锥体束CT三维肝动脉造影在TACE术中判断原发性肝癌肿瘤供血动脉的临床价值

目的：准确判断肿瘤供血动脉是实现肝癌超选择性肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）的基础。本研究探讨原发性肝癌 TACE 术中,锥体束 CT 三维肝动脉造影（cone-beam computed tomography hepatic arteriography,CBCT-HA）对比DSA肝动脉造影（DSA-HA）在判断肿瘤供血动脉的价值。方法23例原发性肝癌患者入组研究。术中分别进行DSA-HA、CBCT-HA、碘油-TACE（Lip-TACE）、碘油 CBCT（Lip-CBCT）。2名有经验的介入科医师共同分析DSA-HA和CBCT-HA影像学资料,判断肿瘤供血动脉。卡方检验进行统计学分析。结果75个肿瘤通过金标准确定肿瘤供血动脉。 DSA-HA确认肿瘤供血动脉（阳性）40个,其中真阳性32个,假阳性8个。 CBCT-HA确认肿瘤供血动脉（阳性）72个,其中真阳性68个,假阳性4个。CBCT-HA对肿瘤供血动脉判断的灵敏度为68/75（90．7%）,明显高于DSA-HA（32/75,42．7%）（P<0．001）;阳性预测值（68/72,94．4%）,亦高于后者（32/40,80．0%）（P=0．040）。结论 CBCT-HA对肝癌肿瘤供血动脉的判断明显优于传统DSA-HA,对超选择性TACE治疗有明显的临床指导意义。     

左侧膈下动脉参与肝癌供血的介入治疗研究

目的 探讨左膈下动脉(LIPA)对肝癌的供血及其介入性栓塞在肝癌治疗中的价值.评价经导管行LIPA栓塞化疗的安全性和效果.资料与方法 对16例经DSA确认有LIPA 参与肝癌供血者进行肝动脉栓塞化疗术(TACE).其中,结节型15例,巨块型1例.术前行CT或MRI平扫及增强扫描,术中常规行腹腔动脉、肝动脉及膈下动脉造影,在确认供血范围后将导管超选择至供血支,先用碘油-抗癌乳剂栓塞肿瘤末梢血管,然后注入明胶海绵颗粒或聚乙烯醇(PVA)颗粒.观察术后临床经过、相关实验室检查和影像学表现,并与DSA进行对照分析.结果 病灶位于肝左叶13例(81.2%):5例位于S3, 5例位于S2,3例位于S4.病灶位于肝右叶(S5)3例 (18.8%).16例患者LIPA TACE全部成功.8例进行LIPA化疗栓塞时发现肝动脉完全阻塞.2例术后发生左下肺叶盘状肺不张和少量胸腔积液.结论 LIPA参与肝癌供血多见于多次行TACE的患者并且肿块位于肝左叶.栓塞LIPA的安全性很高,并发症少且多为自限性.     

原发性肝癌胃左动脉分支供血的相关因素分析

目的探讨程序性肠系膜上动脉、腹腔动脉及肝总动脉造影在发现原发性肝癌(PLC)胃左动脉(LGA)分支供血中的作用;总结PLC LGA分支供血的一般规律,提高PLCLGA分支供血的发现率。方法回顾分析2005年01月至2009年12月我院首次介入治疗中患者的血管造影资料。依据造影模式分为两组,A组作程序性肠系膜上动脉、腹腔动脉及肝总动脉造影(526例);B组则直接肝总动脉造影(850例)。将LGA供血分支进一步分为替代肝左动脉、副肝左动脉及寄生供血,并就其发现率进行统计分析。对LGA分支供血的病例就肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小、肿瘤染色及碘油沉积情况比较分析。结果 A组42例作选择性LGA造影,其中36例见PLC有LGA供血:B组82例作选择性LGA造影,其中39例发现LGA供血,A、B两组LGA供血阳性率分别为85%(36/42)和48%(39/82),两组间差异有统计学意义(p=0.001)。A组36例LGA供血中,副肝左动脉10例,B组39例LGA供血中,4例为副肝左动脉,A组和B组副肝左动脉的发现率分别为1.9%(10/526)和0.5%(4/850),差异有统计学意义(P=0.022)。而替代LGA及LGA寄生性供血两组差异无统计学意义。两组共75例LGA供血的病例中,肿瘤单纯位于肝左叶的61例,14例侵犯肝左右叶;75例中LGA增粗70例(93%),病灶肝总动脉造影染色不全者62例(83%,62/75);常规肝动脉栓塞碘油沉积缺损者54例(72%,54/75)。结论程序性造影能提高LGA造影的阳性率,特别是副肝左动脉肿瘤供血的发现率。对于侵犯肝左叶、程序性造影LGA增粗、常规肝动脉造影及栓塞中肿瘤染色不全或碘油沉积欠佳时,须行超选择性LGA造影,以提高LGA分支供血肿瘤的发现率。     

