基于社会接触网络的大规模人群天花传播并行仿真

天花生物恐怖是世界各国面临的重大潜在威胁.本文利用并行仿真的技术手段,研究天花在大规模城市人群中的传播规律并对环形接种和大规模疫苗接种这两种主要的天花疫苗接种策略进行有效性分析,结果表明环形接种措施能够有效控制天花疫情的扩散,在天花疫苗储备不足的情况下可以优先考虑采用该措施.     

炭疽恐怖袭击直接经济损失评估方法

以炭疽杆菌芽孢气溶胶恐怖袭击为例,对城市地区遭受非传染性生物剂攻击的直接经济损失评估方法进行研究.将经济损失分为死亡损失、医疗损失、环境洗消、经济活动停顿4个方面构建评估模型,最后以北京某商业区为例,对遭受炭疽杆菌芽孢气溶胶恐怖袭击的经济损失进行计算和分析.相关评估方法可以对生物恐怖袭击后政府资源调配、经济援助等决策提供支持和依据.     

大规模预防接种点概念模型设计

目的 构建支持社区卫生服务中心快速转换为应急疫苗接种点的概念模型.方法 综合运用文献调研、业务流程建模、数学建模等方法,分析大规模预防接种的任务需求、设计运行流程、建立关键资源需求测算模型.结果 提出了一种大规模预防接种点概念模型,并以天花生物恐怖袭击后的大规模预防接种为想定验证了概念模型的可用性.结论 社区卫生服务中...     

城市生物恐怖袭击特点及联合实施医疗救援训练的对策

生物恐怖袭击是指利用生物战剂对社会公众实施的恐怖袭击,是重要的突发公共卫生事件。一旦发生,对人员生命、社会、政治、经济将造成极大的影响和伤害。近年来,随着国际恐怖主义势力的抬头和生物科学高技术的不断发展,生物恐怖袭击也以其独特的杀伤效能和恐怖效果,逐渐成为恐怖分子实施恐吓或袭击的重要手段,生物恐怖袭击也成为各国重点防范的内容之一。新疆处于国内反恐维稳的前沿阵地,军地问提高对生物恐怖袭击的认识并搞好区域性生物恐怖袭击的救援训练,具有很强的现实意义。     

吸附无细胞百白破疫苗接种前期准备及接种反应处置

儿童计划免疫是一种投资少、效果好、保证小儿身体健康、预防疾病的一种重要手段,但随着疫苗的广泛使用,预防接种的不良反应事件也越来越受到关注.预防接种不良反应是指合格生物制品在正常用法用量下接种于人体后,人体在产生有益预防保护反应的同时或之后,发生对机体有损害的反应.接种百白破疫苗最易出现局部红、肿等不良反应.通过接种前准备工作及出现不良反应的处置,有效的降低不良反应的发生.     

反生物恐怖医学救援现场处置要点初析

本世纪以来，各种形式的恐怖袭击活动在世界范围内呈明显加剧趋势，2001年美国发生系列“炭疽粉末”恐怖袭击，随后在法、英、德等国家相继出现“白色粉末”信件，标志着生物恐怖袭击成为现实威胁，反生物恐怖成为各国生物防御的重要焦点。本文分析了生物恐怖的现实威胁、特点和医学后果，对反生物恐怖袭击医学救援现场处置要点进行探讨性分析，以期抛砖引玉，提高该类事件应急处置程序和规范的有效性和实用性。     

有关病毒性肝炎的几个问题

1　关于预防在无特效抗病毒药物的情况下 ,有效疫苗的广泛使用是降低感染率的最有效的措施。自 1992年我国将乙型肝炎疫苗纳入计划免疫管理以来 ,已显示出显著的效果。在新生儿免疫人群中 ,HBsAg携带率明显下降 (上海降为 0 3%、北京降为 0 2 5 % ) ,乙肝疫苗还是预防肝细胞性肝癌的有效疫苗 ,据广西隆安报道 ,接种疫苗人群肝癌发生率为 2 6 / 10万 ,未接种人群为 5 7/ 10万。在乙肝疫苗的普及中 ,还存在一些问题 ,庄辉教授报告 ,1999年我国用集群抽样方法调查 2 5 878名 3岁以下儿童 ,结果 1岁以下儿童乙肝疫苗接种覆盖率城市为 88 5…     

