Migrated tumour fragments in common bile ducts from hepatocellular carcinoma

Death from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often heralded by the appearance of jaundice which is usually the result of extensive parenchymal damage from either progressive cirrhosis or diffuse tumour infiltration. In rare cases, patients with HCC may present with obstructive jaundice caused by migrated tumour fragments in the common bile ducts. We report three such patients. One patient underwent repeated palliative surgical and endoscopic procedures to clear the bile ducts of tumour fragments. He returned to a normal life but finally succumbed to the disease 17 months after diagnosis. Two patients underwent major hepatic resection after initial tube decompression of the obstructed bile ducts. One patient was found to have recurrence of the tumour 17 months after surgery and the other patient was well and disease-free 24 months after surgery. It is important to recognize and treat this group of patients with migrated tumour fragments in the common bile ducts, as good palliation and occasional cure are possible.     

Intrahepatic biliary-intestinal bypass in malignant jaundice

There is still dispute as to the best treatment for obstructive jaundice of malignant origin when the bile ducts are blocked high in the porta hepatis. Intrahepatic duct-to-jejunal anastomoses provide a surgical solution which frees the patient from the need to wear external appliances. A series of eight patients having such anastomoses have been studied to determine the adequacy of bilirubin clearance, the durability of relief from jaundice, the length of hospital stay, the operative mortality and survival from the time of surgery. Intrahepatic bypasses were shown to allow bilirubin clearance in the lower range of normal. Freedom from jaundice persisted until death at a median time of 5 months from operation. Cholangitis was not a problem in any patient postoperatively. There was only one operative death. The major disadvantage of the technique arose from the hospital stay, a median of 30 days. It is suggested that all these factors should be considered in studies to compare surgical bypass with endoscopic or percutaneous methods for the relief of malignant jaundice.     

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目的 探讨不同类型原发性肝癌伴梗阻性黄疸的原因及其治疗方法。方法 分析原发性肝癌伴梗阻性黄疸的病人15例。其中肝癌引起胆管癌栓7例。肝癌压迫或侵犯肝门部胆管8例。其中手术10例，清除肝癌原发灶，解除胆管梗阻，非手术5例，先行减轻黄疸处理，然后行TAE，PEI等综合治疗。结果 手术切除病灶，延长生存期，而非手术处理组也明显改善症状，疗效显著，随访1-24个月（平均9个月）3例死亡，12例仍存活。结论 临床上有必要对原发性肝癌伴梗阻性黄疸进行积极治疗，以改善生活质量，延长生存期。     

肝细胞癌侵入胆管致阻塞性黄疸（附16例报告）

目的：探讨肝细胞癌侵入胆管致阻塞性黄疸的诊断与治疗。方法：对1989年1月－1998年12月收治的16例病人的诊断与治疗情况行回顾性分析,结果：术前确诊2例,误诊14例,行肝叶切除,胆管内肿瘤摘除,T管引流2例,胆管内肿瘤摘除,胆管支架及T管引流11例,肿物活检及T管引流2例,1例未及手术死亡,15例病人随访1－14个月,14例于术后6个月内死亡,1例随访14个月仍存活。结论：对黄疸伴有HBsAg阳性,AFOP阳性,肝内有占位,肝内外胆管扩张且其内有占位病变的病人,可诊断为本病,B超,CT,PTC,ERCP为诊断的主要手段。切除肝内原发性肿瘤,疏通胆道为手术治疗的最佳选择。     

Surgical Intervention for Obstructive Jaundice Due to Biliary Tumor Thrombus in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

This retrospective study in eight surgically treated patients with obstructive jaundice due to biliary tumor thrombus in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was performed to evaluate the role of surgical intervention. All biliary tumor thrombi were confirmed preoperatively or intraoperatively. Only two manifested intraluminal biliary obstructions due to a primary tumor that had not been found preoperatively. The operative procedures included hepatectomy with removal of the biliary tumor thrombus (n = 3), hepatectomy combined with extrahepatic bile duct resection (n = 1), thrombectomy through a choledochotomy (n = 3), and piggyback orthotopic liver transplantation (n = 1). The 1- and 3-year survival rates were 62.5% and 37.5%, respectively. Two patients survived more than 5 years. Surgical intervention was effective in patients with obstructive jaundice due to a biliary tumor thrombus in an HCC. Thus surgery for a recurrence can prolong survival, and liver transplantation is a treatment worthy of further investigation.     