右侧膈下动脉参与原发性肝癌供血的影像特征及介入治疗意义

目的 探讨右侧膈下动脉(RIPA)在原发性肝细胞癌供血中的影像学特征及介入治疗效果。方法 选取并分析35例经血管造影证实RIPA分支参与肝癌供血患者的临床资料,分析RIPA参与肝癌供血影像学特征及介入治疗效果。结果 35例RIPA参与肝癌供血患者,肿瘤主要位于肝右叶,插管成功率达100%,且无严重并发症发生; RIPA起源于腹主动脉前壁22例,起自腹腔干开口处12例,起自右肾动脉1例; 9例患者第1次行肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞术(TACE)治疗时即发现RIPA供血癌灶,病灶均位于肝右叶近膈顶部,直径较大,部分病灶呈浸润性生长; 17例患者第2次TACE治疗时发现RIPA供血癌灶; 6例患者第3次TACE治疗时RIPA供血癌灶; 3例患者第4次TACE治疗时RIPA供血癌灶;经微导管超选择插管,所有RIPA参与肿瘤血供的侧支血管均栓塞成功。结论 RIPA是原发性肝癌重要的侧支血管之一,在介入治疗过程中,选择性RIPA造影对于发现RIPA侧支供血的病灶具有重要意义,提高介入治疗效果。     

内乳动脉参与肝癌供血的介入治疗

目的探讨内乳动脉(IMA)对肝癌的供血及其介入栓塞在肝癌治疗中的价值。评价经导管作IMA栓塞化疗的安全性和效果。方法对86例经血管造影确认有IMA参与肝癌供血患者进行TACE。全部病例均曾行TACE治疗,16例曾行经皮微波固化治疗,4例有外科手术史。术前行CT或MRI平扫及增强扫描,术中行IMA造影,在确认供血范围后将导管超选择至供血支,先用碘油-抗癌乳剂栓塞肿瘤末梢血管,然后注入明胶海绵碎粒或PVA颗粒,并摄肝区平片,观察肝区碘油分布及术后临床经过、相关实验室检查和影像学表现,并与血管造影进行对照分析。结果本组病例病灶均为巨块型,均位于肝脏前部接近膈肌或(和)肝包膜。57例累及S4、S5、S8段,29例累及S5、S7、S8。80例为右侧IMA参与供血,5例为左侧IMA参与供血,1例为双侧IMA参与供血。86例参与供血的IMA栓塞全部成功。未出现皮肤损伤并发症。结论IMA参与肿瘤供血一般多见于过去曾多次行TACE的巨块型肝癌患者,且肿块位于肝前部。IMA TACE方法安全,技术可行,但应警惕皮肤损伤并发症。     

