亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤患者体液免疫功能变化的研究

本院于2002年7月至2005年12月。应用亚低温治疗救治重型颅脑损伤患51例。并与同期常温对照组的46例进行对比观察，旨在进一步探讨亚低温治疗对重型颅脑损伤患体液免疫功能和预后的影响。     

亚低温辅助治疗对重型颅脑损伤患者颅内压及预后的影响

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤患者采用亚低温辅助治疗对其颅内压及预后的影响。方法回顾性分析本院2014年10月至2015年10月70例重型颅脑损伤患者临床治疗情况。其中以手术、脱水治疗、吸氧等基础治疗35例为对照组;另35例则在对照组治疗基础上实施亚低温治疗为观察组。采用颅内压监护仪动态监测患者入院时、治疗第1、3、5、7天颅内动态压变化;统计两组患者预后情况。结果两组患者颅内压随着时间的延长而不断下降,第1、3、5、7天颅内压与入院时比较,然观察组变化程度较对照组显著,P<0.05;观察组恢复良好率为54.3%明显高于对照组28.6%,而死亡率8.6%明显低于对照组31.4%,P<0.05。结论亚低温辅助治疗重型颅脑损伤有利于降低患者颅内压,改善其预后。     

重型颅脑损伤院内获得性肺炎的病原菌及耐药情况分析

目的研究重型颅脑损伤患者院内获得性肺炎的病原菌及其耐药情况。方法选取我院ICU病房住院时间>48h的连续患者为研究对象,每日常规体格检查,并检查血常规、胸部X线等,同时抽取呼吸道分泌物进行细菌培养和药敏试验。结果院内获得性肺炎的发病率是53.74%;细菌培养的阳性率是73.42%,其中革兰氏阴性菌占65.53%,革兰氏阳性菌占26.72%;四种常见的致细菌占65.53%,分别是铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。结论重型颅脑损伤院内获得性肺炎的病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主,四种常见病原菌除肺炎克雷伯菌外对临床常用抗菌素具有较高的耐药率。     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床体会

目的 探讨亚低温脑保护疗法对救治重型颅脑损伤的疗效。方法 将132例重型颅脑损伤随机平均分为治疗组与对照组，进行对比分析，并且前瞻性分析两组疗效。结果 治疗组66例患者，存活率为77．3％，恢复良好率54．5％（36／66），病死率18．2％（12／66）。疗效明显优于对照组，未发生相关的并发症。结论 亚低温治疗能显著降低重型颅脑损伤患者的死亡率，改善颅脑损伤患者神经功能预后，并具有安全、显著降低病死率及癫痫发生率等优点。     

冬眠亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤

目的：探讨冬眠亚低温在重型颅脑损伤中的应用及疗效。方法：对本科自2003年10月至2005年10月间收治的重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为常温治疗组32例和亚低温治疗组32例。分别给予常温治疗和亚低温治疗。结果：冬眠亚低温治疗组恢复良好17例（53．1％）,死亡5例05．6％）,常温组恢复良好12例（37．5％）,死亡8例（25％）。两组相比差异显著（P〈0．05）。结论：冬眠亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤简便,安全有效,能显著降低死残率,提高治愈率。     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的观察及护理

亚低温是轻度低温（３３℃～３５℃）和中度低温（２９℃～３２℃）的合称。国内临床研究大都选择３３℃～３５℃轻度低温治疗重型颅脑损伤，疗效显著犤１犦。本院颅脑外科在１９９９年１０月至２００２年２月，对４８例重型颅脑损伤患者施行亚低温疗法，取得一定疗效。现将观察方法及护理体会报告如下。临床资料１．一般资料：本组４８例，男３８例，女１０例；年龄１９～６８岁，平均４１岁。病人均经CT扫描和临床表现诊断为重型颅脑损伤，GCS评分３～８分。２．方法：本组病人均于入院４～６小时内开始亚低温治疗。降温采用Medi－Ther…     

