重症脑血管病患者院内获得性肺炎临床观察

目的探讨重症脑血管病患者院内获得性肺炎（NP）的病原菌分布及抗生素应用。方法选取我院36例重症脑血管病患者,分别于入院第3d、4d、5d、9d及16d取呼吸道分泌物进行培养及药敏试验,对NP的病原学资料进行分析。结果36例重症脑血管病患者呼吸道分泌物共培养出病原菌9种、139株,出现频率位居前4位的菌株依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌。药敏试验结果表明革兰阴性（G^-）菌对亚胺培南最敏感,而革兰阳性（G^＋）菌普遍对万古霉素敏感。结论重症脑血管病患者NP的主要病原菌是金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌,金黄色葡萄球菌普遍对万古霉素敏感,故可作为治疗首选药物,而铜绿假单胞菌对丁胺卡那及环丙氟哌酸较敏感,亚胺培南次之,对头胞菌素类则耐药率较高,故前两类药物可作为铜绿假单胞菌感染的经验性用药。     

急性脑卒中并发院内获得性肺炎192例临床分析

目的 探讨急性脑卒中患者并发院内获得性肺炎的致病菌构成及防治措施.方法 回顾性分析我院192例急性脑卒中并发院内获得性肺炎患者的临床资料.结果 192例患者呼吸道分泌物培养出13种、116株致病菌,大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和金黄色葡萄球菌居前4位.其中革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南敏感,革兰阳性菌则对万古霉素敏感.结论 急性脑卒中并发院内获得性肺炎的主要致病菌为大肠埃希菌和制绿假单胞菌.对患者加强医疗护理措施.加强医院感染的管理,提高急性脑卒中并发肺炎的预见性.积极控制肺炎有利于降低其死亡率.     

重型颅脑外伤气管切开患者下呼吸道感染187例分析

目的 探讨重型颅脑外伤气管切开患者下呼吸道感染病原菌耐药状况及防治措施. 方法对神经外科病区187例重型颅脑外伤气管切开患者的气道分泌物进行细菌培养,对药敏结果进行分析,并制定控制措施. 结果主要致病菌以革兰阴性菌为主,包括不动杆菌属(22.2%)、铜绿假单胞菌(19.7%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(17.6%)和大肠埃希菌(5.8%), 对亚胺培南高度敏感.革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌(20.7%)为主,对万古霉素未发现耐药.结论 需加强消毒隔离及护理工作,合理使用抗生素,以便有效控制感染.     

老年脑卒中住院患者院内感染的病原学诊断及临床治疗

目的探讨老年脑卒中住院患者院内感染的常见病原微生物及其药物敏感性,为临床治疗提供经验参考和依据。方法选取老年脑卒中住院患者院内感染163例,取感染部位分泌物或引流物行病原微生物培养和药敏实验。结果163例发生感染的患者共检出病原微生物177株,以革兰阴性杆菌中的铜绿假单胞菌和革兰阳性菌中的金黄色葡萄球菌最为常见,其次为大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌以及产气肠杆菌对氨苄西林、哌拉西林和复方新诺明的敏感性普遍偏低,而对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感性较高。金黄色葡萄球菌对替考拉宁、万古霉素十分敏感,而对青霉素、红霉素、复方新诺明的敏感性则较低;表皮葡萄球菌对万古霉素较为敏感,而对替考拉宁则十分不敏感;粪肠球菌对替考拉宁和万古霉素敏感。结论老年脑卒中住院患者院内感染病原菌多样,在临床工作中应采取积极的措施进行预防,必要时根据经验实施抗生素预防性应用,一旦发生感染应根据细菌培养结果和药敏试验结果选择敏感抗生素进行治疗,改善患者预后。     

神经外科重症监护室获得性感染15株假单胞菌培养及药敏研究

目的 研究神经外科重症监护室（ICU）获得性感染假单胞菌属杆菌的培养及其药敏情况。方法 回顾性分析2002年1月～2006年2月神经外科ICU512例患者的呼吸道分泌物、尿、血、脑脊液标本的细菌培养、药敏资料，从中分析检获的15株假单胞杆菌细菌培养及药敏资料。结果 在15株革兰氏阴性菌（G）假单胞杆菌中，铜绿假单胞杆菌7株、产碱假单胞杆菌6株、嗜麦芽假单胞杆菌2株。对19种常用抗生素药敏试验结果为铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、氨曲南敏感率分别为85．71％、71．43％；产碱假单胞杆菌对亚胺培南和氨曲南的敏感率均为66．67％：两者对三代头孢和喹诺酮类有较高耐药性。嗜麦芽假单胞杆菌对亚胺培南及氨曲南敏感率均为100％。对其余17种抗生素均耐药。结论 神经外科患者感染假单胞杆菌是临床面临的一个严重问题，合理使用预防性抗菌药物、及时进行细菌培养和药敏试验、避免交差感染等措施可有效降低假单胞杆菌感染的发生率。提高治愈率。     

神经外科重症监护病房感染患者病原菌分析

目的了解神经外科重症监护病房感染患者致病菌流行病学特征,为预防和治疗神经外科感染提供依据。方法选择神经外科重症监护病房合并感染患者85例,采集痰、脑脊液、血、静脉插管及插管周围皮肤和手术切口分泌物,按常规方法进行细菌培养、鉴定。药敏试验采用微量稀释法,以 VITEK32药物敏感分析卡获得最低抑菌浓度,以标准菌大肠埃希菌ATCC25922、金黄色葡萄球菌 ATCC29213和铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853菌株进行质量控制。结果判断参照美国国立临床实验室标准委员会标准。结果 85例患者共收集致病菌256株,其中革兰阳性菌80株(31．25％);革兰阴性菌176株 (68．75％),非发酵菌93株(52．84％),肠杆菌科83株(47．16％)。药敏试验结果显示,主要的革兰阴性菌铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、鲍曼醋酸钙不动杆菌对碳氢酶烯类抗生素敏感;革兰阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对万古霉素敏感率为100％。结论神经外科重症监护病房的主要致病菌以革兰阴性细菌为主,其中以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、鲍曼醋酸钙不动杆菌常见;而革兰阳性致病菌则以金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主。选择抗生素应首选能覆盖主要致病菌的广谱抗生素。     

