下段颈椎脊椎功能单位活动度与椎管狭窄程度间相关性分析

目的：探讨退变性下段颈椎的脊椎功能单位（FSU）活动度与相应节段椎管狭窄程度间相关性。资料与方法：随机选取拟行手术治疗的脊髓型颈椎病病人62例。全部拍摄MRI及动力位（过伸-过屈位）颈椎侧位CR片。测量参数包括C2~C7过伸/过屈位Cobb角和,反映颈椎整体活动度;选取C3~C4、C4~C5、C5~C6三个水平的颈椎FSU过伸/过屈位Cobb角和表示FSU的节段性活动度。依据椎管狭窄等级（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级）,分别对该3个FSU活动度行统计学分析。结果：Ⅰ级椎管狭窄病人的C4~C5、C5~C6椎间活动度大于C3~C4水平,其中C4~C5、与C3~C4水平间显示统计学差异。C4~C5、椎间活动度在Ⅲ级椎管狭窄时显著降低,与Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级有统计学意义。8例未显示Ⅲ级椎管狭窄病人与54例Ⅲ级椎管狭窄病人的椎体整体活动度间差异无统计学意义。结论：颈椎FSU作为维持颈椎稳定性的基本单元,随着椎管狭窄程度的增加稳定性增加,但却以牺牲椎管空间为代价,出现椎管狭窄,联合应用动力位CR侧位片及MR检查在判定颈椎活动度与椎管狭窄程度间关系显示重要价值。     

单开门椎管扩大成形术对颈椎管狭窄症患者颈椎功能的重建作用

背景各种原因所致的颈椎管狭窄症,主要治疗方法采取后路椎板切除术,但术后效果并不十分理想.目的观察单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗各种颈椎管狭窄症患者的术后功能改善情况.设计自身前后对照观察.单位重庆医科大学附属第一医院骨科.对象选择1995-05/2004-05重庆医科大学附属第一医院骨科收治的多节段颈椎管狭窄症患者32例,男22例,女10例.脊髓型颈椎病致椎管退变性狭窄12例,发育性椎管狭窄症18例,后纵韧带骨化症2例.方法对32例颈椎管狭窄症患者采用单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗,获患者知情同意,术后随访半年.术前、术后2周及3个月脊髓功能采用日本骨科学会17分法评定(上肢和下肢功能分别为0～4分;上肢、下肢和躯干感觉分别为0～2分;膀胱功能分为0～3分.各项0分为严重障碍,最高分为正常).术后2周,3个月及半年颈椎弧度、脊柱稳定性及并发症的观察采用X射线片观察.主要观察指标①患者手术前后脊髓功能.②术后颈椎弧度、脊柱稳定性及并发症.结果按意向处理分析,32例患者均进入结果分析.①患者手术前后脊髓功能评估以日本骨科学会评估标准,12例脊髓型颈椎病致椎管退变性狭窄患者、18例发育性椎管狭窄症患者及2例后纵韧带骨化症患者,术后2周及3个月评分均显著高于术前(术前分别为5.2,5.7,5.5分;术后2周分别为9.2,9.7,9.4分;术后3个月分别为11.3,11.8,11.6分).②术后颈椎弧度、脊柱稳定性及并发症变化3例显示颈椎前屈弧度消失颈椎变直,但未见再关门及脊柱不稳现象;余29例未出现颈椎曲度异常及脊柱不稳现象.结论应用单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗各种原因所致的颈椎管狭窄症患者,术后短期及3个月时,仍能改善和提高患者脊髓功能评分,对颈椎的稳定性不产生影响.     

下颈椎前路内固定联合后路经关节金属螺钉置入固定的生物力学稳定性

背景:对退变性颈椎管狭窄单纯采用前路椎体次全切除或椎间盘切除或单纯后路单开门椎管扩大成行均不能彻底完成脊髓减压和脊柱三柱稳定。目的:探讨下颈椎前路固定联合后路经关节螺钉固定的生物力学稳定性。方法:正常成人尸体颈椎标本,每具分别制作以下两种模型:①经后路C3～C7单开门和下颈椎前路C5椎体次全切除钛网支撑植骨、ORION内固定模型(对照组)。②经后路C3～C7单开门和经关节螺钉内固定及下颈椎前路C5椎体次全切除钛网内植骨、ORION内固定模型(实验组)。结果与结论:实验组在前屈、后伸、左、右侧屈及左、右旋转移位角度均小于对照组(P<0.001)。提示:①在生物力学实验中,下颈椎前路固定联合后路经关突节螺钉固定的生物力学性能优良,对抗前屈、后伸、左、右旋转的作用力更强,颈椎可获得更可靠的稳定性。②下颈椎前路固定联合后路经关节螺钉固定在对抗颈椎前屈运动时力学稳定性更为强大。     

