超滤技术对体外循环心脏瓣膜置换术肺损伤保护的研究

目的:探讨在体外循环心脏瓣膜置换术后肺损伤作用机制及改良超滤联合平衡超滤技术对体外循环肺功能的保护效果。方法:择期行心脏瓣膜置换术患者60例,分为对照组(C)、常规超滤组(D1)、改良超滤联合平衡超滤组(D2)。分别在麻醉后转流前(T1),转流结束时(T2),术后2 h(T3),术后6 h(T4),术后12 h(T5)采集动脉血,应用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定血浆内皮素-1(EF-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素6(IL-6),测定结果用Hct值校正,记录各组体外循环后超滤前、超滤后Hct值和计算肺泡氧合指数(OI)、肺泡-动脉血氧分压差(P(A-a)O2)、肺顺应性(Cstat)。结果:D1、D2组在T2、T3、T4、T5时点OI显著高于对照组C(P0.05);D2组P(A-a)O2在T3、T4、T5时点较D1组、C组低(P0.05),D2组Cstat明显高于D1、C组;超滤后超滤组(D1、D2)Hct值较对照组显著增高(P0.05);D2组EF-1、TNF-α和IL-6浓度在T2、T3、T4、T5时点较D1组、C组明显降低(P0.05)。结论:复合超滤较单一超滤方法能较好地改善瓣膜置换术患者术后肺功能,降低体内EF-1及炎性介质浓度。     

平衡超滤加改良超滤对20例婴幼儿体外循环术后肺功能的影响

目的 观察平衡超滤(BUF)加改良超滤(MUF)对婴幼儿体外循环术(CPB)后肺功能的影响.方法 40例先天性心脏病患儿,随机分成平衡超滤加改良超滤(BUF+MUF)组及常规超滤(CUF)组,各20例.测定两组超滤前、后的HCT,根据血气分析结果及FiO2计算术后2 h的氧合指数(OI),记录两组术后输血量及呼吸机辅助呼吸时间(MAT),分别在手术开始前、CPB结束、术后3、6、24 h采集桡动脉血测定肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8).结果 (BUF+MUF)组超滤后的HCT明显高于CUF组,(BUF+MUF)组术后2 h的OI较CUF组高,呼吸机辅助呼吸时间亦明显短于CUF组.停机时及术后各时间点的TNF-α和IL-8水平,( BUF+MUF)组低于CUF组.结论 平衡超滤加改良超滤能提高术后HCT及OI,缩短MAT,并能有效降低TNF-α、IL-8的水平,减轻全身炎症反应,使患儿能在术后尽早脱机,减少CPB术后并发症,促进术后肺功能的恢复.     

改良超滤联合平衡超滤对婴幼儿体外循环术后补体和炎性介质的血浆含量和肺功能影响

目的探讨婴幼儿体外循环术后肺损伤机制及平衡超滤联合改良超滤对肺功能的保护效果。方法 60例先天性心脏病患儿随机分为对照组(C)、改良超滤组(M)和平衡超滤联合改良超滤组(U)。M组在转流结束后应用改良超滤,U组在转流开始后进行平衡超滤,转流结束后进行改良超滤。分别在转流前(TI),转流结束后20 min(T2),术后2 h(T3),术后6 h(T4),术后12 h(T5)和术后24 h(T6)测定记录气道峰压(Ppeak)、呼吸停顿压(Ppause)、潮气量(TV)、呼吸频率(F)、吸入氧浓度(FiO2)和吸气比例(insp)并测量动脉血中C3a、C5a及白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的浓度。结果各组体外循环术后较术前的肺静态顺应性(Cstat)、氧合指数(OI)明显降低,肺泡-动脉氧分压(AaD02)明显增加,在T4、T5时间U组的Cstat、OI明显高于M组和C组,M组高于C组;AaDO2明显低于M组和C组,M组低于C组。C3a、C5a术后浓度明显降低,各组差别不明显。IL-6、TNF-α术后浓度均明显升高。在T2、T3、T4、T5时间U组的IL-6、TNF-α浓度明显低于M组和C组。结论术后肺功能损害可能与CPB术后补体激活致细胞因子大量释放致肺毛细血管内皮损伤有关。血浆补体浓度减低可作为观察炎性反应及组织损害早期指标。联合应用平衡超滤和改良超滤可降低血浆中的炎性因子的浓度,减轻炎性反应,改善患儿肺的通气功能和换气功能,具有良好肺保护作用。     