2011年神经内科住院感染患者病原菌分布及耐药谱型分析

目的了解我院神经内科住院感染患者病原菌的分布及病原菌对抗生素的耐药情况。方法分析2011年的神经内科住院感染患者病原学资料,药敏实验采用纸片扩散法,应用WHONT 5.5软件进行统计分析。结果神经内科住院感染患者以呼吸道感染为主,占67.19%,其次为泌尿道和血液感染。病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,最常见的为大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,其次为铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌;革兰阳性球菌中以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌最多。对革兰阴性杆菌敏感率大于70%的药物有亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦及头孢吡肟。对革兰阳性球菌敏感性较好的抗生素有米诺环素、氯霉素,万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺。结论神经内科住院感染患者病情较重,多重耐药株的出现给临床治疗带来困难,应该合理使用抗生素,减少耐药株的出现。     

神经外科患者脑脊液细菌流行病学和耐药性监测研究

目的调查神经外科患者脑脊液细菌流行病学特征,对其耐药性进行监测,为临床诊断及治疗提供参考。方法收集我院神经外科2001-01—2014-01送检的1 823份脑脊液标本的细菌鉴定及药敏试验结果,进行统计性和描述性研究。结果从1 823份脑脊液标本中分离致病菌株316株,分离率17.33%,革兰阳性菌204株(65%),革兰阴性菌105株(33%),最常见的病原菌有凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。革兰阳性菌敏感性较高的药物为万古霉素和利奈唑胺,革兰阴性菌敏感性较高的药物为亚胺培南和美罗培南。结论神经外科患者脑脊液感染以革兰阳性球菌为主,尤以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌多见。这些院内感染菌株对常用抗菌药物耐药性较社区感染严重,临床用药应根据药敏试验结果进行选择,避免不合理用药延误患者病情,加剧细菌的耐药性。     

小儿颅脑外伤术后院内感染的病原菌分布及耐药性监测

目的探讨小儿颅脑外伤术后院内感染的病原菌分布及耐药性。方法本研究选择的对象为2010-06—2013-04接受治疗的125例小儿颅脑外伤患者,通过采集125例小儿颅脑外伤患者的血液、尿液、痰液以及伤口分泌物进行细菌培养,采用药敏试验对致病菌的分布及其耐药性进行研究。结果检出216株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌45株(20.8%),革兰阴性菌155株(71.8%),真菌16株(7.4%)。革兰阳性菌主要包括表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌,革兰阴性菌主要包括铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌,真菌主要包括白色念珠菌与克柔念珠菌;病原菌主要感染部位在呼吸系统,占89.6%(172/192),其次为泌尿系统,占11.0%(19/192),其他部位的感染主要包括血液感染、切口的感染以及皮肤组织感染,占5.2%(10/192);铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药性最高(56.1%),对环丙沙星在耐药性最低(17.1%);大肠埃希菌对庆大霉素的耐药性最高(50.0%),对替卡西林的耐药性最低(9.1%);肺炎克雷伯菌对庆大霉素的耐药性最高(61.8%),对氨苄西林的耐药性最低(17.6%);鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药性最高(55.2%),对环丙沙星的耐药性最低(22.4%)。结论小儿多发颅脑外伤术后院内感染的致病菌主要为革兰阴性菌,致病菌的分布部位主要在呼吸系统,临床上应根据致病菌的耐药情况灵活掌握,合理选择抗生素,尽量减少耐药情况发生。     

颅脑损伤患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性调查

目的了解颅脑损伤患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药状况，为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供参考。方法对2004-012006-03颅脑损伤患者下呼吸道分离的73株细菌用梅里埃BacT／ALERT全自动微生物鉴定仪鉴定，采用纸片琼脂扩散法，按2000年美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会药物敏感试验标准判断结果。结果73例颅脑损伤并发院内下呼吸道感染患者的痰液及经气管切开取得的痰液标本培养分离所得病原株，其中革兰（氏）阴性菌（G^-）占52．05％（38株），G^＋菌占47．95％（35株）；G^-菌中以克雷伯菌属、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肠杆菌属、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌为主，5种细菌占G^-菌总数的84．2％；其中克雷伯菌属第1位。其在G菌中占31．58％；克雷伯菌属与大肠埃希菌的超广谱B内酰胺酶（extended spectrum β lactamases，ESBLs）的检出率分别为41．67％、50．00％；亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦对大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属、肠杆菌属、单胞菌、不动杆菌属等具高度敏感性。嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率达100％。G^＋菌中以葡萄球菌属与肠球菌属为主，共占G^＋菌的91，43％；金黄色葡萄球菌居首位，其在G^＋菌中占42．86％；耐苯唑西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MR—SA）占G^＋菌的93．33％。对万古霉素敏感性为100％。结论颅脑损伤并发下呼吸道感染的主要致病菌常为多重耐药菌和条件致病菌，亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦对G^-致病菌具良好敏感性。万古霉素对G^＋致病菌具高度敏感性。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.