受高本底辐照人群流行病学研究的现状

综述了受高本底辐照人群致癌和致遗传效应流行病学研究的现状。未取得与高本底辐射相关的癌症增加的证据,但观察到与高本底辐射相关的外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变的增加及免疫功能的增强。提出辐射致癌效应似乎存在实际阈值,也不能排除真正阈值存在的可能性。流行病学研究与放射生物学研究,特别是在分子和细胞水平上的研究相结合,将更有助于了解和解释低剂量辐射生物效应的真实情况。     

泌尿系统疾病医院感染调查分析

医院感染是一个全球性有关医院人群健康的重要问题,住院病人存在不同程度的免疫损伤或缺陷,易感因素的存在增强了医院感染的可能性,本文调查我院1994年泌尿系统疾病发生医院感染情况,分析易感因素,旨在加强监控措施,降低医院感染率,现报告如下。     

受高本底辐照人群流行病学研究的现状

综述了受高本底辐照人群致癌和致遗传效应病学研究的现状。未取得与高本底辐射相关的癌症加的证据，但观察到与高本底辐射相关的外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变的增另及免疫功能的增强。提出辐射致癌效应似乎存在实际阈值，也不能排除真正阈值存在的可能性。流行病学研究与放射生物学研究，特别是在分子和细胞水平上的研究相结合，将更有助于了解和解释低剂量辐射生物效应的真实情况。     

Development of a risk-priority score for category A bioterrorism agents as an aid for public health policy

In developing public health policy and planning for a bioterrorist attack or vaccination of military personnel, the most common method for assigning priority is using the probability of attack with a particular agent as the single criterion. Using this approach, smallpox is often dismissed as an unlikely threat. We aimed to develop an evidence-based, systematic, multifactorial method for prioritizing the level of risk of each category A bioterrorism agent. Using 10 criterion, anthrax scored the highest, followed by smallpox. Tularemia was the lowest scoring agent. We suggest that such a system would be useful for developing public policy, stockpiling of vaccines and therapeutics, vaccination of military personnel, and planning for public health responses to a bioterrorist attack.     

Prevention of vaccinia infection in a laboratory worker

Because smallpox may be a weapon, immunization programs have been restarted and research continues with vaccinia (smallpox vaccine). Ocular complications occur in 5 to 9% of those who contract smallpox and in 10 to 20 per million vaccinia recipients through self-inoculation or from contact with vaccinated individuals. Both variola virus (smallpox) and vaccinia virus (smallpox vaccine) are orthopoxviruses that can cause conjunctival and eyelid infections, cornea ulceration, keratitis, iritis, optic neuritis, and loss of vision. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for smallpox vaccine-associated reactions in vaccinia researchers, the immunized, and their close contacts. A researcher sprayed vaccinia in her eye. Timely irrigation may have prevented a viral infection. The possibility that this individual had self-immunized herself with smallpox vaccine via the conjunctiva and preventive measures are discussed. Greater precautionary measures need to be taken to prevent laboratory accidents. Antiviral ophthalmic medication and vaccinia-immune globulin medication are treatment options.     

Modeling the consequences of bioterrorism response.

Military medicine is playing important roles in preparing for the possibility of a covert biological attack on the United States. The objective of this work was to develop a spreadsheet tool that allows planners to compare the consequences of different speeds of response to a covert bioterrorist attack using the metric of preventable deaths. Our model simulates the number of patients to be treated and the number of deaths by day. It allows planners to vary their assumptions, such as the biological agent used, treatment efficacy, and speed of providing initial treatment. Responding to an attack on a city would involve many steps, such as determining the agent used, determining the time and location of the attack and the affected population, obtaining and delivering antibiotics, and providing treatment. Our model is a useful tool for planning the necessary size and timing of bioterrorism response.     

Bioterrorism: how should doctors respond to the threat of biological weapons?

