人造板材甲醛释放与热环境关系的模拟现场研究

目的人造板材是室内甲醛的主要来源，探讨人造板材的甲醛释放量与热环境之间的关系。方法2002年夏季，进行模拟现场的控制暴露实验。结果在夏季高温环境中人造板材甲醛释放量与湿度关系密切。结论在评价室内空气质量时应考虑热环境的影响，高温、高湿环境中尤其应注意通风换气，减少污染。     

兰州市售人造板材甲醛释放量

目的了解兰州市售人造板材甲醛释放量。方法于2004年5月采集兰州市售的42种不同品牌的人造板材,其中细木工板16种,胶合板15种,装饰单板贴面胶合板11种,采用GB／T17657—19994．12《人造板及饰面人造板理化性能试验方法》中甲醛释放量干燥器法进行甲醛释放量的测定。结果符合E1级（干燥器值≤1．5mg／L,可直接用于室内装修）的人造板材有9种,占样品总数的21.4％,E2级（干燥器值≤5．0mg／L,饰面处理后允许用于室内装修）的有20种,占总数的47．6％,其余均为不合格产品。甲醛释放量排序为胶合板（7．58mg／L）〉细木工板（4．88mg／L）〉装饰单板贴面胶合板（2．85mg／L）,差异有统计学意义（F=4．193,P〈0．05）。结论兰州市售人造板材甲醛释放量有超标情况,应引起有关部门关注。     

温、湿度变化对木质人造板材甲醛释放影响

目的研究温、湿度对木质人造板材甲醛释放影响，建立不同温、湿度甲醛释放预测模型。方法利用环境气候舱获得不同温、湿度板材甲醛释放量。结果温度和甲醛释放量呈线性关系（P〈0．05，校正R^2=0．9963）；湿度和甲醛释放量呈抛物线关系，拟合线性回归方程为：Yhat=0．6368＋0．0821Te-0．0695Hu＋0．0007Hu^2，在温度固定的情况下，湿度为46．9％时，甲醛释放量达最小值。结论甲醛释放量随温度增高而增大。随湿度增加先小幅下降后上升，提示夏天预防高浓度室内装修污染的危害尤为重要。     

车用净化器对车内空气质量净化效果的研究

目的了解车载清新吧对车内空气质量净化的效果,为净化车内空气提供依据。方法采用北京现代轿车作为现场测试车,在车内创造污染浓度,开启空气净化器运转后,按不同时间进行检测与采样。结果净化器开启120min时,苯的净化率为89．06％;甲醛的净化率为90．00％;可吸入颗粒物的净化率为86．52％;杀菌率为63．33％。结论车载清新吧对车内空气污染物有一定的净化效果。     

装饰板制造企业甲醛污染现状调查

<正>室内装饰甲醛污染主要来源于装饰装修用人造板材,如刨花板和胶合板等。在这些装饰装修用人造板材生产过程中,使用的胶粘剂以脲醛树脂为主,板材中残留的未参与反应的甲醛会逐渐向周围环境释放;因此,与一般人群相比,装饰板生产企业的工人可能面临更大的甲醛接触风险。为了解装饰板生产企业甲醛污染现状,为制定甲醛污染控制     

环境因素对木质板材甲醛释放量的影响研究

木质板材是室内空气中甲醛污染的主要来源之一。木质板材中甲醛释放与温度、相对湿度及风速等环境因素有关，但目前国内相关研究较少。本利用环境舱测试人造板中甲醛释放量与环境因素的关系，为预测室内装修模型的建立和室内甲醛控制措施提供参考依据。     

杭州市售木质板材甲醛释放量的调查

目的对杭州市市场上销售的木质板材的甲醛释放量进行调查并对其释放规律进行研究。方法选取刨花板、三夹板、细木工板、强化地板4种木质板材采用小型环境测试舱平衡浓度法进行甲醛释放量的测定。结果A级木质板材占40%,B级占50%,C级占10%,并且对不同品种木质板材的甲醛释放量进行比较,甲醛释放量由低到高依次为强化地板<刨花板<细木工板<三夹板,结果经统计分析,差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。结论木质板材甲醛释放量的调查结果不容乐观,并且不同品种的木质板材的甲醛释放量是不同的。     

