Relationship of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Nitrogen Oxide with Treatment of Frequent Relapse Nephrotic Syndrome by Shenkangling(肾康灵)Granule in Children

Objective:To observe the relationship of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and nitrogenoxide(NO)with the treatment of frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome(FRNS)and to explore the patho-genesis of FRNS and the therapeutic mechanism of Shenkangling(肾康灵,SKL)Granule in children.Methods:Sixty children suffering from FRFRNS were randomly divided into the treated group and controlgroup,30 in each,and the other 30 healthy children were taken as healthy group.The patients were trea-ted with prednisone for a long-term course,and those with no effect or partial effect shown were treatedwith additional Tripterygium or Cytoxan in the control group,while in the treated group patients weretreated with prednisone and additional SKL.The two groups were compared as to their changes of TNF-α,NO before and after treatment,and the relapses after treatment.Results:The levels of TNF-α and NO inthe sick children before treatment were markedly higher than those afer treatment and normal group(P<0.01).The positive correlation     

Effect of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bge on Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and the Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

The effects of salvia miltiorrhiza Bge (SMB) on left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the left ventricle of spontaneously hypertensive rats and the action mechanism were investigated. Normal Wistar-kyoto (WKY) rats were used as negative control, and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were randomly assigned to receive pla- cebo or SMB. SMB (1 g/kg·d) was injected intraperitoneally for 12 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were measured. HE, VG and immunohistochemical staining combined with computed morphometry were employed to evaluate the cardiomyocyte size, diameter, the collagen volume fraction (CVF), perivascular circumferential area (PVCA), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression in the left ventricular tissue. The results showed, as compared with WKY rats, the SBP, LVMI, cardiomyocyte size, diameter, CVF, PCVA, and TNF-α expression were increased markedly in the 20-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats. SMB decreased LVMI (P<0.01), size of cardiomyocytes (P<0.01), collagen volume fraction (P<0.01), perivascular circum- ferential area (P<0.01), and TNF-α expression (P<0.01), but had no effect on SBP (P>0.05). It was suggested that chronic administration of SMB could inhibit and reverse the development of LVH in spontaneously hypertensive rats independent of BP. TNF-α may be involved in the reversal mecha- nism of LVH by SMB.     

Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor-αon Resistin Expression in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Its Mechanism

Insulin resistance plays an important role inthe pathogenesis, development and complication indiabetes mellitus. Obesity is one important cause,but its mechanism is complicated. Steppan foundthat resistin had direct effect on insulin in mouseadipose cells in 2001 and believed that it might bethe key molecule of diabetes mellitus[1]. TNFαis apolypeptide which has extensive biological actionand effects in the development of anti tumourmechanism, immunoloregulati…     

Dynamic Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Rat Model of Pulmonary Emphysema Induced by Smoke Exposure

In order to explore the roles of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema,male Wistar rats were randomized into group A1,group A2.5 and group A4,each with smoke exposure for 1 month,2.5 months or 4 months,respectively.Group B1,group B2.5 and group B4 were used as non smoking controls at corresponding time points.TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) and expression of VEGF in lung tissue was determined by ELISA or by SABC immunohistochemistry assay either.Lung slices were stained with hematoxylin and eosin(HE).Results showed that in animal with smoke exposure the mean linear interceptor(Lm),an index of pulmonary emphysema and the content of TNF-α in BALF increased gradually,on contrary,the expression of VEGF in lung tissue decreased(P<0.05).This phenomenon was not obvious in animals without smoke exposure.Lm was negatively correlated to the VEGF expression(γ=-0.81,P<0.01) and positively correlated to TNF-α concentration(γ = 0.52,P<0.004),which implies that smoke exposure decreased the expression of VEGF and increased the expression of TNF-α.It is plausible to speculate that the imbalance of TNF-α and VEGF may play an important role in the pathogenesis of smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema.     