Planning for the threat of a biological weapons attack includes preparations to recognize and identify an attack and its scale. Training is the key element of any response, but it is not possible for any health service to maintain sufficient extra capacity to deal with a massive bioterrorist threat. Training must include both first- and second-line responders. Subject to issues of confidentiality, information about plans should be as widely available as possible. Planning for prevention is also important. This should include stopping the production and dispersal of weapons under international humanitarian law and establishing the ethical basis on which doctors and scientists would not become involved in the production of biological and other weapons.     

Sandwell health action zone puts on its ‘SHOES’

Planning for the threat of a biological weapons attack includes preparations to recognize and identify an attack and its scale. Training is the key element of any response, but it is not possible for any health service to maintain sufficient extra capacity to deal with a massive bioterrorist threat. Training must include both first‐and second‐line responders. Subject to issues of confidentiality, information about plans should be as widely available as possible. Planning for prevention is also important. This should include stopping the production and dispersal of weapons under international humanitarian law and establishing the ethical basis on which doctors and scientists would not become involved in the production of biological and other weapons.     

Food for thought: the use of hazard and critical control point analysis to assess vulnerability of food to terrorist attack in deployment locations

As part of a screening study, a literature review, personal interviews, and field work at several deployment locations, we examined the historical use of biological warfare agents and the vulnerability of food at military deployment locations to bioterrorist attack. The results of our experience suggest the following: historically, food has occasionally been used as a weapon by individuals; a benchmark procedure already exists to evaluate and ensure the safety of foods procured and used by the U.S. federal government; and food sources at the deployment locations examined are vulnerable to terrorist attack as determined by a critical control point analysis. Recommendations to potentially decrease the vulnerability of the U.S. military food supply to intentional contamination are also provided.     

生物恐怖威胁特点及医学防御对策

2001年发生于美国的炭疽芽孢邮件事件引起了人们对生物战剂恐怖威胁的关注，也对生物恐怖剂的医学防范和流行病学的科学认识提出了挑战，因此，公共健康和医学工作者迫切需要了解生物恐怖袭击引起损害的预防和治疗措施。本文介绍了生物恐怖的概念、特点、恐怖活动可能使用的生物战剂清单，以及炭疽杆菌、鼠疫耶尔森菌、天花病毒、出血热病毒、肉毒毒素等A类生物战剂的致病特征以及医学防护对策。     

Folliculitis after smallpox vaccination: a report of two cases

Rashes are frequent and potentially serious adverse consequences of smallpox vaccination. Life-threatening rashes must be differentiated from benign, self-limiting ones. Generalized vaccinia, erythema multiforme, and folliculitis are distinct self-limiting entities but may be difficult to differentiate from one another. Two cases of folliculitis after smallpox vaccination are described. Both patients received anthrax vaccination within 2 weeks before smallpox vaccination. Both presented with a papulopustular rash 9 days after smallpox vaccination. Although the rashes were initially diagnosed as erythema multiforme, the clinical features were more consistent with folliculitis. Self-limiting rashes after smallpox vaccination are common and may be difficult to distinguish from each other. These rashes are clinically distinct, with characteristic features. Improvement in diagnosis may help classify the frequency and risk of rashes after smallpox vaccination. The association of vaccine-associated folliculitis, anthrax vaccine, and other potential antigenic triggers should be further explored.     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌全菌灭活苗在小鼠体内的免疫保护作用

目的：评价嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌全菌灭活苗在小鼠体内的免疫保护性。方法利用甲醛制备嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌全菌灭活苗并免疫小鼠，检测其抗体效价达到要求后，通过体外健康人血调理杀伤实验以及体内攻毒实验评价全菌灭活苗的保护作用。结果在第二次加强免疫后，免疫组血清中特异性IgG滴度显著增加，其抗血清在体外具有明显的调理杀伤能力；在体内的攻毒实验中也具有显著的保护作用。结论灭活的嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌全菌灭活苗可刺激诱导动物产生体液免疫应答，使小鼠产生有效的免疫保护作用，为进一步探讨嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌全菌灭活疫苗奠定了良好的实验基础。