低温等离子体净化器产生的O3及其变化规律

目的观察低温等离子体净化器净化有害气体时产生的O3及其变化规律。方法在密闭的容积为40m^3的试验舱内，对低温等离子体产生的O3在8h中的变化规律进行了观察，每2h测定1次；在配气袋内配制一定浓度的有害气体。于净化前及净化后1h测定有害气体浓度，计算净化率。结果净化器在强风档下出风口处的风速为0．84m／s，100cm处的风速为0．33m／s，中、弱风档下的风速为0．05～0．33m／s。等离子体对硫化氢、氮氧化物、甲醛及二氧化硫的净化效果较好，净化率在95％以上，对苯系物的净化效果不太理想，净化率仅有27％～40％。O3浓度并不随净化时间的延长而增加，而是保持在一个相对稳定的数值上；Ⅰ、Ⅱ档之间产生的O3浓度相差23％～33％；3种不同风档条件下产生的O3浓度差异有统计学意义；在出风口处测得的O3浓度较高，0．58～1．05mg／m^3。结论低温等离子体对硫化氢、氮氧化物、甲醛及二氧化硫有明显的净化效果．净化率在95％以上；在出风口处测得的O3浓度较高．超过“室内空气污染物浓度极限值允许浓度”，而在8h室内O3平均浓度为0．12mg／m^3．基本符合“室内空气污染物浓度极限允许浓度”，建议对具有低温等离子体功能的净化器，应采取对O3的过滤措施。     

氧化劳氏紫动力学法测定板材释放甲醛

在酸性介质中,甲醛对溴酸钾氧化劳氏紫褪色有显著的催化作用,根据其反应速度的改变建立了测定甲醛的动力学光度分析法。该方法检测甲醛浓度的线性范围为0．2～4．0μg/ml,检出限为0．06μg/ml。该法用于人造板材中释放甲醛的测定,简便、快速、灵敏度较高。     

臭氧空气净化器对甲醛、苯净化效果的实验研究

目的：研究某型臭氧空气净化器的两种机型对模拟现场空气中甲醛，苯的净化效率，了解其净化效果。方法：采用模拟现场加入人工喷洒受试物质的方法，使用甲醛，苯试剂在试验室内分别按0.4mg/g^3进行喷洒，再经密闭0.5h自然挥发及平衡后，在开机0.5h,1h,2h以个体采样器分别使用酚试剂吸收液及活性炭管采样分析。结果：该臭氧型空气净化器在温度12．4℃－14．8℃，湿度36．3％－48．2％的范围内，小片型开机0.5h,1h,2h对模拟现场内苯的有效净化率分别为9．24％，44.42%，55．99％，对甲醛的有效净化率分别为3．19％，6．79％，10．41％。双片型开机0.5h,1h,2h对苯的有效净化率分别为58．81％，62．74％72．00％，对甲醛的有效净化率分别为6．57％，7．53％，11．20％，结论：该型空气净化器对室内空气中的有害气体苯，甲醛有一定的净化作用，由于甲醛，苯可吸附在房间墙面，故净化器必须持续开机才能保持对其净化作用。     

甲醛消除灵消除甲醛效果的实验研究

目的：研究甲醛消除灵对室内空气和木质板材中甲醛的清除效果。方法：(1)室内空气中甲醛的清除试验：选择新装修的办公室2间,1间经甲醛消除灵处理,1间不作处理,比较2个房间的甲醛浓度。(2)木质板材中甲醛的清除试验：采木质板材,1份经甲醛消除灵处理,1份不作处理,同时检测其甲醛释放量。结果经甲醛消除灵处理24、48、72h的房间空气中甲醛的清除率分别为82．94％、91．43％、95．69％,处理72h室内空气甲醛浓度达到国家标准;木质板材经甲醛消除灵处理24、48、72h甲醛的清除率分别为84．71％、90．55％、90．96％,处理24h后木质板材甲醛释放量达到国家标准。结论：甲醛消除灵对室内空气和木质板材中的甲醛均具有明显的消除作用。     

Respiratory health of plywood workers occupationally exposed to formaldehyde

This study was undertaken to enlarge our understanding of the adverse health effects of formaldehyde exposure in the workplace and community environment. The respiratory health status of 186 male plywood workers was evaluated by spirometric tests, respiratory questionnaires, and chest x-rays. Area concentrations of formaldehyde were measured in the work environment and found to range from 0.28 to 3.48 ppm. The average personal exposure was to 1.13 ppm of formaldehyde. Exposure to formaldehyde was associated with decrements in the baseline spirometric values, i.e., forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1.0), forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity (FEV/FVC), and FEF25%-75%, and with several respiratory symptoms and diseases, including cough, phlegm, asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chest colds. The results of the study support the hypothesis that chronic exposure to formaldehyde induces symptoms and signs of chronic obstructive lung disease.     