Inhibitory Effect of Oxymatrine on Quartz-induced Secretion of TNF-α by the Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages in the Fibroblast Proliferation

The massive proliferation of pulmonary fibroblasts is the common consequence shared by lung diseases. The over-expression of TNF-α plays an important role in the proliferation of pulmonary fibroblasts[1, 2]. Under patho-logical conditions, TNF-α is predominantly secreted by activated alveolar macrophages of lung. The high level of TNF-α acts on the receptors on the cell membrane of fibroblasts, mediates the conduction of intracellular sig-nals and eventually activates the nuclear factor…     

Comparison of Properties of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Converting Enzyme （TACE） and Some Matrix Metalloproteases （MMPs） in Catalytic Domains

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a critical cyto-kine in organism. It has been discovered that elevated TNF-α levels are implicated in a number of chronic dis-eases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type II diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and other human ailments[1]. The recent clinical successes of monoclonal TNF-α antibody Infliximab[2] and the soluble TNF p75 receptor fusion protein Entanercept[3] in RA patients suggest that anti-TNF-α is a valid target …     

Effects of Modified Sanhuang Decoction (加味三黄汤) Enema on Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Colonic Mucosa Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6 Levels in Ulcerative Colitis Rats

Objective:To investigate the effects of Modified Sanhuang Decoction(加味三黄汤,MSD)enema on the serum tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)and colonic mucosa interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6)levels in experimental ulcerative colitis(UC)rats.Methods:Forty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:normal group(n=12),model group(n=11),salazosulfapyridine(SASP)group(n=11)and MSD group(n=11).The UC model was induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(TNBS)/ethanol solution.Rats in the normal group and model group were clystered with 0.9%normal saline,while in the SASP group and MSD group were clystered with SASP and MSD enema,respectively.After drug administration(10 mL/kg body weight,for 7 days),colonic gross changes and colonic mucosa histology were observed,serum TNF-αand colonic mucosa IL-1β,IL-6 levels were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay,respectively.Results:As compared with the normal group,the experimental UC rats,the colonic mucosal damage index scores(CMDIs),histopathological scores(HS)and the serum TNF-a and colonic mucosa IL-1β,IL-6 levels significantly increased(P0.05 or P0.01).In the MSD and SASP groups,the ulcer area significantly reduced,and edema disappeared.The CMDIs,HS,the serum TNF-a and colonic mucosa IL-1β,IL-6 levels in the MSD and SASP groups significantly decreased(P0.05 or P0.01)compared with the model group.The CMDIs in the MSD group were lower than that in the SASP group(P0.05),but there were no significant differences in HS,serum TNF-αor colonic mucosa IL-1β,IL-6 levels between the MSD and SASP groups.Conclusion:MSD enema can improve colonic mucosa impairment and decrease serum TNF-αand colonic mucosa IL-1β,IL-6 levels in experimental UC.     

Interleukin-1β,Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Lipopolysaccharide Induce Expression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Calf Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells

The focal influx and accumulation of lipoprotein at arterial lesion--prone sites and the recruitment of blood monocytes to those sites are two early key events in atherogenesis. After entering thesubendothelial space of the arterial wall, monocytes undergo activation--differentiation to becomemacrophages which subsequently internallze oxidatively modified lipoproteins through scavenger receptors and become foam cells. Therefore, tostudy the mechanism of the recruitment of bloodmonocytes to the…     

Effects of puerarin on plasma endothelin and serum tumor necrosis Factor-α in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with vascular complications

Ｔｈｅｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｃｅｏｆｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｌｉｔｕｓ（ＤＭ）ｈａｓｄｒａｓｔｉｃａｌｌｙｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄａｔｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｔｉｍｅｗｉｔｈｍｉ ｃｒｏｖａｓｃｕｌａｒａｎｄｌａｒｇｅｖａｓｃｕｌａｒｄｉｓｔｕｒｂａｎｃｅｓａｓｔｈｅｍｏｓｔ     

Gene expression and cellular localizations of tumor necrosis factor-α at the site of implanted bovine cancellous bone in mice

Cellularimmunityisanimportantimmunephenomenonintheregionofxenogeneicbonegraft.Tumornecrosisfactor--a(TNFQ)playsacriticallmmuno--modulatoryroleincellularprocessofrejection.RecentevidencesupportingtherelationshipbetweenTNFQandboneresorptlonhasbeenprovidedbytheworkofMingetal.LIJ.However,detectionofTNFamRNAatthesiteofimplantedbonehasnotyetbeenshownexperimentally.Inthisstudy,anonradloactiveinSitubybridizationtechniquewasselectedtolocalizeTNFaintheregionofimplantedxenogeneicboneandtoinvesti…     