胆肠吻合口狭窄再次手术的处理

目的 探讨胆肠吻合口狭窄再次手术的处理方式及预防要点。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2022年3月无锡市第二人民医院实施再次手术治疗的13例胆肠吻合口狭窄患者的病例资料。13例中12例有胆管结石伴胆管炎发作病史,另1例为腹腔镜下胰十二指肠切除术后早期梗阻性黄疸。其中8例行开腹胆肠吻合口重建,2例行ERCP下胆肠吻合口扩张术,2例行腹腔镜下胆肠吻合口重建,1例行PTCD下胆道扩张治疗。结果 本组患者经过治疗后黄疸、腹痛、胆道感染等症状均得到缓解,术后恢复良好并顺利出院。13例患者术后随访至2022年10月,其中12例患者术后无胆管炎及肝内胆管结石复发,1例合并胆管腺癌患者术后6个月因肿瘤进展死亡。结论 胆管结石复发是胆肠吻合口狭窄的最常见原因。胆肠吻合口拆除重建、经皮经肝胆管介入治疗和经内镜行ERCP治疗都是治疗胆肠吻合口狭窄的重要手术方式。初次手术实施规范化胆肠吻合术的是预防狭窄的重点。一旦出现胆肠吻合口狭窄,需要制定个体化的治疗方案。     

腹腔镜胆肠"T"管架桥内引流术在晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸中的临床应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆肠"T"管架桥内引流术在晚期恶性梗阻性黄疸中的临床应用效果.方法:2004年11月至2008年9月收治不能切除的壶腹周围癌伴有梗阻性黄疸的患者9例,应用腹腔镜行胆道空肠间"T"管架桥完成减黄内引流术.结果:6例胆总管空肠"T"管架桥,2例肝总管空肠"T"管架桥,1例胆囊空肠"T"管架桥,手术均获成功,...     

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??Diagnosis and management of hepatocellular carcinoma with biliary tumor thrombi YIN Xiao-yu. Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery??the First Affiliated Hospital??Sun Yat-Sen University??Guangzhou 510080, China
Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with biliary tumor thrombi is not common. Biliary tumor thrombi usually arise from the intrahepatic bile duct which is invaded by HCC, and gradually extend towards the hilar bile ducts, and even common bile duct. It eventually leads to obstructive jaundice, and hemobilia occasionally. HCC with biliary tumor thrombi sometimes can be misdiagnosed as cholangiocarcinoma. Correct diagnosis is important. Aggressive surgical resection is helpful to prolong the patient’s survival time??and improve the long-term outcome.     

Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive jaundice of non-neoplastic origin]

The results of surgical treatment of 853 patients with obstructive jaundice of non-tumor genesis and initial bilirubin level in the blood of 100 mumol and higher are analysed. Individualization of therapeutic-tactical approach with the use of preoperative diagnosis of the level of obstruction of the bile ducts and severity of the state of a patient, and as well their preoperative decompression with the use of endoscopic methods permit to accomplish a number of measures aimed at reduction of the incidence of purulent-necrotic complications and lethality, improve the long-term results of treatment of the patients with obstructive jaundice.     

Biliary ascariasis in fifteen patients.

Ascarids in the biliary tract may cause cholecystitis, pancreatitis and obstruction of the common bile ducts. We retrospectively evaluated clinical features, radiographic findings and surgical treatment of 15 patients. Obstructive jaundice in eight patients (53.3%), acute cholecystitis in five patients (33.3%), and chronic calculous cholecystitis in two patients (13.3%) had been shown in our series. In four of the patients with obstructive jaundice signs of acute cholangitis were observed. Of 15 patients, two had hepatic abscess besides biliary ascariasis and one had hydatid cyst. In our series, all of the patients were operated on. Choledochotomy and primary closure were performed on six patients (40%), choledochoduodenostomy on six patients (40%), T-tube drainage on two patients (13.3%) and only cholecystectomy on one patient (6.6%). No mortality was determined in our patients.     

