Color Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of the acute scrotum

PURPOSE: To determine the value of color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) in the diagnosis of acute scrotum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 10 patients referred to our hospital with acute scrotal pain were included in this study. All patients were evaluated with CDUS after the initial clinical examinations. Blood flow of the involved testis was compared semiquantitatively to that of the opposite testis. Patients with a diagnosis of testicular torsion by CDUS underwent surgical exploration. Patients with CDUS diagnosis of epididymitis were treated with intravenous antibiotics. RESULTS: Of the 10 patients evaluated, CDUS diagnosed 5 patients with testicular torsion and 5 patients with epididymitis. All cases of torsion were confirmed intraoperatively. 2 cases with no intratesticular blood flow on CDUS had necrotic testes and underwent orchiectomy with orchiopexy of the contralateral testes. A case with absent flow and 2 cases with decreased flow had bilateral orchiopexy. CDUS findings of normal or increased flow were present in all patients with epididymitis. No cases of testicular atrophy were encountered on long-term follow up in patients with epididymitis. CONCLUSION: CDUS is helpful in detecting the perfusion of the testis as well as in getting anatomical information. CDUS is a very useful device which causes a minimal burden to the patient with acute scrotum. In most cases it will rapidly provides us the correct information although it may not be regarded as the definitive adjunct.     

彩色多普勒超声评价经皮肾镜技术围手术期肾脏血流动力学

目的探讨经皮肾镜技术（PCNL）对围手术期肾脏血流动力学的影响。方法应用CDFI观察30例接受单侧、单通道PCNL患者术前1天及术后5-7天患侧各级肾动脉血流参数,并进行统计学分析。结果术后各级肾动脉阻力指数（RI）均低于术前,肾门处主肾动脉、叶间动脉、小叶间动脉舒张末期血流速度（Vmin）升高（P〈0.05）。重度积水患者术后段动脉、叶间动脉RI降低（P〈0.05）,叶间动脉Vmin增加（P〈0.05）;中度积水患者术后各级肾动脉RI降低（P〈0.05）,主肾动脉、小叶间动脉Vmin增加（P〈0.05）;轻度积水患者术后主肾动脉、段动脉RI降低（P〈0.05）,段动脉Vmin增加（P〈0.05）;无积水患者术后段动脉、叶间动脉RI降低（P〈0.05）。结论 PCNL术后短期内患侧肾脏肾动脉舒张期灌注改善,RI降低。CDFI可观察肾内血流灌注,并量化肾内血流动力学信息。     

肢体动脉急慢性闭塞的彩色多普勒超声诊断

目的 研究彩色多普勒超声诊断肢体动脉急慢性闭塞的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析北京安贞医院血管外科2006-2010年收治的129例肢体动脉闭塞患者的临床资料,其中男性85例,女44例,年龄为17～94岁,平均(62±9)岁.分析39条急性闭塞动脉和97条慢性闭塞动脉的二维、彩色多普勒超声结果,对两组闭塞段管腔内回声、管壁结构、闭塞近远段血流动力学参数及侧支动脉进行对比.结果 急慢性动脉闭塞在闭塞段管壁厚度、内径、闭塞近段阻力指数和侧支动脉方面有统计学意义(P＜0.05).急性动脉闭塞段内径大于慢性闭塞段,而管壁厚度、闭塞近段阻力指数和侧支动脉明显小于慢性闭塞段.超声诊断急慢性动脉闭塞的准确率是95.6%.结论 彩色多普勒超声是鉴别肢体动脉急慢性闭塞有价值的检查手段,能够为临床诊断和手术治疗提供客观依据.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical value of color Doppler ultrasound examination in the diagonosis of acute and chronic artery occlusion of the extremities. Methods A review was made on 129 extremetiy artery occlusion patients at Anzhen Hospital during 2006 -2010. 85 cases were male, and 44 cases were female. Age was from 17 to 94 years (average: 62 ±9 years). We analyzed two-dimensional and color Doppler flow imagings of 39 acute occlusion arteries and 97 chronic occlusion arteries. We compared factors including the echoes of artery lumens, the vessel wall structures, hemodynamic parameters of inlet and outlet at the occlusion, and collaterals between groups. Results The factors of depths of vessel wall,internal diameters of ccclusion arteries, proximal resistant index and collaterals were significantly different between groups ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). The internal diameters of acute occlusion arteries were wider than chronic occlusion arteries. The depths of vessel wall, proximal resistant index and collaterals were thinner, smaller,and less than chronic occlusion arteries. The total accurate rate of differential diagnosis for acute and chronic artery occlusion by color Doppler ultrasound was 95.6％. Conclusions Color Doppler ultrasound is an effective method for the differential diagnosis of acute and chronic artery occlusion of the extremities.     