Relationship between Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in TNF-α Gene Promoter Region and Inhibitory Effects of Triptolide on TNF-α Production in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Healthy Humans

Tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)is ani mpor-tant cytokine that has extensive biological activity.It plays key rolesinthe pathogenesis of rheumatoidarthritis(RA).The TNF-αlocus has yielded a va-riety of polymorphic sites such as-308,-238, 498andso on[1].Amongthese polymorphic sites,ithas been demonstrated that TNF-α-308single nucle-otide polymorphism(SNP)is closely related withthe susceptibility,response to drugs and outcomeof RA[2-5].Triptolide that is a main active compo-nent of Tript…     

Effect of Reduqing (热毒清) on Endotoxin-Induced Production of Tissue Factor and Cytokines in Human Whole Blood

lipopolysaccharide,monocytes,mononuclearcellsReduqinginjection(RDQ,originallynamedAnti--inflammatoryAgentNo.6)isamodernChineseherbalpreparationmodifiedfromtherepresentativedecoctionWuweiXiaoduYin(Eapi6$ts).ItconsistsofextractedmaterialsfromFlosLonicerae,Foliumlsatidis,HerbaTaraxaci,andHerbaHouttuyniae,andbelongstothe"heat--clearinganddetoxifying"categoryofChinesemedicine.Inthepasttwodecades,RDQInfectionhadbeenusedinanumberofChinesehospitalsforthetreatmentofacuteabdomenandotheracuteinf…     

EXPERIMENTAL WORK and RESEARCH Effect of Reduqing(热毒清) on TNF-α,IL-1,IL-6,IL-8 and PAF Levels in Endotoxin-Induced DIC Model of Rabbits

ＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＡＬＷＯＲＫａｎｄＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＲｅｄｕｑｉｎｇｏｎＴＮＦ－α，ＩＬ－１，ＩＬ－６，ＩＬ－８ａｎｄＰＡＦＬｅｖｅｌｓｉｎＥｎｄｏｔｏｘｉｎ－ＩｎｄｕｃｅｄＤＩＯＭｏｄｅｌｏｆＲａｂｂｉｔｓ￥ＬＩＭｉｎｇ－ｚｈｅｎ...     

Effects on the Tumor Specific Growth Factor and Tumor Necrosis Factor α in Rats' Precancerous Lesion of Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Direct Moxibustion at Ganshu(BL 18) Acupoint

Objective: To investigate the effect of direct moxibustion at Ganshu(BL18) on the serum concentrations of tumor specific growth factor(TSGF) and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) in a rat model with precancerous lesion of primary hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), so as to explore the mechanism of moxibustion underlying improvement of HCC. Methods: Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group(n=10), model group(n=20), prevention group 1(n=15) and prevention group 2(n=15). The normal rats were injected with physiological saline as blank control. At the same time, the rats of other three groups were injected with diethylnitrosamine to establish the HCC model. Direct moxibustion with grain-sized moxa was applied to bilateral Ganshu acupoint of the rats in the prevention group 1(1 treatment course, 20 days) and prevention group 2(2 treatment courses, 40 days), 5 doses for each acupoint, 0.5 mg/dose, once every other day. At each time point(before model establishment, the end of 1st course prevention, the end of 2nd course prevention and the end of model establishment), serum levels of TSGF and TNF-α were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Compared with the control group, there was a remarkably increase of serum TSGF and TNF-α contents in the model group at the end of the experiment(P0.05). At the end of the 1st course of direct moxibustion, the contents of serum TSGF and TNF-α of rats in the prevention group 1 were significantly increased compared with that of the model group(P0.05). At the end of the 2nd course of direct moxibustion, serum TSGF and TNF-α levels of rats in the model group were higher than the normal group with significantly difference(P0.05), and the levels of TSGF and TNF-α in the prevention group 2 were significantly reduced in comparison with the model group(P0.05). Conclusion: It was possible that direct moxibustion could inhibit precancerous lesion and postpone hepatocarcinogenesis, and the therapeutic effect of two courses were better than one course.     

