异（Ｐ值均＜０．０５）；ＣＡＳ组的血压昼夜节律紊乱检出率（６２．５％）显著高于颈动脉正常组（３７．５％）（Ｐ＜０．０１）；两组偶测血压相近（Ｐ值均＞０．０５）。表明ＣＡＳ与动态血压均值、血压负荷值及血压昼夜节律紊乱密切相关，其中以夜间血压负荷的持续时间及昼夜节律消失的关系为明显，提示在高血压患者预测高血压性脑血管损害方面，动态血压优于偶测血压。     

老年高血压病人动态血压曲线下面积与颈动脉硬化关系的探讨

目的研究老年高血压病人动态血压监测参数曲线下面积（AUC）与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法选择1级与2级老年高血压病人各30例及正常者30名（对照组），行动态血压监测，做颈动脉血管超声测量颈总动脉内膜-中层厚度（IMT）、颈总动脉内径，局限性内膜-中层厚度增厚≥1．3mm定义为斑块。结果老年高血压病人24h、日间、夜间收缩压AUC、舒张压AUC及脉压AUC均较对照组明显升高，且2级高血压组收缩压和脉压AUC大于1级高血压组，而两组舒张压AUC无统计学意义；老年高血压病人颈动脉IMT较对照组明显增厚，且随着IMT逐渐增厚，斑块级别增高；直线相关分析显示收缩压和脉压AUC尤其是夜间收缩压和脉压AUC与IMT及斑块级别明显正相关，IMT与斑块级别呈正相关。结论颈动脉IMT是动脉粥样硬化的早期表现，动态血压AUC是真正代表血压增高的持续时间和血压增高值的综合二维参数，收缩压和脉压AUC尤其是夜间收缩压和脉压AUC的增加会加重颈动脉硬化的程度。     

高血压患者颈动脉粥样硬化与动态血压参数的关系

目的探讨高血压患者颈动脉粥样硬化与动态血压参数的关系。方法选择高血压患者220例,行动态血压监测与颈动脉超声检查,根据结果将患者分为斑块组120例和无斑块组100例,斑块组又根据斑块数量分为单一斑块组48例和多发斑块组72例。比较各组动态血压情况。结果斑块组较无斑块组患者24h、昼间和夜间平均收缩压、舒张压和动脉压均显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且斑块组非杓型血压发生率较无斑块组也显著升高[82例(68.33%)vs 41例(41.00%)],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多发斑块组较单一斑块组患者24h、昼夜和夜间平均收缩压、舒张压和动脉压均显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且多发斑块组非杓型血压发生率较单一斑块组显著增高[63例(87.50%)vs 19例(39.58%)],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论持续血压升高是产生颈动脉粥样硬化的重要影响因素,且颈动脉粥样硬化更易引起血压昼夜节律调节紊乱。     

新疆维吾尔族与汉族老年高血压患者靶器官损害特点分析

目的探讨新疆维吾尔族与汉族老年高血压患者靶器官损害的临床特点。方法选择年龄≥75岁的高血压患者264例,分为汉族组138例,维吾尔族组(维族组)1 26例。检测血压昼夜节律及血压负荷值,动态心电图检测心律失常、心率变异性,颈部多普勒超声检测颈动脉内膜中层厚度,并进行分析比较。结果与汉族组比较,维族组患者24 h平均动脉压、24 h收缩压负荷,昼夜平均收缩压、昼夜平均动脉压、夜间平均收缩压,房性期前收缩、短阵房性心动过速、缺血ST-T改变、平均心率、夜间心率均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);汉族组颈动脉斑块和狭窄检出率明显低于维族组(P<0.05)。结论维吾尔族老年高血压患者血压偏高,易于合并冠心痛和(或)糖尿病,发生代谢紊乱、房性心律失常、心肌缺血及颈动脉斑块形成等靶器官损害的比率高于汉族,同时心率变异性减低。     

高血压合并颈动脉粥样硬化患者动态血压特征分析

目的研究高血压合并颈动脉粥样硬化患者的动态血压特征和临床意义。方法选择高血压患者111例,行动态血压监测。所有患者行颈动脉超声检查,根据结果将患者分为斑块组66例和无斑块组45例,斑块组又根据斑块数量分为单一斑块组24例和多发斑块组42例。比较各组动态血压情况。结果斑块组较无斑块组患者24 h、昼间和夜间平均收缩压、舒张压和动脉压均显著增高(P<0.05),且斑块组非杓型血压发生率较无斑块组也显著增高(63.6%vs 44.4%,P<0.05);多发斑块组较单一斑块组患者24 h、昼间和夜间平均收缩压、舒张压和动脉压均显著增高(P<0.05),且多发斑块组非杓型血压发生率较单一斑块组显著增高(76.2%vs 41.7%,P<0.05)。结论持续血压升高是产生颈动脉粥样硬化的重要影响因素,且颈动脉斑块更易引发血压昼夜节律调节紊乱。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.