Respiratory symptoms and occupational exposures in New Zealand plywood mill workers

OBJECTIVES: To study work exposure and respiratory symptoms in New Zealand plywood mill workers. METHODS: Personal inhalable dust (n = 57), bacterial endotoxin (n = 20), abietic acid (n = 20), terpene (n = 20) and formaldehyde (n = 22) measurements were taken and a respiratory health questionnaire was administered to 112 plywood mill workers. RESULTS: Twenty-six percent of the dust exposures exceeded 1 mg/m(3), however, none of the samples exceeded the legal limit of 5 mg/m(3) [geometric mean (GM) = 0.7 mg/m(3), geometric standard deviation (GSD) = 1.9]. Workers in the composer area (where broken sheets are joined together) were significantly (P < 0.01) more highly exposed. Endotoxin levels were low to moderate (GM = 23.0 EU/m(3), GSD = 2.8). Abietic acid levels ranged from 0.3 to 2.4 micro g/m(3) (GM = 0.7 micro g/m(3), GSD = 1.8) and were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for workers in the composer area of the process. Geometric mean levels of alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and Delta(3)-carene were 1.0 (GSD = 2.7), 1.5 (GSD = 2.8) and 0.1 (GSD = 1.4), respectively, and alpha-pinene and beta-pinene levels were significantly (P < 0.001) higher for workers in the 'green end' of the process, up to and including the veneer dryers. Formaldehyde levels ranged from 0.01 to 0.74 mg/m(3) [GM = 0.08 mg/m(3) (= 0.06 p.p.m.), GSD = 3.0]. Asthma symptoms were more common in plywood mill workers (20.5%, n = 112) than in the general population [12.8%, n = 415, adjusted OR (95% CI) = 1.5 (0.9-2.8)]. Asthma symptoms were associated with duration of employment and were reported to lessen or disappear during holidays. No clear association with any of the measured exposures was found, with the exception of formaldehyde, where workers with high exposure reported more asthma symptoms (36.4%) than low exposed workers [7.9%, adjusted OR (95% CI) = 4.3 (0.7-27.7)]. CONCLUSIONS: Plywood mill workers are exposed to inhalable dust, bacterial endotoxin, abietic acid, terpenes and formaldehyde, and they appear to have an increased risk of developing work-related respiratory symptoms. These symptoms may be due to formaldehyde exposure, although a potential causal role for other exposures cannot be excluded.     

甲醛累积接触对工人外周血淋巴细胞微核率的影响

目的 探讨职业性甲醛接触对工人外周血淋巴细胞微核率(CBMN)的影响.方法 选择山东省某人造密度板厂2个有代表性的车间,使用高效液相色谱法测定空气甲醛浓度,采集236名工人的外周静脉血,酶联免疫分析法测定内暴露标志物血清甲醛-白蛋白加合物(FA-HSA)的含量,根据内暴露标志物的三分位数将人群分为低、中、高水平3个接触组,用胞质分裂阻滞法微核试验检测外周血淋巴细胞遗传物质的损伤情况.结果 低甲醛接触车间和高甲醛接触车间的平均空气甲醛含量分别为(0.58:±-0.20)、(1.48±0.61)mg/m3,接触工人血清中FA-HSA平均水平分别为(69.22±15.37)、(136.29±89.49)pg/ml,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).低、中、高接触组工人外周血淋巴细胞CBMN分别为1.94‰±1.72％、2.10‰±1.92‰、2.10‰±1.70‰,各组间CBMN的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).低、中、高累积接触水平组CBMN分别为1.36‰±1.36％o、2.31o±:1.81‰、2.49‰±1.92‰,不同累积接触水平组工人外周血淋巴细胞CBMN的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).Spearman相关分析发现人群CBMN与甲醛接触量呈明显正相关(r=0.321,P＜0.01).Logistics回归分析显示,甲醛累积接触量是接触工人高CBMN的危险因素(Ptrend=0.002).结论 血清FA-HSA能够用作内暴露指标评价甲醛接触工人的个体接触水平;甲醛的累积接触导致接触工人外周血淋巴细胞CBMN增加.     

Occupational asthma caused by exposure to neurospora in a plywood factory worker

A 24 year old man developed severe asthma two years after starting to work in a plywood plant. Four years later the patient had to stop working because of the increasing severity of his asthma. Three months after leaving his job, the patient's asthma was greatly improved. His job consisted of placing plywood sheets into a drying machine. The plywood sheets had stayed outside in wet conditions for at least four to six weeks and were usually covered with moulds. Drying the plywood sheets changed the mould into a fine orange powder. Exposure to this in the laboratory induced an isolated immediate asthmatic reaction. The same reaction was seen when the patient was challenged with an extract of the mould powder at a 0.1% w/v concentration. Skin prick test with the mould extract induced a weal and flare reaction and IgE antibodies against the dry mould powder were identified. A control patient with the same degree of bronchial hyperreactivity did not have any asthmatic reaction when challenged with the same mould extract. Culture of the dry mould powder on Sabouraud agar plates grew pure Neurospora sp. This mould has not been previously reported as a cause of occupational asthma. The immunological mechanism is probably related to an IgE mediated mast cell allergy.     