原发性肝癌伴胆管癌栓致阻塞性黄疸的外科治疗

目的探讨原发性肝癌伴胆管癌栓致阻塞性黄疸的外科手术治疗及其治疗效果。方法回顾性对15例原发性肝癌伴胆管癌栓致阻塞性黄疸行外科手术治疗的总结和分析。结果行左半肝切除 胆总管切开取癌栓术5例,行肿瘤切除 胆总管切开取癌栓术7例,行胆总管切开取癌栓 肝总动脉结扎3例,术后随访2年,平均生存时间为14.5个月,最长存活23个月。结论外科治疗明显提高了患者生活质量,延长了生存时间。     

Endoscopic stenting versus surgical bypass in advanced malignant distal bile duct obstruction: cost-effectiveness analysis

OBJECTIVE: Palliative treatment of obstructive jaundice from advanced tumour of the distal bile duct is controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes and costs between endoscopic stent insertion and surgery. METHODS: The clinical data for 116 patients treated with either endoscopic plastic stenting (65 patients) or surgical bypass (51 patients) were reviewed and analysed. RESULTS: No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of the length of hospital stay, survival time, cost, effectiveness, and early complications. However, late complications were significantly more common in the stenting group (p = 0.007). Jaundice recurred in 15 stented patients at a median time of 3 months due to stent blockage, and one surgical patient had recurrent jaundice from anastomosis stricture. Late gastric outlet obstruction occurred in one of 36 surgical patients who did not undergo prophylactic gastroenterostomy and one of 65 stented patients developed this complication. CONCLUSION: Both techniques are equally effective in biliary drainage, but stenting has a higher rate of recurrent jaundice. We recommend surgery for patients with low surgical risks and endoscopic stent in those with a short life expectancy or those unfit for surgery.     

Klatskin's tumor

During the period 1989-1998, 27 patients with primary proximal bile duct cancer were treated (17 females and 10 males with a mean age of 61 years). The main presenting symptoms were: jaundice (96.2%), itching (92.5%), weight loss (74%) and atypical pain (33.3%). All the patients underwent ultrasound (US) examination, 7 patients endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and 4 patients computed tomography (CT) examination. US examination revealed the tumor in 51% cases; most frequently a dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts was diagnosed with all methods. 8 patients underwent resection of the tumor and one a biliary-enteric anastomosis, in 15 cases a stent was inserted. In 3 cases the extension of the malignancy did not allowed any procedure. Three patients died during immediate postoperative period (mortality 11.2%). The mean survival was 13 months after stenting and 22 months after resection of the tumor. The authors recommended an aggressive surgical therapy for Klatskin tumors.     

Bile duct carcinoma: trends in treatment in the nineties

Surgical resection provides the only known chance of cure for cholangiocarcinoma, and even then the 5-year survival is only 10 to 20%, and only one-third of patients are resectable for cure at the time of diagnosis. In recent years we have had considerable experience with endoscopic stenting to palliate common bile duct cancers. This has prompted us to evaluate our results for both endoscopic and surgical treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. From January 1990 through June 1999, we reviewed our endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography registry and the hospital records for patients we treated for cholangiocarcinoma. Fifty patients were identified: 45 with cholangiocarcinoma and five with gallbladder cancer (who were excluded). The surgical group consisted of 16 patients: in 14 patients, resection for cure was possible whereas two had palliative procedures. There was one mortality (6%) and the median survival was 16 months. There have been no long-term surgical survivors, but 2 patients are alive at 24 months. We treated 29 patients with advanced disease with endoscopic stents (the endoscopic group) mainly for relief of obstructive jaundice. Six of 29 patients in the endoscopic group were critically ill and died in less than 4 weeks, whereas 23 patients who were in better condition survived for a mean of 10 months (range 2-84 months). We conclude that for common duct bile cancer surgical resection remains the treatment of choice but is applicable in only 30 to 35 per cent of cases. Endoscopic stenting effectively relieves jaundice and can provide long-term palliation comparable with surgical bypass; 12 of 29 patients in our endoscopic group survived 12 months or longer, and one is alive at 84 months after initial stenting.     

肝癌合并门静脉或胆管癌栓的综合治疗

The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)is poor,and tumor thrombus in the portal vein or in the bile duct is an important influencing factor.Approximately 30%of HCC patients are found to have portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT)when diagnosed,and their median survival time is about 2.7-4.0 months if they do not receive any treatment.The incidence of HCC complicated with bile duct tumor thrombus (BDTT)is less than 10%,while the prognosis is dismal.Once tumor thrombus extends to the major bile ducts,obstructive jaundice and subsequent hepatic dysfunction are inevitable.The survival time of patients with HCC complicated with BDTT is less than 4 months if they only receive palliative biliary stenting.The management of HCC complicated with PVTT or BDTT is challenging with controversy at present.Different treatment approaches and their benefits for patients with HCC complicated with PVTT or BDTT are introduced in this paper.     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis of diseases of the organs of the hepato-pancreato-duodenal group

Experience with using endoscopic retrograde pancreatocholangiography (ERPCG) in 278 patients has shown the method to be the most valuable one in preoperative diagnosis of diseases of bile ducts. It facilitates establishing the presence of calculi in bile ducts, diagnosis of stenosis of the major duodenal papilla and cholangitis. ERPCG allows establishing the localization of a tumor process in bile ducts. ERPCG should be performed first of all in patients with jaundice and in cases when other diagnostic methods have failed to make the correct diagnosis.     