亚低温治疗护理对神经外科危重患者神经功能及预后的影响

目的探讨亚低温治疗护理对神经外科危重患者神经功能及预后的影响。方法将153例创伤性颅脑损伤患者按入院先后分为对照组(76例)和观察组(77例),对照组接受神经外科常规护理,观察组在上述基础上实施亚低温治疗护理。观察两组患者干预后3个月神经功能缺损评分、Barthel日常生活能力指数、Fugl-Meyer躯体运动功能量表的变化以及预后差异。结果干预后3个月,观察组神经功能缺损评分(16.57±5.42)显著低于对照组;Barthel日常生活能力指数、Fugl-Meyer躯体运动功能量表评分(68.59±7.33、76.83±8.33)显著高于对照组;观察组预后情况显著优于对照组(均P0.01)。结论亚低温治疗护理能有效促进神经外科危重患者神经功能及躯体运动功能的恢复,改善预后,提高日常生活能力。     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的监护进展

在重型颅脑损伤的治疗中,亚低温能显著减轻脑损伤后神经功能障碍和脑病理形态损害,保护血脑屏障功能,从而明显降低重型颅脑损伤患者的病死率[1],提高存活率和恢复良好率。但低温治疗亦可引起心肺功能、血液凝固系统及免疫机能的障碍,导致并发症的发生,严密观察病情及精心的护理对预防并发症的发生尤为重要。1　治疗机制亚低温治疗的机制尚未完全阐明,但已有实验研究指出可能机制有:1降低氧耗,改善能量代谢,减轻酸中毒;2抑制内源性毒性产物对脑细胞的损害;3减少Ca2+内流,调节Ca2+靶酶活性;4减轻再灌注脑损伤,保护血脑屏障,减轻脑水肿;5保护…     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤临床研究

目的观察亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效。方法将43例重型颅脑损伤(格拉斯哥昏迷评分<8分)病人分为两组:亚低温组(22例)采用全身冰毯降温,使体温降至32~35℃5d,同时使用冬眠合剂;对照组(21例)给予常规治疗。结果亚低温组病人预后良好率60%(13/22),病死率26%(5/22);对照组预后良好率29%(6/22),病死率48%(10/21),两组病人疗效比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤疗效明显优于常温治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效。     

标准大骨瓣减压术联合选择性脑局部亚低温对重型颅脑损伤的疗效分析

目的探讨标准大骨瓣减压术联合选择性脑局部亚低温对重型颅脑损伤的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2007年12月91例在本院神经外科住院的重型颅脑损伤的患者,均行标准大骨瓣减压术,根据术后有无行选择性脑局部亚低温治疗分为A、B两组,比较术后颅内压的变化及治疗预后。结果两组术后颅内压均在同一水平,在行亚低温治疗后,A组在术后24小时、48小时、72小时颅内压明显较治疗前降低,B组在术后48小时、72小时颅内压明显较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;A组在术后24小时、72小时的颅内压明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。A组治疗有效率为42．9％,明显高于对照组21．4％,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。结论标准大骨瓣减压术是救治重型颅脑损伤的患者有效的方式,术后给予脑局部亚低温能显著降低颅内压,改善患者预后。     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤临床分析

目的研究亚低温对重型颅脑损伤患者颅内压（ICP）及并发症的影响。方法重型颅脑损伤患者68例,随机分为亚低温组（n=38）及常温常规治疗组（n=30）。亚低温组接受32℃～35℃低温治疗,常温常规治疗组除亚低温治疗外,其余治疗同亚低温组。比较两组的ICP、预后和并发症的差异。结果亚低温治疗组伤后ICP显著低于常温常规治疗组（P（0.01）。预后显著好于常温常规治疗组（P〈0.05）。应激性溃疡、肝肾功能异常和外伤性癫痫的发生率显著低于常温常规治疗组（P〈0.01）。结论亚低温对重型颅脑损伤患者ICP升高有明显的治疗作用,可以改善重型颅脑损伤患者的预后,减少全身并发症。     

Definition and epidemiology of mild traumatic brain injury

Background/objectivesThe definition of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), also known as concussion, has been a matter of controversy, which makes comparison between studies difficult. Incidence varies greatly from one country to another. The present article reviews definitions and epidemiology.MethodsLiterature review.ResultsAccording to the Mild TBI Committee of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, revised by the World Health Organization (WHO), mTBI is defined by a Glasgow Coma Scale score between 13 and 15 at 30 minutes post-injury, and one or more of the following symptoms: <30 min loss of consciousness; <24 hours post-traumatic amnesia (PTA); impaired mental state at time of accident (confusion, disorientation, etc.); and/or transient neurological deficit. If a focal lesion is found on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the term “complicated mild TBI” has been proposed. Incidence of mTBI is 200–300/100,000 persons per year for hospitalized patients and probably twice as high if non-hospitalized patients are included. However, a few recent population-based studies reported a much higher rate (>700/100,000). A changing pattern of epidemiology has been found in high-income countries, related to a decrease in road-accident injuries in young adults, while conversely the proportion of falls has increased with population aging.ConclusionMild TBI is a major public health concern, the epidemiology of which has greatly changed in the last twenty years.     