不同时期颈椎病患者颈椎骨密度变化与椎体变形关系

目的:通过对颈椎病患者X线和颈椎骨密度的测量,探讨不同年龄段颈椎病患者颈椎椎体变形与骨密度变化之间的关系。方法:分3组,正常组20例,平均年龄23岁;颈椎间盘突出症组(颈椎组)22例,平均年龄43岁,腰椎骨密度正常;骨质疏松合并颈椎管狭窄症组(疏松组)28例,平均年龄58岁,腰椎骨密度显示骨质疏松。所有病例测量颈椎侧位C3～C6的椎管、椎体矢状径比,椎体变形指数,C4～C6骨密度。数据进行统计学处理。结果:与正常组相比,颈椎组患者仅在C5,C6椎体出现轻度椎管狭窄,椎体变形,骨密度无明显变化;疏松组则是颈椎高度减低,周径增宽,骨密度升高,3值之间有明显的相关性。结论:椎体骨质疏松的发展与颈椎病的自然发展病程具有明确的相关性,可能是颈椎开始退变进而发展为颈椎病的始动因素之一。     

Evaluation and management of acute cervical spine trauma

The evaluation and management of cervical spine injuries is a core component of the practice of emergency medicine. This article focuses on evaluation and management of blunt cervical spine trauma by the emergency physician. Pertinent anatomy of the cervical spine and specific cervical spine fractures are discussed, with an emphasis on unstable injuries and associated spinal cord pathology. The association of vertebral artery injury with cervical spine fracture is addressed, followed by a review of the most recent literature on prehospital care. Initial considerations in the emergency department, including cervical spine stabilization and airway management, are reviewed. The most current recommendations for cervical spine imaging with regard to indications and modalities are covered. Finally, emergency department management and disposition of patients with spinal cord injuries are reviewed.     

颈椎侧块钢板治疗下颈椎骨折脱位

目的　观察颈椎侧块钢板治疗颈椎骨折、脱位的疗效。方法　对采用颈椎侧块钢板治疗 5 4例颈椎骨折、脱位患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　术后患者均无神经、血管并发症。通过 4～ 36个月的随访 ,颈椎侧块钢板对颈椎固定牢靠 ,无螺钉松脱及钢板断裂现象 ,同时对颈椎滑脱有良好的复位作用。全部达到骨性愈合 ,脊髓功能除 5例按Frankle分级为A级者术后 3个月无明显改善外 ,其余均有不同程度改善。结论　颈椎侧块钢板适用于需要后路减压的颈椎骨折、脱位 ,对其有良好的复位和固定作用 ,有利于脊髓功能的恢复 ;本方法还具有短节段固定 ,术后仅需轻便外固定 ,可早期活动等优点。该手术有一定风险 ,因此要求术者技术熟练 ,操作规范。     

"Young" cervical spinal stenotic: a review of 118 patients younger than 51 years of age

A 10-yr retrospective review of 460,964 admissions to a 1,000-bed community teaching hospital identified 555 patients with a diagnosis of cervical spinal stenosis. Of this number, 118 were classified as "young." With an occurrence rate of 26 per 100,000, in this series there was not a significant difference in sex throughout the decade. During the first 5 yrs of this study, 186 patients with cervical spinal stenosis were identified, of whom 37 were <51 yrs of age. Of 369 patients in the remaining 5-yr period with cervical spinal stenosis, 81 were <51 yrs of age. The proportion of those <51 yrs old between the two 5-yr periods was not statistically different. Although spinal stenosis, both cervical and lumbar, has been regarded as a disorder of the elderly, 21% of those with cervical spinal stenosis and 10% with lumbar spinal stenosis can be anticipated to be <51 yrs of age.     

Emergency department evaluation and treatment of the neck and cervical spine injuries

In the United States, nearly 5 million patients per year require spinal immobilization. The emergency physician (EP) must be able to efficiently and effectively manage these patients. To do so, the EP must have an understanding of cervical spine anatomy, spinal immobilization techniques, specific injury patterns, optimal imaging studies, and associated injuries and treatment modalities. This article addresses these important issues and discusses other challenges in the management of cervical spine injuries.     