Transhepatic endoprosthesis of the bile ducts

The authors analysed the results of percutaneous transhepatic endoprosthetics of the hepaticocholedochus in 38 patients with incurable tumors of the organs of the hepato-pancreato-duodenal zone, complicated by obstructive jaundice. Nine different types of bile ejection blocking were distinguished, according to which the method and tactics of the endobiliary intervention were elaborated. Measures for the prevention of cholangitis, bleeding into the abdominal cavity, and hemobilia in the postoperative period are described in detail. The article shows the results recorded in flow-up periods of one to 11 months in 26 patients who had been subjected to endoprosthetics of the bile ducts and discharged from the clinic for out-patient treatment. Recurrence of obstructive jaundice caused by incrustation of the prosthesis was encountered only in 2 patients 4 and 9 months after the intervention. This allowed the authors to conclude that endoprosthetics of the hepaticocholedochus is very effective in the treatment of patients with obstructive jaundice of neoplastic etiology and to consider a transhepatic intervention an alternative of a surgical operation.     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的诊断与治疗

肝细胞癌（简称肝癌）合并胆管癌栓不常见。胆管癌栓通常是由肝癌侵入其所在部位的肝内胆管而形成并沿肝内胆管向肝门部胆管甚至胆总管生长,最终导致梗阻性黄疸或合并胆道出血。肝癌合并胆管癌栓并不是一种终末期疾病,有时会被误诊为胆管癌,及时正确诊断至关重要。积极手术切除治疗有助于延长生存时间、改善远期预后。     

Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma with bile duct thrombi

In a few cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), jaundice results from obstructive causes, including tumor invasion or thrombi in the bile duct. We have reported herein our experience with liver transplantation (OLT) for HCC cares showing bile duct thrombi (BDT). From September 1996 to August 2004, 140 adult patients underwent OLT for HCC at our center. Four patients (2.9%) who had OLT performed for HCC had BDT and were included in this study. The patients were all men of mean age 57.0 years. The initial total bilirubin levels were in the range of 2.0 to 30.5 mg/dL. The sizes of the tumors ranged from 2.0 cm to 3.0 cm in diameter, all were single lesions. The median follow-up period was 20.6 months (range: 17.6 to 28.1 months). The only case in which the BDT was identified intraoperatively died 20 months after OLT due to multiple intrahepatic recurrences. The other three patients were alive, showing no evidence of recurrence at the end of follow-up. Although a series of four is too small to reach any conclusion, we suggest that OLT may be a treatment option for HCC with BDT in selected cases.     

Percutaneous treatment of common bile duct lithiasis

STUDY AIM: Biliary lithiasis in the main bile duct (particularly retained stones) may be treated percutaneously obviating reoperation or endoscopic sphincterotomy. The aim of this study was to determine risks and pitfalls of this approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-two cases of biliary stones treated percutaneously between 1980 and 1998 were reported. Among them, 28 patients had already a biliary drainage and in 14, a drain was placed into the bile duct by transhepatic way or by punction of the intestinal loop of a bilio-jejunal anastomosis. The means to clear the bile ducts included percutaneous endoscopy and contact lithotripsy. Thirty patients had residual lithiasis (after a surgical intervention), 11 a new lithiasis above a bile duct stenosis and in 1 a bile duct lithiasis with a gallbladder lithiasis. RESULTS: Morbidity included four complications (9.5%--one severe) and no mortality. After 2.3 +/- 1 courses, desobstruction was complete in 33 cases (78.5%) and partial in one case (2.5%) allowing to optimize the patient for endoscopic sphincterotomy. Desobstruction failed in eight cases (19%), six patients were successfully treated by surgery and 2 by endoscopic sphincterotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous desobstruction of the bile ducts may be proposed as a priority in patients with a biliary drain in place and when endoscopic sphincterotomy is impossible or contraindicated. These manoeuvres have a definitive place in hepato-biliary surgery.