原发性肝癌经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术后不同碘油沉积患者术前影像特征比较

目的 比较原发性肝癌经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）术后不同碘油沉积组术前CT/磁共振成像（MR）影像学特征。方法 根据TACE术后碘油沉积情况,将62个病例共71个病灶分为碘油沉积良好组、碘油沉积不佳组,比较其在术前病灶大小、动脉期是否强化、是否“快进快出样”强化、有无假包膜、有无门静脉癌栓方面差异。结果 碘油沉积不佳组,病灶平均直径（5.8±4.0）cm,动脉期强化23例,快进快出17例,假包膜13例,门静脉癌栓10例;碘油沉积良好组,病灶平均直径（3.7±3.2）cm,动脉期强化25例,快进快出18例,假包膜19例,门静脉癌栓12例。结论 2组病例在病灶大小、动脉期强化、假包膜差异有统计学意义,“快进快出”样强化、门静脉癌栓差异无统计学意义。     

膈下动脉在肝癌介入治疗中的临床意义

目的：分析膈下动脉参与肝癌供血的成因,探讨其在肝癌经导管动脉灌注化疗性栓塞（TACE）术中的临床意义。方法：回顾性分析31例膈下动脉参与供血肝癌患者行TACE术治疗的病例资料,重点分析其血管造影表现。结果：31例中,首次接受TACE术2例,既往接受过TACE者29例,31例中,有16例为手术切除后复发病例。膈下动脉直接发出分支供应肝癌27例,与肝固有动脉分支间形成吻合支供应肝癌4例。膈下动脉与肺动脉交通7例,与胸廓内动脉、支气管动脉、心包动脉交通各1例。栓塞膈下动脉成功率100％。术后有9例出现肩背部疼痛不适,无其它特殊并发症。31例中有13例出现肺转移,其中与胸廓内动脉支气管动脉交通者肝内病灶进展较快,并较旱出现肺、肩胛骨等转移。结论：外科手术、多次TACE术等是膈下动脉参与肝癌供血的重要成因,及时发现膈下动脉供血是提高TACE疗效的关键,膈下动脉栓塞是安全的。     

外生型肝癌经导管动脉化疗栓塞治疗前后血供特点研究

目的 探讨外生型肝癌(P-HCC)经导管动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)治疗前后血供特点.方法 回顾性分析39例P-HCC患者TACE治疗前后血管造影表现,总结其血供特点.结果 39例TACE术前血管造影发现有70支动脉参与供血,以39支(56.0％)肿瘤所在肝叶动脉供血为主,23例(59.0％)伴有31支(44.0％)肝外寄生性血管.TACE治疗前有无寄生性血管和肿瘤直径有相关性(x2=164.00,P＜0.001),与部位无相关性(x2=7.358,P=0.061).TACE治疗后所有血管造影发现有131支动脉参与供血,31例(79.5％)伴有肝外寄生性血管;其中肝内动脉53支(40.5％),肝外寄生性血管78支(59.5％),新增寄生性血管47支,呈逐渐增多(x2 =4.278,P=0.039).TACE术后肿瘤易由近邻血管获得寄生性供血.结论 P-HCC肿瘤TACE治疗前后血供以肝动脉为主,肝外寄生性血管为辅.寄生性血管与肿瘤大小密切相关,其血供丰富,来源以就近为原则.TACE治疗后易形成新的寄生性血管.     

右肾包膜动脉化疗栓塞在原发性肝癌介入治疗中的安全性及有效性研究

目的右肾包膜动脉参与原发性肝癌供血发生率低,既往文献报道少。本研究回顾性分析其临床特点及影像学资料,并探究右肾包膜动脉化疗栓塞在原发性肝癌患者中的有效性及安全性。 方法2016年5月至2019年12月,共纳入13例右肾包膜动脉参与原发性肝癌供血病例,观察并分析其影像学资料、右肾包膜动脉造影及参与肿瘤供血特点、化疗栓塞术后并发症以及近期疗效。 结果患者肿瘤大小为2.4～15.6 cm,平均8.0±4.25 cm。所有患者肿瘤均位于Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ段中一段或两段,其中,69.2%（9/13）患者肿瘤压迫或紧贴右肾。10例患者仅由肾包膜上动脉供血,2例患者仅由肾包膜中动脉供血,1例患者同时由肾包膜上动脉、中动脉供血,无肾包膜下动脉供血病例。术后1个月及3个月局部控制率分别为92.3%、84.6%。 结论对于肝肿瘤位于右后叶且肿瘤负荷较大时,可常规行右侧膈下动脉及右肾包膜动脉造影,明确是否参与肿瘤供血。右肾包膜动脉化疗栓塞安全有效,近期疗效确切。     