A single case report of healing through specific martial art therapy: comparison of MRI to clinical resolution in severe cervical stenosis: a case report

OBJECTIVES: A 76-year-old patient with chronic and severe spinal cord compression secondary to cervical stenosis, a cervical osteophyte, and a herniated intervertebral cervical disk had lasting resolution of symptoms after completing a specific, martial art-based, physical therapy program. We wanted to determine if there were structural changes in the cervical spine that could account for the prompt resolution of symptoms. DESIGN: A 76-year-old female completed 8 weeks of a specific, martial art-based, physical therapy. The pretherapy and posttherapy cervical magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were compared. A follow-up evaluation was done at 1 year. RESULTS: The patient was symptom-free within 8 weeks of the start of therapy. She remained symptom-free at 1 year follow-up evaluation. There were no obvious structural differences in the pretherapy and posttherapy MRI studies. CONCLUSIONS: Resolution of symptoms was directly related to the specific martial art therapy. However, there were no changes in the pretherapy and posttherapy MRI studies, suggesting a significant adaptation to the spinal compression had occurred. These data suggest a viable option to surgery in elderly patients with chronic and severe cervical spinal stenosis.     

Missed cervical dissociation-recognizing and avoiding potential disaster

Complete cervical disruptions are high-energy injuries often associated with polytrauma and spinal cord injury. Because these injuries disrupt all anterior and posterior stabilizers, they result in a highly unstable spine, and the injuries are usually apparent on screening radiographs. Patients with these injuries must be identified and protected during the multiple diagnostic and surgical procedures they may require during their initial evaluation and treatment. Emergency procedures must be carefully prioritized relative to other life-threatening injuries; formal evaluation of the cervical spine may be carried out before, after, or in stages around other urgently indicated procedures. Until the cervical spine is cleared, careful observation of precautions can avoid disasterous complications in even the most unstable situation. A case of complete cervical disruption in a neurologically intact, hemodynamically unstable patient is presented for discussion. For polytraumatized patients with cervical dissociation, combined anterior and posterior stabilization is the treatment of choice.     

下颈椎骨折脱位伴颈髓损伤患者的预见性护理

目的 探讨下颈椎骨折伴颈髓损伤患者的预见性护理要点.方法 在11例下颈椎骨折脱位伴颈髓损伤患者预见性护理中,加强病人及家属的心理护理术前做好相关准备同时加强并发症的预防,术后密切监测生命体征及病情变化,做好基础护理同时重视并发症的预防,加强康复训练.结果 通过各项预见性护理,11例下颈椎骨折脱位伴颈髓损伤患者中,有1例术后发生颈部血肿及时清除恢复顺利,1例肺部感染经综合治疗痊愈,1例低钠血症积极治疗后恢复正常.余无其他并发症发生.结论 良好有效的预见性护理能提高病人及家属的依从性及满意度,降低并发症及残障率,提高治愈率,促进病人康复.     

专业运动员脊柱脊髓损伤后重返赛场的研究进展

专业运动员的脊柱伤病是损伤预防和运动康复领域中的重要临床研究课题。本文根据疾病分类回顾目前运动员脊柱脊髓损伤后重返赛场的相关情况,包括颈椎(颈部软组织损伤、颈椎骨折和脱位、颈椎管狭窄症、颈椎间盘突出症、刺痛和烧灼痛)、胸椎(胸椎骨折)、腰椎(腰肌劳损、腰椎峡部裂、腰椎滑脱、腰椎间盘突出症)和脊髓震荡与脊髓损伤。本文还分析了运动员颈、胸、腰段脊柱脊髓损伤后重返赛场的标准,以期为未来临床管理和建立共识/指南提供参考。     

Intermittent cervical traction: a progenitor of lumbar radicular pain.

Twelve patients treated with cervical traction for complaints of cervical radicular pain subsequently developed lumbar radicular discomfort. Intermittent cervical traction therapy had been initiated at 15 pounds and increased to 30 pounds. Lumbar spine roentgenographs in four patients demonstrated a transitional lumbar vertebrae and ten patients had evidence of spinal osteoarthritis with associated degenerative changes. Abnormal electroneuromyographs were found in four patients. In two additional patients with normal electromyographs, the spinal evoked potentials were asymmetrically slowed suggesting chronic lumbar root compromise. The onset of lumbar radiculopathy after intermittent cervical traction suggests that axial tension induced in the spinal cord's dural coverings can be transmitted to lumbar nerve roots. When these structures are tethered by anatomic variants and/or associated degenerative changes, spinal root excursion may be limited, and lumbar pain may be precipitated by traction.     