集束化治疗对重型颅脑外伤呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床研究

目的探讨重型颅脑外伤呼吸机相关性肺炎患者集束化治疗效果。方法采用单中心前后对照研究。对本院ICU2008年6月1日至2010年5月31日重型颅脑外伤有创机械通气患者41例实施呼吸机集束化治疗。所用患者采取头高位、加强口咽部护理、声门下间断冲洗引流、检查患者及各项操作前严格洗手、定期更换呼吸机管道等集束化治疗措施。观察其体温、痰量、血象、胸部X线片及下呼吸道细菌检查、机械通气时间、住ICU时间、28天病死率;取本院ICU2006年6月1日至2008年5月31日重型颅脑外伤有创机械通气患者44例作为对照。结果集束化治疗后,患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生较对照组有显著下降,住ICU时间明显缩短。结论集束化治疗能有效降低重型颅脑外伤呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。     

The impact of enoxaparin administration in relationship to hemorrhage in mild traumatic brain injury

BackgroundVenous thromboembolism prophylaxis in the general trauma population is well established. However, risk of increased intracranial hemorrhage in traumatic brain injury (TBI) population is of concern. The aim for this study is to identify a reproducible model of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), evaluated by clinical and histological markers and test the hypothesis that enoxaparin increases the risk of spontaneous brain hemorrhage.Methods40 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups: group 1 (sham) with no TBI along with 4 groups comparing mTBI with and without pharmacological intervention using enoxaparin at 24 h and 72 h respectively. Mild traumatic brain injury was induced using a weight drop apparatus, with a clinical endpoint of time to right (TTR), along with histological and spectrophotometer analysis for qualitative hemorrhage.ResultsThere is a statistically significant difference between group 1 (sham) and all other groups with a mean longer time to right of 64 s (p = 0.005) in the mTBI groups. There was a statistically significant difference between group 1 (sham) and all other groups with an increase of 6 g/dL hemoglobin (p < 0.001) in the mTBI groups with no difference in hemorrhage between groups that were treated with enoxaparin.ConclusionThe weight drop apparatus is a reproducible model for mTBI that has correlations with clinical and qualitative data. This model was able to produce clinical signs of concussion, as reflected by longer TTR and increased hemoglobin in the mTBI groups. Upon further analysis, there wasno increase in hemorrhage in the pharmacological intervention groups with enoxaparin.     

The effects of mild traumatic brain injury on confrontation naming in adults

Primary objective: To compare confrontation-naming in adults with MTBI to a group of normal adults under increased processing load conditions.

Research design: A randomized block, repeated measures design was used to examine confrontation-naming response latency and accuracy using a computerized experimental program.

Methods and procedures: Twenty-four adults having sustained a MTBI (aged 18-53) and 24 age-matched controls named pictures from three levels of vocabulary as quickly and accurately as possible. All MTBI participants were assessed with the Scales of Cognitive Ability for Traumatic Brain Injury (SCATBI) for later comparison.

Main outcomes and results: The results revealed a main effect of group ( p ≤ 0.001) for the latency data and a group by vocabulary level interaction ( p = 0.043) for the accuracy data. No significant correlations were found between response latency and accuracy with performance on the SCATBI. Reaction time measures may reveal inefficiencies not tapped by traditional measures.     

Complicated vs uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury: Acute neuropsychological outcome

Primary objective: The purpose of this study was to carefully examine the effects of a complicated vs uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) on acute neuropsychological outcome.

Research design: Participants were derived from an archival trauma database. This is a retrospective matched groups design.

Methods and procedures: All patients were seen through a Head Injury Trauma Service clinical pathway. To be included, all patients must have undergone a day-of-injury CT scan and completed a small battery of neuropsychological tests within 2 weeks of injury. Patients were sorted into two groups on the basis of having a normal or abnormal CT scan. Patients were then carefully matched on age, education, gender and mode of injury (e.g. car accident, fall or assault). The final sample consisted of 100 patients, with 50 in each group.