同轴微导管肝动脉化疗栓塞联合射频消融治疗原发性肝癌

目的 探讨经肝动脉微导管化疗栓塞(TACE)联合射频消融(RFA)术治疗原发性肝癌(HCC)的疗效.方法 回顾分析1000例HCC的DSA表现与术前多层螺旋CT(MSCT)检查结果.其中179例病灶局限于1个肝段,采用微导管超选择插管栓寒.术后4周复查动态增强CT和(或)MR,对40例病灶碘油聚集不良者,进行RFA,术后1个月复查.结果 DSA发现直径3 cm以上肿块670例,3 cm以下病灶202例,子灶400例,动静脉瘘、动门脉瘘482例,异常血供430例,门脉癌栓362例.局限于1个肝段的病灶,微导管栓塞后4周,肿瘤局部控制率为77.6%;控制不良者行RFA后1个月,肿瘤局部控制率为97.5%.结论 DSA对于发现3 cm以下小病灶(含子灶)、肿瘤血供、动静脉瘘、动门脉瘘具有绝对的优势,对HCC的术前评价具有不可替代性的作用.RFA是HCC的有效的治疗方法,是TACE疗效不佳者的理想选择.     

Variations in feeding arteries of hepatocellular carcinoma located in the left hepatic lobe

The left hepatic lobe is divided into three subsegments according to anatomical landmarks; however, there are several variations in the vascular territories of the left hepatic arterial branches. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) located near the umbilical fissure or at the left side of the umbilical portion of the left portal vein has frequent crossover blood supply. HCC located in the caudal aspect of the lateral segment has a variety of feeding arteries, and is infrequently supplied by the caudate artery or the medial subsegmental artery (A4), and by the lateral left hepatic arteries. HCC located in the posterior aspect of segment 4 is frequently supplied by the caudate artery or a small A4 branch arising from the caudate artery. In addition, the left inferior phrenic, right and left internal mammary, right and left gastric, cystic, and omental arteries are well known extrahepatic collateral pathways supplying HCC in the left hepatic lobe, especially when the hepatic artery is attenuated by previous transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Interventional radiologists should have sufficient knowledge of vascular territories in the left hepatic arterial branches and extrahepatic collaterals to perform effective TACE for HCC located in the left hepatic lobe.     

贲门癌肝转移的血供特点及其与经动脉化疗栓塞疗效的相关性

目的探讨贲门癌肝转移的血供特点及其与经动脉化疗栓塞治疗效果的关系。方法对42例经临床和病理组织学证实的贲门癌肝转移患者同时行贲门及肝脏肿瘤靶动脉栓塞化疗术。随后,在所有患者中观察了病灶血供特点,并评价了经动脉化疗栓塞治疗的效果及生存率。结果贲门癌病灶主要由胃左动脉供血,左膈下动脉、胃右动脉及肝左动脉可能参与供血。肝转移瘤由肝动脉供血,其中富血供、染色征明显者6例(14.3%),治疗有效率为83.3%;血供中等、染色较淡28例(66.7%),治疗有效率为53.5%;血供稀少、染色呈淡絮状或无明显染色8例(19.0%),治疗有效率为37.5%。经动脉化疗栓塞术后,0.5、1、2、3、5a生存率分别为90.4%,76.1%,33.3%,7.1%和2.4%。本组患者于诊断后中位生存期为19.6个月。结论经动脉化疗栓塞治疗是贲门癌肝转移的有效治疗方法,富血供肿瘤疗效优于乏血供肿瘤。     