下颈椎前路内固定联合后路经关节金属螺钉置入固定的生物力学稳定性

背景：对退变性颈椎管狭窄单纯采用前路椎体次全切除或椎间盘切除或单纯后路单开门椎管扩大成行均不能彻底完成脊髓减压和脊柱三柱稳定。目的：探讨下颈椎前路固定联合后路经关节螺钉固定的生物力学稳定性。方法：正常成人尸体颈椎标本,每具分别制作以下两种模型：①经后路C3～C7单开门和下颈椎前路C5椎体次全切除钛网支撑植骨、ORION内固定模型（对照组）。②经后路C3～C7单开门和经关节螺钉内固定及下颈椎前路C5椎体次全切除钛网内植骨、ORION内固定模型（实验组）。结果与结论：实验组在前屈、后伸、左、右侧屈及左、右旋转移位角度均小于对照组（P〈0.001）。提示：①在生物力学实验中,下颈椎前路固定联合后路经关突节螺钉固定的生物力学性能优良,对抗前屈、后伸、左、右旋转的作用力更强,颈椎可获得更可靠的稳定性。②下颈椎前路固定联合后路经关节螺钉固定在对抗颈椎前屈运动时力学稳定性更为强大。     

Pott's disease of the cervical spine

Tuberculosis of the cervical spine is relatively rare, and the diagnosis is often delayed. Roentgenograms and computerized tomography of the cervical spine can provide important diagnostic clues. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment, but when neurologic deficits are present the best treatment is debridement and anterior spinal fusion combined with antituberculous chemotherapy. The incidence of tuberculosis is increasing in parallel with the growing numbers of immunocompromised patients. Awareness of the manifestations of cervical Pott's disease may lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment of affected patients.     

MRI观察成人无骨折、脱位型颈髓损伤

目的 分析成人无骨折、脱位颈椎外伤合并颈脊髓损伤的MR表现及其临床意义.方法 收集该病患者38例,入院时均行颈椎X线、CT及MR检查,其中男32例,女6例,年龄24～62岁,平均(42.0±0.4)岁.结果 本组病例X线、CT及MR检查均未见颈椎骨折及脱位.脊髓MRI信号改变包括脊髓信号无改变4例,髓内水肿30例,髓内出血9例,脊髓软化或囊性变4例以及增强后有强化13例.其他MRI表现包括颈椎后纵韧带骨化或颈椎间盘退变或损伤后突出等,为脊髓受压迫的原因.结论 MRI可为无骨折、脱位型颈脊髓损伤患者的诊断与正确治疗提供依据.MRI无信号改变或仅有水肿表现者预后较好,髓内出血或者异常强化者预后较差.     

Anterior cervical corpectomy decompression and fusion for cervical kyphosis in a girl with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome:A case report

BACKGROUND Spinal deformities in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome(EDS; type VI) are generally progressive and severe. Surgical treatment has been described for kyphoscoliosis in the thoracolumbar spine. However, there are few studies describing the consequences of an anterior approach in cervical kyphosis. An anterior approach may not be able to fully decompress the spinal canal and restore the normal curvature of the cervical spine. Therefore, the anterior approach for cervical kyphosis in young children is hard. We describe the first case in an EDS girl with cervical kyphosis who received satisfactory anterior cervical corpectomy decompression and fusion.CASE SUMMARY The chief complaints of a 16-year-old girl with EDS were double upper limb weakness for 7 years and double lower limb walking instability for 2 years.Moreover, the imaging results revealed that the degree of kyphosis from cervical vertebra 2 to 4 accompanying with spinal cord compression was 30°. An anterior cervical corpectomy involving cervical vertebra 3 and a titanium mesh implant were performed with internal fixation. The results at 3 mo after surgery demonstrated that the anterior fusion was solid, and the kyphosis of the cervical spine was corrected. Additionally, the power of all four extremities was significantly improved.CONCLUSION The incidence rate of cervical kyphosis in EDS is rare. The surgical treatment for these patients, especially an anterior approach, is challenging. Therefore, to develop safer and more effective strategies to treat cervical kyphosis in EDS,there is still much work to do.     