体外循环平衡超滤对肿瘤坏死因子表达的影响

目的:评估体外循环中采用零平衡超滤对肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的影响。方法:二尖瓣替换术或二尖瓣与主动脉瓣联合替换术的患者40例,每组20例;对照组不做任何形式的超滤;试验组体外循环中行零平衡超滤,超滤量约60m l/kg,平均3417m l/例。分别在诱导后、体外循环(CPB)结束后2h、24h和48h测定肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的浓度。结果:两组均无死亡,对照组二次体外循环1例;两组间TNF-α浓度在诱导后、CPB结束后48h没有显著性差异,而在CPB结束后2h,试验组要低于对照组(P<0.05);CPB结束后24h,试验组也明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:体外循环中采用零平衡超滤可降低患者血中TNF-α的浓度,能有效预防体外循环术后全身炎症反应。     

1，6-二磷酸果糖对体外循环促炎性细胞因子释放的影响

目的探讨1,6-二磷酸果糖(FDP)对体外循环术后促炎性细胞因子释放的影响。方法将20例二尖瓣瓣膜置换术的风湿性心脏病患者随机分为实验组10例,对照组10例。实验组在体外循环前及体外循环中分别静脉注射FDP200mg/kg,对照组不用FDP。于手术开始前1h、CPB结束后即刻、CPB结束后1h分别抽取桡动脉血,测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-8(IL-8)。结果外循环前两组TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平均无差异,体外循环后即刻及后1h,两组患者TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平显著升高(P<0.05),但实验组低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论在CPB时静注FDP可明显减少体外循环术后患者血中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8的释放,表明FDP可减轻体外循环术后患者全身炎症反应。     

复合超滤对婴幼儿体外循环术后肺功能的影响观察

目的:探讨符合超滤对婴幼儿体外循环术后肺功能的影响。方法:选取我院2008年8月至2012年2月收治的300例复杂重症先天性心脏病患儿为研究对象,按照随机原则分为对照组、改良超滤组和复合超滤组,其中对照组在整个体外循环术过程中不使用超滤,改良超滤组在体外循环结束后采用改良超滤,复合超滤组在体外循环过程中应用平衡超滤,体外循环结束后开始运用改良超滤,比较三组患儿在转流前(T1)、转流结束后20min(T2)、术后2h(T3)、术后6h(T4)、术后12h(T5)及术后24h(T6)时的潮气量(TV)、呼吸停顿压(Ppause)、气道峰压值(Ppeak)、呼吸频率(F)、吸入氧浓度(FiO2)等肺功能指标的变化。并在测定以上6个时间点的白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)的含量。结果:三组患者术后的肺静态顺应性(Cstat)、氧合指数(OI)显著低于术前,肺泡一动脉氧分压(AaDO2)显著高于术前,P<0.05。复合超滤组在T4、T5的Cstat、OI显著高于对照组和改良超滤组,P<0.05,改良超滤组的要显著高于对照组,P<0.05。复合超滤组在T4、T5的AaD02显著低于对照组和改良超滤组,P<0.05,改良超滤组的要显著高于对照组,P<0.05。三组患儿术后的IL-6、TNF-α显著高于术前,P<0.05。复合超滤组在T2、T3、T4、T5的IL-6、TNF-α显著低于对照组和改良超滤组,P<0.05。结论:复合超滤能够改善患儿肺的通气功能和换气功能,有效减轻全身炎症反应,使患儿能在术后尽早脱机,减少CPB术后并发症,保护患儿肺功能。     