Main outcomes and results: The patients with complicated MTBIs performed significantly more poorly on some of the neuropsychological tests. However, the effect sizes were small or medium and the two groups could not be differentiated using logistic regression analysis.

Conclusions: The reasons why people recover slowly or fail to recover fully from MTBIs remain poorly understood. Visible structural brain damage carries increased risk for slow and incomplete recovery, but certainly does not provide an explanation for good or poor outcome in the majority of patients.     

重型颅脑损伤后高血糖的临床意义分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤（SBI）后高血糖的临床意义。方法回顾性收集了128例重型闭合性颅脑损伤（GCS≤8分）患者的临床资料,应用统计学方法分析不同颅脑损伤损伤类型、入院时GCS水平、瞳孔光反应、近期预后与术后24小时内血糖水平的关系。颅脑损伤类型分为硬膜外血肿、硬膜下血肿、脑内血肿/脑挫裂伤3组;入院时GCS水平分成3-4分组、5-6分组、7-8分组;瞳孔对光反应情况分成双侧瞳孔光反应存在、单侧瞳孔光反应消失、双侧瞳孔光反应消失3组。近期预后分为预后良好和预后不良2组。结果重型颅脑损伤组血糖水平明显高于中型颅脑损伤组（P〈0.05）,3-4分组血糖水平（16.11±2.85）mmol/L明显高于7-8分组（12.33±2.23）mmol/L和5-6分组（14.11±2.85）mmol/L,而5-6分组血糖水平也明显高于7-8分组,各组间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;双侧瞳孔光反应消失组术后24小时内血糖水平（19.29±3.87）mmol/L,明显高于双侧瞳孔光反应存在组（15.69±2.83）mmol/L和单侧瞳孔光反应消失组（17.84±3.89）mmol/L,单侧瞳孔光反应消失组血糖水平明显高于双侧瞳孔光反应存在组,各组间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;预后不良组术后24小时内血糖水平明显高于预后良好组（P〈0.05）。血糖16.7mmol/L组的预后明显差于≤16.7mmol/L组（P〈0.05）。结论重型颅脑损伤后血糖水平明显增高。颅脑损伤伤情越重,血糖水平越高。高血糖是严重影响重型颅脑损伤预后的重要指标。     

Determining long-term symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury: method of interview affects self-report

Primary objective: To examine the role played by two interviewing methods used (spontaneous response and suggested response) in the evaluation of long-term subjective post-mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) symptoms.

Research design: Cohort study.

Method and procedures: One hundred and eight adult participants were contacted for a follow-up telephone interview 12-36 months after their mTBI. The participants had to firstly spontaneously indicate symptoms that were still present following their mTBI (spontaneous response). Secondly, a list of symptoms was read to the participants and they had to say whether or not they were afflicted by each symptom (suggested response). Paired t-tests were performed to compare the means obtained using the two methods. The percentage of symptoms reported with the two interviewing methods were used to analyse symptom types.

Experimental intervention: None.

Main outcomes and results: Results show that participants reported significantly more symptoms and a given symptom when a list was read to the participants. Furthermore, neither the number of symptoms nor the type of symptoms reported is identical for the two interviewing methods.

Conclusion: The interviewing method used influences the number and type of long-term post-mTBI symptoms reported by participants.     

单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠注射液治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效观察

目的观察单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠注射液对重型颅脑损伤患者血浆肌酸激酶同工酶BB（CreatinekinaseBB,CK-BB）的动态变化以及临床疗效。方法将60例重型颅脑损伤患者（GCS≤8分）分成两组,观察组30例在常规治疗的基础上加用单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠注射液治疗,对照组30例采用常规治疗。观察患者血浆CK-BB变化,并两组于伤后6个月按GOS预后评分评定预后,同时比较两组患者的意识好转率。结果观察组患者血浆CK-BB明显低于对照组。观察组恢复良好率（17/30）与对照组（8/30）比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。观察组治疗后1个月清醒23例,而对照组l3例,两组清醒率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。两组清醒时间比较,观察组为（14.56±6.56）天,对照组为（20.85±10.92）天。结论单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠注射液能有效降低重型颅脑损伤患者血浆CK-BB的水平,并且不仅能加速重型颅脑损伤患者清醒,还能促进预后,提高生活质量。单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠注射液是治疗重型颅脑损伤安全有效的药物,可以广泛地应用于临床。