Doppler flowmeter in the differential diagnosis of the acute scrotum in children.

A Doppler flowmeter was used to evaluate an acute scrotum in 23 children. A diminished or absent flow was noted in cases of torsion of the testis. Orchitis, epididymitis and torsion of the testicular appendix were accompanied with an increased blood flow. Inflammatory and ischemic lesions could be detected and in all operated cases the diagnosis proved to be correct. Unnecessary operations in cases of torsion of the testicular appendix can be avoided with this accurate non-invasive method.     

彩色多普勒超声对急性阴茎海绵体破裂的诊断价值

目的 探讨急性阴茎海绵体破裂的超声声像图特点及其相关血管动力学参数的改变.方法 回顾性分析22例急性阴茎海绵体破裂患者的临床资料及彩色多普勒超声声像图特点.结果 22例患者年龄18～68岁,平均年龄39岁.闭合性阴茎海绵体破裂11例,其中单纯单侧阴茎海绵体破裂8例,单侧阴茎海绵体破裂合并Buck筋膜破裂2例,双侧阴茎海绵体破裂合并尿道断裂1例.开放性阴茎海绵体破裂11例,其中单纯单侧阴茎海绵体破裂5例,单侧阴茎海绵体破裂合并尿道断裂1例,双侧阴茎海绵体破裂合并其他复合性损伤5例.探及破裂口的位置:阴茎海绵体单一破裂口位于阴茎远侧1/3部位12例,阴茎海绵体单一破裂口位于阴茎近侧5例,阴茎海绵体有多处破裂口的有5例.探及海绵体裂开的形状:基本为横形的有16例,斜形或其他复杂形的有6例.以上所有患者均在受伤后4～12h内进行手术治疗,术中探查结果与彩超检查基本一致.结论 彩色多普勒超声检查简便、迅速、安全、准确率高,可以有效指导手术方式方法的选择,因此是本病的首选检查诊断方法.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断肾动脉瘤

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断肾动脉瘤的价值。方法回顾性分析经CTA或手术证实的5例肾动脉瘤超声表现,评价病变大小、边界、位置、内部回声及血流特点。结果 4例经超声检查获得准确定位及诊断,1例误诊为胰尾囊肿;灰阶超声显示动脉局限性扩张呈球形或梭形,内部均匀无回声,其中1例瘤壁附着血栓,呈低回声;CDFI显示瘤体内部血流为涡流;PWD显示瘤体内部为动脉血流频谱。结论肾动脉瘤超声表现具有特征性,灰阶超声结合CDFI及PWD对于诊断肾动脉瘤具有重要价值。     

Management of acute scrotum in children--the impact of Doppler ultrasound

Background

Investigation of the value of scrotal Doppler ultrasound (DUS) in the diagnosis of acute scrotum and its impact on the treatment strategy was undertaken.

Method

Seventy-nine children (mean age, 9.2 years) with acute scrotum were prospectively studied. The protocol included history, clinical examination, scrotal DUS, and standard laboratory analysis. Depending on scrotal DUS findings, the children were treated either nonoperatively (normal or increased testicular blood flow) or surgically (reduced or absent testicular blood flow). A follow-up investigation 6 weeks after discharge included a scrotal DUS.

Results

In 66 children (84%), the result of DUS determined the management; 26 children with hyperperfusion (epididymitis and orchitis), 18 children with appendix testis torsion (ATT), and 9 children with normal perfusion (edema and hematoma) were treated nonoperatively. The follow-up examination revealed no testicular atrophy and confirmed the primary diagnosis. Ten children without testicular perfusion and suspected torsion and 3 children with orchitis and pyocele were surgically explored, and again, the initial DUS diagnosis was verified. In the remaining 13 patients (16%), the result of the ultrasound examination was unclear. Of these, 6 children were noncompliant and refused to undergo ultrasonography. Another 4 children were explored because of persistence of symptoms. In 3 additional patients, a testicular tumor was suspected. All these 13 children underwent surgical exploration, revealing inflammation (epididymitis) in 6 children and acute ATT in 4 children, whereas the suspected tumor emerged as postacute ATT in 3 boys.

Conclusion

In 84% of children with acute scrotal pain, the DUS was able to differentiate between surgical emergencies and other etiologies. In 16% of our pediatric patients, the DUS remained unclear, thereby necessitating surgical exploration.     

Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute scrotal pain

Pre-operative Doppler ultrasonography was performed on 41 patients who underwent an emergency scrotal exploration because of the clinical suspicion of a testicular torsion. The final diagnoses were testicular torsion in 18 patients, epididymitis in 15 patients and torsion of a testicular appendage in 8 patients. An unequivocal indication as to the presence or absence of a testicular torsion was obtained in 31 patients (76 per cent), an equivocal result was obtained in 5 patients and in 5 patients the examination was unsatisfactory. The sensitivity and specificity of the investigation for the diagnosis of testicular torsion were 67 per cent and 83 per cent respectively, and the predictive value of either a positive or negative result was 100 per cent. Our results suggest that the use of Doppler ultrasonography could reduce the incidence of unnecessary operations without incurring the risk of reduced testicular salvage.     

Prospective comparison of colour doppler ultrasonography and testicular scintigraphy in acute scrotum

The aim of this prospective study was to compare the effectiveness of colour Doppler ultrasound and testicular scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of acute scrotum. Ten patients were investigated by clinical examination initially and by both techniques afterwards. Scintigraphy was performed in a blind fashion. According to the findings, 3 patients were categorized as acute ischaemia and 7 as inflammation. The 3 patients diagnosed as ischaemia underwent surgical exploration. Both imaging techniques predicted ischaemia (100%). In the inflammation group conservative therapy and follow-up were chosen. Ultrasonography alone established the correct diagnosis in 7/7, whereas scintigraphy in 5/7 of the patients.     

Power Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute childhood pyelonephritis

In the absence of specific symptomatology in children, the early diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is a challenge, particularly during infancy. In an attempt to differentiate APN from lower urinary tract infection (UTI), we evaluated the ability of power Doppler ultrasonography (PDU) to predict renal parenchymal involvement, as assessed by dimercaptosuccinic acid (^99m Tc-DMSA) scintigraphy. The study comprised 62 patients, 46 girls and 16 boys, aged 2 weeks to 5 years, admitted to the pediatric department with febrile UTI. All children were examined by PDU and DMSA scintigraphy within the first 3 days of admission. In the group of 31 patients with one or more DMSA scan abnormalities, the PDU showed a matching perfusion defect in 27 (87%). Of 26 children with normal DMSA scintigraphy, the PDU evaluation was also normal in 24. The sensitivity and specificity of PDU for the detection of affected kidneys were 87% and 92.3%, and the positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 93.1% and 85.7%, respectively. These data indicate the PDU has a high sensitivity and specificity for differentiating APN from lower UTI and may be a useful and practical tool for the diagnosis of APN in infants and children.     

彩色多普勒超声在诊断肝移植术后并发症中的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后并发症的诊断价值。方法回顾分析彩色多普勒超声对95例肝移植患者术后并发症的诊断结果。结果95例中发现肝动脉血栓形成3例（3.15%）,肝动脉狭窄2例（2.10%）,门静脉血栓形成1例（1.05%）,门静脉狭窄1例（1.05%）,下腔静脉狭窄2例（2.10%）,胆道并发症10例（10.52%）,排异反应7例（7.36%）,浆膜腔积液93例（97.89%）,肝周血肿7例（7.36%）,肿瘤复发5例（29.41%）。结论彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后并发症诊断中具有重要的实用价值。     

Color Doppler ultrasonography percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of vascular access grafts

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is a possible treatment for stenosis. This study aimed to verify the impact of a vascular access (VA) surveillance protocol, based on the detection of functional changes and their correction by a new PTA method for VA performed under color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) guidance. We divided the patients into two groups: group A, before May 1999 (retrospective study) without the surveillance protocol, and group B, from 1 May 1999 to January 2001 (prospective study) with the surveillance protocol. Access blood flow (Qa) was assessed every 4 weeks by ultrasound velocity dilution. In cases of a reduction of >or=35% from the baseline value, VA was examined using CDU: if a stenosis >50% was detected, angioplasty was performed. In cases of Qa reduction <35% we continued monitoring. By Coxs multivariate analyses, only the use of PTA with or without stenting reduced the relative risk of thrombosis by 64% during the follow-up (p=0.017 confidence intervals 88%-15%) in group B patients. Secondary patency was 80% for VA in which we performed PTA with or without stenting at 18 months, and 58% at 18 months in which we did not perform PTA. Our data show how PTA under CDU is useful to maintain and to improve graft patency. This PTA under CDU guidance allows patients to avoid surgical intervention, hospitalization, and adverse reactions to contrast media and exposure to ionizing radiation, with reduced cost and with better graft survival.     

