HPLC法测定抗601合剂中黄芩苷的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立抗601合剂中黄芩苷的含量测定方法。方法: 采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Agilent Eclipse Plus C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm）,流动相为甲醇：0.1%磷酸溶液(48∶52),检测波长为280 nm,柱温为室温(25 ℃),流速为0.8 ml·min^-1,进样体积为20 μl。结果: 黄芩苷测定质量浓度在18.897～188.975 μg·mL^-1范围内与其相应峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 9);平均加样回收率为99.86%,RSD为0.32% (n=9)。结论:该方法专属性、重复性、准确性好,可用于抗601合剂中黄芩苷的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定黄连上清片中4种成分的含量

摘 要 目的： 提高黄连上清片质量标准,建立同时测定绿原酸、栀子苷、黄芩苷、盐酸小檗碱4种成分含量的方法。方法: 采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为DiamonsilTM C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为二元梯度系统,其中溶剂A为乙腈,溶剂B为0.3%磷酸水溶液,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为238 nm,柱温30℃,进样量为10 μl。结果: 绿原酸、栀子苷、黄芩苷、盐酸小檗碱的线性范围分别为8.11～81.10 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 7)、13.08～130.80 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 7)、10.76～107.60 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 8)、7.92～79.20 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 8)范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为99.19%(RSD=0.9%)、98.44%(RSD=1.1%)、99.12%(RSD=1.0%)、99.18%(RSD=1.1%)(n=9)。结论:该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于黄连上清片的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定和肝利胆颗粒中栀子苷和黄芩苷的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立和肝利胆颗粒中栀子苷和黄芩苷的含量测定方法。方法: 采用高效液相色谱法,用Dionex C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以甲醇为流动相A,0.5%冰醋酸溶液为流动相B,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为239 nm,柱温:30℃,进样量：10 μl。结果: 栀子苷和黄芩苷与其相邻杂质峰能完全分离,栀子苷在7.890～78.900 μg·mL^-1的浓度范围内有良好的线性关系,r=0.999 9;黄芩苷在8.020～80.200 μg·mL^-1的浓度范围内有良好的线性关系,r=0.999 9。栀子苷和黄芩苷的平均回收率分别为99.8%(RSD=2.1% ,n=6）和99.5%(RSD=1.5%,n=6）。结论: 本方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于该药的质量控制的评价。     

SPE-HPLC法同时测定安神补脑液中二苯乙烯苷和淫羊藿苷的含量

摘 要 目的: 建立安神补脑液中二苯乙烯苷和淫羊藿苷的含量测定方法。方法: 以XTerra RP C₁₈色谱柱为分离柱,以甲醇-水(60∶40)为流动相,检测波长：320 nm;柱温：30℃;流速：1.0 ml·min^-1;进样量：10 μl。结果:二苯乙烯苷的线性范围为10.62～127.44 μg·ml^-1,r=0.999 6,平均回收率为98.26％,RSD＝1.01％（n=6）;淫羊藿苷的线性范围为0.82～9.89 μg·ml^-1,r=0.999 7,平均回收率为98.59％,RSD＝1.33％（n=6）。结论:该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于安神补脑液中二苯乙烯苷和淫羊藿苷的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定不同产地垂盆草药材中木犀草苷的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立反相高效液相色谱法测定垂盆草药材中木犀草苷的含量。方法: 采用Waters SymmetryShield C₁₈ (250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) 色谱柱;以四氢呋喃 甲醇 水 磷酸（9〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗17〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗74〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗0.25）为流动相,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为350 nm,柱温为35℃,进样量为10 μl。结果: 木犀草苷在5.2～208.0μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）范围内呈现良好的线性关系;平均回收率为99.12％,RSD=0.94%（n=6）。结论:该方法简便、灵敏、准确、专属性强,重复性好,可作为垂盆草药材中木犀草苷含量测定的方法。     

HPLC法同时测定泻肝安神丸中龙胆苦苷、栀子苷、黄芩苷的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法同时测定泻肝安神丸中龙胆苦苷、栀子苷、黄芩苷的含量。方法: 采用Phenomenex Luna C18(2)柱（250 mm×4.60 mm,5 μm）,以甲醇－0.2%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长为254 nm,进样量为10 μl。结果: 龙胆苦苷在10.55~168.80 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为98.68％,RSD为1.2％（n=6）;栀子苷在29.85~477.60 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 8）,平均回收率为98.76％,RSD为1.1％（n=6）;黄芩苷在43.05~688.80 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 7）,平均回收率为98.36％,RSD为1.4％（n=6）。结论:该方法简单、准确,可同时测定3种成分的含量,可用于泻肝安神丸的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定参芪苓口服液中党参炔苷的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立测定参芪苓口服液中党参炔苷含量测定的的方法。方法: 采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX SB C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈 0.2%磷酸溶液(16∶84,V/V),流速:1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温为25℃,检测波长284 nm,进样量为10 μl。结果: 党参炔苷在0.019 7～0.236 4 mg·ml^-1范围内与其峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为98.92%,RSD=0.86%(n=9)。结论: 本方法简便可靠,重复性好,可用于参芪苓口服液中党参炔苷的含量测定。     

复方茵陈颗粒质量标准的建立

摘 要 目的： 建立复方茵陈颗粒的质量标准。方法: 采用薄层色谱法,对该品种中的大黄、黄芩进行专属性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法对处方中黄芩的有效成分黄芩苷进行含量测定。色谱柱为Welchrom C₁₈柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸（40∶60∶0.2）,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为280 nm,柱温为室温,进样量为20 μl。结果: 大黄、黄芩的TLC特征斑点清晰,分离度好,阴性对照无干扰。黄芩苷在1～49 μg·mL^-1的浓度范围内呈良好线性关系（r=0.999 7）,平均加样回收率为98.95%,RSD=2.52%(n= 6)。结论: 所建立的方法简单、准确、重复性良好,可用于复方茵陈颗粒质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定妇炎愈合剂中芍药苷、丹参酮ⅡA的含量

摘 要 目的: 建立同时测定妇炎愈合剂中芍药苷、丹参酮Ⅱ_A的方法。方法: 应用高效液相色谱法测定,色谱柱为Agilent XDB C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱;流动相为甲醇-0.2%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;流速为0.9 ml·min^-1,柱温35℃;检测波长230 nm（检测芍药苷）,268 nm(检测丹参酮Ⅱ_A)。结果:丹参酮Ⅱ_A、芍药苷的线性范围分别为0.516～2.581 μg（r=0.999 3）,0.364～1.819 μg（r=0.999 6）;平均加样回收率分别为96.4%（RSD=1.14%,n=5）,96.2%（RSD=1.04%,n=5）。结论:该方法简便易行、准确、重复性好,可用于妇炎愈合剂中芍药苷、丹参酮Ⅱ_A的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定尿石通丸中夏佛塔苷和橙皮苷的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立HPLC法分离和测定尿石通丸中夏佛塔苷和橙皮苷的含量。方法: 以Agilent Zobrax SB C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）为色谱柱,流动相为乙腈 甲醇 0.4%甲酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长为272 nm,流速为1.0 ml·mim^{-1,进样量:10 μl。结果: 夏佛塔苷在0.000 6 ～0.277 2 mg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1.000 0）;橙皮苷在0.002 1～0.856 8 mg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1.000 0）。夏佛塔苷平均回收率为101.83%,RSD=0.27%,橙皮苷平均回收率为98.35%,RSD=0.41%(n=6)。结论: 本方法可用于测定尿石通丸中夏佛塔苷和橙皮苷的含量。}     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.