副胃左动脉在肝癌介入治疗中的意义

目的探讨副胃左动脉在肝细胞癌介入治疗中的临床意义。方法对387例确诊原发性肝细胞癌患者行64层螺旋CT检查,动脉期采用容积再现(VR)及最大密度投影(MIP)技术重建肠系膜上动脉及腹腔动脉分支起源及走行,并与血管造影对比。结果 387例均清楚显示腹腔动脉、脾动脉、胃左动脉、肝总动脉、肝固有动脉、肝左动脉、肝右动脉及胃十二指肠动脉;282例清楚显示胃右动脉起源。共发现副胃左动脉50例,其中46例发自肝左动脉远端,1例发自副肝左动脉远端,1例发自肝右动脉近端,2例发自肝固有动脉。三维重建结果与血管造影一致。结论副胃左动脉多起源于肝左动脉远端,正确认识副胃左动脉可以避免肝细胞癌介入治疗过程中异位栓塞的发生,减少并发症具有实用意义。     

Origins of Feeding Arteries of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Located Near the Umbilical Fissure of the Left Hepatic Lobe: Angiographic Evaluation

Purpose

To analyze the origins of the feeding arteries of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) near the umbilical fissure of the left hepatic lobe.

Methods

Twenty-eight HCCs with a mean?±?SD tumor diameter of 3.4?±?1.0?cm (range 1–4.4?cm) in contact with the right or left side of the umbilical fissure were treated by superselective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). The origins of the tumor-feeding arteries were analyzed with arteriograms and computed tomography or cone-beam computed tomography images obtained during and 1?week after TACE.

Results

Twenty-one HCC lesions were located in segment 3 and seven were located in segment 4. Of 21 tumors in segment 3, 13 (61.9%) were supplied by the lateral inferior subsegmental artery (A3), three (14.3%) by the medial subsegmental artery (A4), three (14.3%) by both A4 and A3, one (4.8%) by a branch arising from the left lateral hepatic artery, and one (4.8%) by a branch of the right gastric artery. In particular, all tumor-feeding branches arising from A4 were the first branch of A4. Of seven tumors in segment 4, four (57.1%) were supplied by A4 and three (42.9%) by A3. In particular, all tumor-feeding branches arising from A3 were the first branch of A3.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates crossover blood supply to HCC lesions located near the umbilical fissure, in addition to direct feeding from a separate branch. In particular, the first branch of the opposite subsegmental artery may feed tumors when crossover blood supply is present.     

多层螺旋CT肝动脉成像的临床应用

目的:评价多层螺旋CT肝动脉血管成像(MSCTA)和三维重建(3D)的临床应用价值。方法:对95例患者的肝动脉进行了MSCTA成像,其中肝细胞癌22例,肝血管瘤12例,肝转移瘤12例,肝脏AVM1例,局灶结节样增生1例,肝内胆管腺瘤1例,同期15例肝癌患者行常规肝脏血管造影(DSA)与其对照。结果:MSCTA三维重建能清晰显示肝动脉的正常解剖及其变异,与常规血管造影无明显差别,同时还能很好地显示肝脏病变的供血动脉及肿瘤血管。结论:MSCTA可以较好地显示腹主动脉和肝动脉较大分支处的复杂的解剖关系及变异,与常规血管造影相吻合,同时由于其操作方法简单,安全,故具有较高的临床价值。     

Arterial blood supply to the posterior aspect of segment IV of the liver from the caudate branch: demonstration at CT after iodized oil injection