Color Doppler ultrasonography as a routine clinical examination in male infertility

AIM: We assessed the value of scrotal color Doppler ultrasonography as a routine examination in infertile men. METHODS: Color Doppler ultrasonography was performed in 545 infertile men with a mean age of 35.8 years to detect intrascrotal abnormalities. Findings were compared with those of physical examination. RESULTS: Intrascrotal abnormalities were detected by ultrasonography in 65.3% of patients. Of 374 abnormalities, 58.3% were undetected by physical examination. Left varicocele was found in 313 patients (57.4%); testicular microlithiasis in 30 (5.5%); epididymal cyst in 21 (3.9%); right varicocele in 4 (0.8%); and testicular cysts in 3 (0.6%). One occurrence each (0.2%) was found for testicular tumor, intrascrotal hemangioma, and hydrocele of the spermatic cord. Compared to ultrasonography, sensitivity in detecting left varicocele by physical examination was 58.4%; specificity, 79.3%; accuracy, 67.3%; and positive predictive value, 79.3%. Venous diameters in the pampiniform plexus were 3 mm or more in 61.5% of 130 subclinical left varicoceles. Of 30 patients with testicular microlithiasis, 14 had varicocele, 2 had epididymal cyst,s 3 had a history of mumps orchitis, 1 had retractile testis, and 1 had a history of orchiectomy for contralateral testicular tumor. CONCLUSIONS: The routine Color Doppler ultrasonography is valuable for diagnosing scrotal abnormalities in infertile men, frequently detecting non-palpable lesions.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断巨大甲状旁腺腺瘤1例

患者女,49岁,4个月前偶然发现右颈部包块,持续增大,伴隐痛,无恶心、呕吐,无寒战发热,无声音嘶哑,无饮水呛咳等不适。查体：右颈部可扪及3.5cm×5.0cm包块,质韧,无触痛,以＂右侧甲状腺占位＂收入院。入院后放射性核素显像：甲状旁腺显像,未见甲状旁腺腺瘤征象（图1）。颈部CT：     

彩色多普勒超声对阴囊急症的诊断价值

为评价彩色多普勒超声（ＣＤ）对阴囊急症的应用价值，采用Ａｃｕｓｏｎ１２８ＸＰ／１０型电脑声像仪对５３例阴囊急症进行检查。５３例阴囊急症中４１例经非手术治疗及超声随访证实诊断，１２例经手术及病理确诊，ＣＤ诊断符合率９６．２％（５１／５３）。结果表明，ＣＤ能够区别睾丸扭转或急性炎症以及睾丸肿瘤或局灶性炎症，并可评价阴囊外伤的程度及预后。认为ＣＤ可成为诊断阴囊急症的首选方法。     

The applied value of medical history,physical examination,colour‐Doppler ultrasonography and testis scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of acute scrotum

Acute scrotum, especially testicular torsion, is a common surgical emergency. A delay in diagnosis or management may lead to permanent testicular ischaemic damage. Thus, it is particularly important to differentiate testicular torsion from other acute scrotum conditions as soon as possible. Our study has retrospectively investigated 358 patients with acute scrotum admitted to our hospital from the year 2007 to 2016. We have collected a thorough history and clinical data and drew the conclusion by comparing clinical features of different acute scrotum cases, medical history, imaging and surgical findings. Therefore, we propose an innovative “Testicular Torsion (TT) Green Channel” concept. Through the combination of a comprehensive medical history, physical examination and auxiliary colour‐Doppler ultrasonography, the diagnosis of testicular torsion is definite in most circumstances. Testis scintigraphy is a novel and complementary diagnostic modality that can reduce the negative exploration rate in ambiguous and certain cases. The TT Green Channel is a new concept in the management of testicular torsion.     

Color Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of vascular abnormalities associated with ureteropelvic junction obstruction

PURPOSE: To determine if color Doppler ultrasonography is able to identify vascular abnormalities linked to ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used color Doppler scanning in 21 patients to determine whether there were aberrant vessels. RESULTS: The study detected 11 aberrant vessels, resulting in 10 true positives and 9 true negatives. Thus, the overall diagnostic accuracy was 90.4%. CONCLUSION: Color Doppler ultrasonography is reliable in the preoperative diagnosis of aberrant vessels associated with UPJ obstruction.