1,6-二磷酸果糖对体外循环促炎性细胞因子释放的影响

目的探讨1,6-二磷酸果糖(FDP)对体外循环术后促炎性细胞因子释放的影响.方法将20例二尖瓣瓣膜置换术的风湿性心脏病患者随机分为实验组10例,对照组10例.实验组在体外循环前及体外循环中分别静脉注射FDP 200mg/kg,对照组不用FDP.于手术开始前1 h、CPB结束后即刻、CPB结束后1 h分别抽取桡动脉血,测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-8(IL-8).结果外循环前两组TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平均无差异,体外循环后即刻及后1h,两组患者TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平显著升高(P＜0.05),但实验组低于对照组(P＜0.01).结论在CPB时静注FDP可明显减少体外循环术后患者血中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8的释放,表明FDP可减轻体外循环术后患者全身炎症反应.     

乌司他丁在体外循环中肺保护机制的研究

目的:探讨体外循环所引起的肺组织炎性损伤,研究术中应用乌司他丁(UTI)保护作用及可能的机制.方法:25例患者随机分为两组,实验组将乌司他丁2万U/kg于体外循环开始后,直接加入体外循环机中;对照组除用等量生理盐水替代乌司他丁外,其他条件相同.动态检测两组患者左右房中性粒细胞数(polymorphonuclear neutrophils,PMN)、血小板数(et);血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平;气道压力、肺泡氧合指数(OI).结果:①对照组主动脉开放心脏复跳后5 min左房PMN、Pt明显低于右房(P＜0.05);②体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)开始后,两组桡动脉血IL-6、TNF-α进行性升高,于主动脉开放心脏复跳后达最高,后逐渐下降,但仍高于CPB前,对照组增高更显著(P＜0.05).③CPB开始后,两组桡动脉血IL-10进行性增高,于主动脉开放心脏复跳后,达到最高,后逐渐下降,但仍高于CPB前,实验组增高更显著(P＜0.05).④两组患者肺泡氧合指数(OI)CPB后比麻醉诱导时增高,对照组升幅明显高于实验组(P＜0.05).⑤两组气道峰压、气道平台压在停CPB和手术结束后均有升高,但对照组升高更显著(P＜0.05),且对照组与实验组有显著差异(P＜0.05).结论:乌司他丁能通过抑制血小板、中性粒细胞的激活、肺内聚集和扣留,抑制炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α的产生,并能促进抗炎因子IL-10的释放,从而减轻体外循环后肺损伤和通气功能障碍,保护并改善术后肺功能.     

两种不同预充方法对患者术后肺功能的影响

目的体外循环（CPB）前去除预充血液中的白细胞,探讨其对CPB肺保护作用。方法 50例≤10岁的室间隔缺损患儿随机分成实验组和对照组,实验组用去白细胞血预充,对照组用库存全血预充。测定围术期血浆中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶（NE）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白介素（IL）-6、IL-8含量;氧合指数（OI）、肺泡-动脉血氧分压差（P（A-a）O2）及术后呼吸机通气时间。结果实验组CPB后血浆NE、TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8浓度及术后机械通气时间显著低于对照组（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,P（A-a）O2低于对照组（P〈0.05）。OI在CPB后高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论去白细胞血预充能减少CPB后血中NE、TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8的含量,改善术后肺换气功能,具有良好的肺保护作用。     

体外循环对细胞因子的影响及干预研究

目的 探讨体外循环(CPB)后细胞因子的变化及1,6-二磷酸果糖(FDP)在减少细胞因子释放中的作用.方法 将63例先心病患儿按随机数字表法分为2组,观察组30例,在CPB前一次性在预充液中加入FDP 200 mg·kg-1;对照组33例,预充液中不加FDP.2组分别于术前,CPB后3、48 h采集静脉血3 mL,采用ELESIA方法检测肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白介素6(IL-6)及白介素8(IL-8)水平的变化.结果 2组术前及CPB后48 h TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平变化比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);CPB后3 h对照组的TNF-α、IL-6及IL-8明显高于观察组(P<0.01).结论 CPB后细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6及IL-8明显升高,是导致全身炎症反应的重要因素,在预充液中加入FDP后,可以明显减少TNF-α、IL-6及IL-8等炎症介质的释放,减轻全身炎症反应.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.