Assessment of total exposure to phenol-formaldehyde resin glue in plywood manufacturing

Objective: Respiratory and dermal exposure to phenol-formaldehyde resin-glue components used in plywood manufacturing were assessed. Methods: Formaldehyde and phenol were monitored in the workplace air. Formaldehyde was measured both in the breathing zones of the workers and at stationary sampling sites. Phenol was used as a marker agent for dermal exposure due to its near-nonvolatility at the temperatures occurring during the present study and to its ready absorption through the skin, causing systemic exposure in addition to local skin rashes. Sampling and analytical methods were developed to measure the dermal exposure to phenol. Sampling was accomplished with whole-body dosimetry using Tyvek coveralls and cotton gloves. In addition, a liquid chromatography method was developed for the analysis of phenol from dermal exposure samples. Results: As expected, formaldehyde was noted to be the major compound causing respiratory exposure. When exposure assessment was done on the basis of air samples collected both at stationary sampling sites and in the breathing zones of the workers the agreement between the results obtained was good. The dermal sampling revealed that the workers were exposed to phenol, but the risk for toxic effects was slight due to the low concentrations of urinary phenol. Conclusions: We conclude that it is possible to use the stationary sampling method for the assessment of respiratory exposure in a plywood factory instead of the usually more complicated breathing-zone sampling. This study also demonstrates the importance of taking dermal exposure into account, at least due to the ability of the resins to cause skin rashes, in assessment of the exposure to chemicals in plywood manufacturing. Received: 8 December 1998 / Accepted: 25 March 1999     

Occupational asthma caused by exposure to neurospora in a plywood factory worker.

A 24 year old man developed severe asthma two years after starting to work in a plywood plant. Four years later the patient had to stop working because of the increasing severity of his asthma. Three months after leaving his job, the patient's asthma was greatly improved. His job consisted of placing plywood sheets into a drying machine. The plywood sheets had stayed outside in wet conditions for at least four to six weeks and were usually covered with moulds. Drying the plywood sheets changed the mould into a fine orange powder. Exposure to this in the laboratory induced an isolated immediate asthmatic reaction. The same reaction was seen when the patient was challenged with an extract of the mould powder at a 0.1% w/v concentration. Skin prick test with the mould extract induced a weal and flare reaction and IgE antibodies against the dry mould powder were identified. A control patient with the same degree of bronchial hyperreactivity did not have any asthmatic reaction when challenged with the same mould extract. Culture of the dry mould powder on Sabouraud agar plates grew pure Neurospora sp. This mould has not been previously reported as a cause of occupational asthma. The immunological mechanism is probably related to an IgE mediated mast cell allergy.     

影响胶合板防虫性能的因素分析

目的分析影响胶合板防虫性能的诸多因素,加深消费者以及生产经营者对该产品的进一步了解。方法查阅相关资料、跟踪生产现场、分析生产工艺过程及工艺参数。结果防虫剂类型、剂型以及生产过程的工艺控制是主要的影响因素,防虫剂毒性和对环境的影响也是产品的重要指标。生产过程的合理控制是提高胶合板防虫性能的重要措施之一。单板厚度、涂胶量、陈化时间、冷压、热压工艺等对产品的活性成分载药量有所影响。结论优选WHO提供的家用公共卫生防虫剂,选择缓释长效剂型、合理的生产工艺可使胶合板达到理想的防虫蛀的效果。     

Decontamination of clothing and building materials associated with the clandestine production of methamphetamine

This study was designed to determine how easily methamphetamine can be removed from clothing and building materials, utilizing different cleaning materials and methods. The study also addressed the penetration of methamphetamine into drywall and the ability of paints to encapsulate the methamphetamine on drywall. Clothing and building materials were contaminated in a stainless steel chamber by aerosolizing methamphetamine in a beaker heater. The amount of methamphetamine surface contamination was determined by sampling a grid pattern on the material prior to attempting to clean the materials. After cleaning, the materials were again sampled, and the degree of decontamination noted. We found that household clothing and response gear worn by first responders was easily decontaminated using a household detergent in a household washing machine. A single wash removed over 95% of the methamphetamine from these materials. The study also indicated that methamphetamine-contaminated, smooth non-porous surfaces can be easily cleaned to below detectable levels using only mild cleaners. More porous surfaces such as plywood and drywall were unlikely to be decontaminated to below regulatory levels even with three washes using a mild cleaner. This may be due to methamphetamine penetration into the paint on these surfaces. Evaluation of methamphetamine contamination on drywall indicated that approximately 40% of the methamphetamine was removed using a wipe, while another 60% remained in the paint layer. Stronger cleaners such as those with active ingredients including sodium hypochlorite or quaternary ammonia and commercial decontamination agents were more effective than mild detergent-based cleaners and may reduce methamphetamine contamination to below regulatory levels. Results from the encapsulation studies indicate that sprayed on oil-based paint will encapsulate methamphetamine on drywall and plywood surfaces up to 4.5 months, while latex paints were less effective.