后路减压固定“三明治”植骨椎管扩大成形术治疗颈椎管狭窄症

目的探讨后路减压固定"三明治"植骨颈椎管扩大成形术的效果。方法对58例颈椎管狭窄症的患者,后路全椎板切除椎管减压固定后应用"三明治"植骨法行椎管扩大成形术。所有患者做术前、术后的JOA评分,并术前、术后行X线摄片、三维CT,MRI检查观察颈椎管容积、脊髓信号、植骨融合情况。结果所有的患者行3个月以上随访,平均随访时间为15个月。临床评分:手术前平均JOA评分6.85分,手术后平均9.65分,末次随访时平均13.50分,术后三维CT提示植骨成活,椎管管径扩大;MRI检查显示:脊髓后移3～6mm,脊髓受压解除。结论应用"三明治"植骨行颈椎后路椎管扩大成形术疗效满意,是一种新的治疗颈椎管狭窄症方法。     

颈椎椎弓根钉置入治疗颈椎骨折脱位:操作技术、并发症及生物相容性

背景:熟悉颈椎解剖及椎弓根螺钉的特性,术中规范操作以及个体化置钉等是置入治疗成功的关键.目的:了解颈椎椎弓根钉材料置入治疗颈椎骨折脱位术中和随访期内材料及宿主反应及置入后脊髓神经功能的恢复情况.设计:病例分析.单位:解放军沈阳军区总医院骨科.对象:选择2002-02/2006-02解放军沈阳军区总医院骨科具有完整随访病例资料的颈椎骨折脱位患者41例.18例合并脊髓损伤,按Frankel分级:A级6例,8级1例,C级4例,D级7例.方法:①采用经椎弓根内固定置入治疗颈椎骨折脱位41例.病例于术前行X射线片、CT及MRI检查,根据测量结果对每一椎弓根钉实施个体化置入.②所有手术均由同一术者完成,施术者为第一作者,主任医师,术者资格符合岗位技术职责要求.主要观察指标:①螺钉置入过程中材料及宿主反应.②术后及随访过程中材料及宿主反应.③置入后脊髓神经功能恢复情况.结果:41例全部获得6～12个月随访,切口均Ⅰ期愈合.①螺钉置入过程中材料和宿主反应:共置入218枚螺钉.12枚在初次置钉后有松动感,其中11枚经调整进钉点和进钉方向或,和增加螺钉直径或长度后松动感消失,另外1枚经上述处理无效后通过增加固定节段维持了稳定性.10枚钻孔后钉道出血较多,经处理后出血停止:3例在显露时造成C1.2问静脉从出血,经压迫止血后出血停止,其中1例因术野不清改用Apofix内固定.②术后及随访过程中材料反应及宿主反应:共置入螺钉218枚.196枚位置正确,22枚存在不同程度偏差,其中1枚造成神经根损伤,1枚疑有血管损伤.38例获满意复位并骨性愈合,3例因系陈旧骨折脱位术中复位不完全并出现神经根刺激症状,其中1例术后因退钉而改行前路手术;其余未发现椎动脉、脊髓、神经根损伤及内固定破坏.③置入后脊髓神经功能恢复情况:18例合并脊髓损伤者神经功能除A级6例无变化外,余12例均有1～2级改善.结论:①颈椎椎弓根钉材料置入后发生生物相容性反应的几率低.②置钉后脊髓神经功能恢复较好,是治疗颈椎骨折脱位有效且相对安全的方法之一.     

棘突椎板原位回植在椎管内肿瘤后路手术椎管重建中的应用

目的 探讨棘突椎板原位回植在椎管内肿瘤后路手术椎管重建中的作用.方法 我院于2007年8月至2009年3月收治的11例椎管内肿瘤患者,在后路手术时采用肿瘤切除后棘突椎板复合体原位回植,用微钛片进行固定行椎板重建术.髓内肿瘤2例,髓外肿瘤9例;病变位于颈部2例,颈胸段4例,胸段2例,胸腰段2例,腰段1例.随访6～24个月,复查术区疼痛、椎管畸形及骨性愈合等情况.结果 11例患者未发生因椎板重建所导致的硬脊膜、神经根及脊髓的损伤;1例存在术区中至重度疼痛,2例存在轻度疼痛;未出现脊柱活动受限的病例,CT或X线检查未见椎管狭窄表现;9例椎板均有不同程度的骨性愈合,其中5例椎板完全愈合.结论 椎管内肿瘤后路手术采用微钛片进行椎板重建,有助于恢复脊柱正常的生理结构,保持脊柱的稳定性,避免医源性椎管狭窄的发生,是一种值得推广的安全有效的技术.