Effect of Quercetin on Atherosclerosis Based on Expressions of ABCA1, LXR-α and PCSK9 in ApoE-/- Mice

Objective: To investigate the effect of quercetin on ATP binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1), liver X receptor(LXR), and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9(PCSK9) expressions in apo E-knockout(Apo E~(-/-) ) mice. Methods: The high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis(AS) in Apo E~(-/-) mice was established. Thirtysix mice were divided into 3 groups using random number table method: model group(n=12), quercetin group(n=12), and atorvastatin group(n=12), with C57 BL/6 J mice of the same strain and age as the control group(n=12). Quercetin group and atorvastatin group were administrated with quercetin and atorvastatin by oral gavage, with doses of 12.5 and 4 mg/(kg·d), respectively. Animals in the control and model groups were given an equal volume of distilled water by oral gavage once per day for a total of 12 weeks. Western blot and immunohistochemical methods were employed to determine the aortic ABCA1, LXR-α and PCSK9 protein expression. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method was used to detect the expression of serum total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C), low density lipoproteincholesterol(LDL-C), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6), and IL-10, combined with tissue pathological examination. Results: Apo E~(-/-) mice fed with a high-fat diet had notable atherosclerosis lesions, with reduced ABCA1, LXR-α and IL-10 levels(all P0.01), elevated PCSK9, TNF-α and IL-6 expression, and increased TC and LDL-C contents(all P0.01). After quercetin intervention, the areas of AS plaques and the expressions of PCSK9, TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly reduced(all P0.01), while the expressions of ABCA1 and LXR-α were increased significantly(all P0.01). Conclusion: Quercetin effectively interfered with AS development by regulating the expressions of ABCA1, LXR-α and PCSK9 in Apo E~(-/-) mice.     

Protective Effect of Sodium Tanshinone ⅡA Sulfonate on Injury of Small Intestine in Rats with Sepsis and Its Mechanism

Objective:To explore the protective effect of sodium tanshinoneⅡA sulfonate(STS) on small intestine injury in rats with sepsis and its possible mechanism.Methods:According to a random number table, 24 Tats were randomly divided into 3 groups:sham operation group(sham group),sepsis model group(model group) and STS treatment group(STS group),with 8 Tats in each group.A rat model of sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture(CLP) for 5 h.STS(1 mg/kg) was slowly injected through the right external jugular vein after CLP.The histopathologic changes in the intestine tissue were observed under a light microscope,and the intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleoddyl transferase(TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL) method.The expressions of Bcl-2,Bax and nuclear factorκB(NF-κB) p65 in the intestinal tissue was determined by Western blot.The levels of tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α) and interleukin 6(IL-6) in the intestinal tissue were determined using enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay(ELISA). Results:Obvious injuries were observed in the intestinal tissue in the CLP group compared with the sham group. The expression of NF-κB p65 and the levels of TNF-αand IL-6 were up-regulated after CLP,the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells was increased after CLP,and the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax was decreased.STS posttreatment could attenuate the injury on the intestinal tissue induced by CLP,decrease the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and the levels of NF-κB p65,TNF-αand IL-6,and increase the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax.Conclusion: STS can protect the small intestine in rats with sepsis,and the mechanism may be associated with the inhibition of intestinal epithelial apoptosis and the reduction of activation of inflammatory cytokines.     

The effect of spinal cord injury on the expression of TGF-β and TNF-α in rat articular cartilage

Objective: To observe the expression of TGF-β and TNF-α in the spinal cord injured rat model and discuss the significance of the articular cartilage metabolism. Methods: 36 SD female rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: Rats models of spinal cord injury were implemented by Allen method. T10 laminectomy was performed in the control group. Both groups of rats were killed respectively in 1w, 3w and 6w. Hematoxylin-eosin stain was given to each slice in the model group and control group. Immunohistochemical stain was applied by using ABC method in the expression of TGF-β and TNF-α. Those expressed level were performed in image analysis and statistics process. Results: TGF-β and TNF-α were mainly distributed on the surface layer of the articular cartilage, with a weak expression in control group. The expression of TNF-α in the model group was more significant than that in the control group in the 1w, and still remained an evident difference with that in control group until the 6w(P ＜ 0.05). TGF-β expression of the model group had no remarkable difference with the control group in the lw (P ＞ 0.05) and prominently became stronger at 6w(P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion: The expression of TNF-o occurred early in the development of spinal cord injury, and the expression of TGF-β became stronger with the revival of spinal neural function. Both expressions were strengthened in articular cartilage in the 3rd week.