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the arterial blood supply to the posterior aspect of segment IV of the liver with computed tomography (CT) after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) with iodized oil through the caudate arterial branch of the liver for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval and patient informed consent were not required for this retrospective study. Twenty-four patients (11 men and 13 women; mean age, 68 years) with HCC originating in the caudate lobe (n = 23) or posterior aspect of segment IV (n = 1) were selected. TACE of the caudate arterial branch was performed in all patients, including one patient with HCC in the posterior aspect of segment IV who underwent TACE of the caudate arterial branch after CT helped confirm that iodized oil was not distributed in the tumor after TACE of the medial segmental artery. The distribution of iodized oil in the posterior aspect of segment IV was analyzed with CT 1 week after TACE. The number and origin of all arteries supplying the caudate lobe and the number of arteries embolized were determined. RESULTS: Thirty-three caudate arterial branches were embolized. Twenty-nine branches were derived from the right hepatic artery and four were derived from the left hepatic artery. A single branch was seen in 17 patients, two branches were seen in five, and three branches were seen in two. Eight patients simultaneously underwent additional TACE of branches of the right hepatic artery (n = 6) or right inferior phrenic artery (n = 2). At CT, iodized oil was seen to be distributed entirely (n = 19) or partially (n = 5) in the caudate lobe. Distribution of iodized oil at the posterior aspect of segment IV was observed in 16 patients (67%), including 13 (54%) whose caudate arterial branches were derived entirely from the right hepatic artery. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the caudate arterial branch, which is mainly derived from the right hepatic artery, frequently supplies the posterior aspect of segment IV. This knowledge is important for managing HCC in the posterior aspect of segment IV by means of TACE.     

原发性肝癌肝外血供的血管造影分析及介入治疗

目的 探讨原发性肝癌的肝外血供的血管造影表现及其对肝癌介入治疗的意义.方法 本组32例原发性肝癌患者行常规腹腔动脉造影及肝外血供探查,并对其行超选择性插管及化疗栓塞治疗(TACE).结果 32例患者共见37支肝外营养血管,分别为肠系膜上动脉12支,右膈下动脉9支,左膈下动脉1支,胃左动脉6支,胰十二指肠动脉弓2支,胃网膜动脉2条,胃十二指肠动脉2支,右胸廓内动脉1支,右肋间动脉1支,脾动脉1支.大多数肝外血供为肠系膜上动脉和右膈下动脉;4支肝外营养血管因未能成功行超选择性插管而只予化疗药灌注治疗,其余33支肝外血供均行超选择性插管和化疗栓塞治疗.结论 原发性肝癌的肝外血供较为常见和多变,对肝外血供的化疗栓塞在肝癌的介入治疗中具有重要的意义.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe of the liver: variations of its feeding branches on arteriography

There are usually multiple caudate arteries arising from the right, left, and middle hepatic arteries, and they are frequently connected to each other. Therefore, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the caudate lobe is frequently fed by multiple branches arising from different origins. HCC located in the Spiegel lobe is usually fed by the caudate arteries derived from the right and/or left hepatic artery. HCC in the paracaval portion is mainly fed by the caudate artery derived from the right hepatic artery; with low frequency, it is fed by the caudate artery derived from the left hepatic artery. HCC in the caudate process is usually fed by the caudate artery derived from the right hepatic artery. Because of the complexity and overlap of vascular territories, the tumor-feeding branch of a recurrent HCC lesion in the caudate lobe frequently changes on follow-up arteriograms. In addition, several extrahepatic collateral vessels supply the recurrent tumor. To perform effective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for HCC in the caudate lobe, radiologists should have sufficient knowledge of vascular anatomy supplying HCC in the caudate lobe.     

MSCT和DSA用于HCCTACE术后复发诊断价值的比较

目的：对比分析MSCT、DSA对诊断HCC TACE术后复发的价值。方法：搜集80例HCC TACE术后复发的病例,回顾性对比分析MSCT、DSA对诊断HCC TACE术后复发的价值。结果：80例病例共发现复发灶165个,其中小于0.5cm的复发灶为92个,0.5～1cm的复发灶为52个,大于1cm的复发灶为21个。对于小于0.5cm的复发灶,MSCT的检出率为43.5%（40/92）,DSA的检出率为86.9%（80/92）,两者具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;对于0.5～1cm的复发灶,MSCT的检出率为86.5%（45/52）,DSA的检出率为94.2%（49/52）,两者差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;对于大于1cm的复发灶,MSCT和DSA检出率均为100%。碘油聚集缺损区内的肿瘤染色DSA显示优于MSCT。结论：HCCTACE术后复发灶以小于0.5cm的为多,MSCT对此类小复发灶（〈0.5cm）容易漏诊;DSA为HCC TACE术后随访和诊断术后复发的最好检查方法。