Determination of heavy metals in albumen of hen eggs from the Markazi Province (Iran) using ICP-OES technique

Increase of distribution of environmental contaminants such as heavy metals have been caused the knowledge of the safety and hygiene of food is very important, especially eggs, because of its role in the daily diet. There are very few studies about the investigation of the heavy metal contents in egg-white. In this study, six heavy metals include Aluminium (Al), Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), Antimony (Sb) in egg-white from 32 industrial poultry farms were investigated, by ICP-OES. All the samples were collected in all area of Markazi Province, Iran in autumn 2013. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in egg-white as follows: 0.119 for Al, 0.785 for As, 0.750 for Pb, 0.249 for Cd, 0.270 for Hg and 0.186?mg/kg for Sb. Also, the concentration of the some heavy metals were higher than maximum allowable concentration that probably it is associated to use pesticides and activities of industrial factories around the poultry farms.     

Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of metals in sediments of Baiyangdian wetland ecosystem

Although there are many studies of heavy metal contaminations of sediments, attention has seldom been paid to the problem in developing countries. The purpose of this article is to find the distribution and ecological risk of As, Hg, Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in surface sediment of Baiyangdian which is the biggest wetland in Northeast China. We apply three methodologies. The first is literature analysis comparing total concentrations of heavy metals with other water bodies around world. The second is Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (EQSS), National Environmental Protection Agency of China 1995, and the third is Soil and Aquatic Sediment Guidelines and Standards issued by New York Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). The results show that compared to other water bodies around the world, the seven heavy metals are low. However, Cd was found in the most polluting level of EQSS near a village and was second grade some distance from it. The village was also the most polluted site of Zn, which was in the second grade. When assessed by NYSDEC, Cu, Cr, and As contaminated the sediment and with moderate impacts on benthic life while Pb, Hg, and Zn were found at tolerable levels throughout Baiyangdian. The centre of Cu and Cr contamination was also near the village. As is the most polluting heavy metals with a major occurrence in the middle of the wetland. There were no heavy metals creating severe disturbance to the benthic communities. Based on the assessment, this article proposes different options for more sustainable management.     

Heavy metals levels in fish from aquaculture farms and risk assessment in Lhasa,Tibetan Autonomous Region of China

Fish is consumed as a common food by humans due to its nutritional and therapeutic benefits. However, they can accumulate toxic chemicals (such as heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants) from water and food chain. Very few studies have been investigated on heavy metal contents in fish from Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. In order to study heavy metals levels in fish from aquaculture farms and evaluate the risk that human consume fish in this area, we collected four types of aquaculture fish species (6 big-head carps, 5 grass carps, 5 carps and 5 tilapias) from fisheries around Lhasa city in this study. 9 heavy metals (Cr, As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ba, Co, Mn and V) in different tissues of fish were determined by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Cr, Ba, Co, Mn and V could easily accumulate in the gill, and Cu was detected in the hearts of all the fishes. Toxic metal (As, Cd and Pb) contents were higher in the liver than those in other tissues, heavy metal levels were the lowest in the muscle among all tissues. Most of heavy metal concentrations in the tilapia tissues were higher than those in other fish tissues, especially arsenic. Arsenic content in the tilapia samples was ~2–4 times higher than the maximum levels (MLs) of contaminants in the national standard, and other metals were all lower than the MLs. Compared the estimated daily intake of heavy metals through fish consumption with tolerable daily intakes recommended by FAO, the metals daily intake of As, Cd and Pb from fish consumption might not pose serious health risk to the local inhabitants. It is therefore necessary to determine the dose level for human, which is considered to be taken daily over a lifetime without adverse effects.     

Concentrations of toxic heavy metals in ambient particulate matter in an industrial area of northeastern China

This paper investigates concentrations of various heavy metals in ambient particulate matter (PM) and provide evidence for prevention from air pollution. The concentrations of heavy metal components in the PM were determined by inductively coupled plasma/Mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) from September 2000 to August 2002 in a northeast industrial city in China. Concentrations of Cd, Mn, Pb, Ni, Cr and As in the PM were 9.3, 461.9, 588.7, 69.5, 205.7 and 57.4 ng/m³ in the industrial area, and 5.7, 245.5, 305.0, 31.4, 58.8 and 32.5 ng/m³ in the main road, respectively. Concentrations of these heavy metals except Cd were significantly higher in the industrial area and main road than those in the suburban area (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The change curves of the six heavy metal concentrations show their concentrations increased in the winter and spring, but decreased in the summer and autumn. The results indicate that concentrations of the metals in the PM are relatively high in the industrial area and main road. __________ Translated from Journal of Dalian Medical University, 2007, 29(4): 332–335 [译自: 大连医科大学学报]     

Distribution and ecological assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of the East Lake, China

Concentrations and risk assessment of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) were investigated in 106 samples of surface sediments from the East Lake, China in this study. The mean concentration of Zn was highest among the eight heavy metals (225 mg kg^?1), followed by As (191 mg kg^?1), Cr (145 mg kg^?1), Cu (55 mg kg^?1), Ni (27.1 mg kg^?1), Pb (7.93 mg kg^?1), Cd (0.94 mg kg^?1) and Hg (0.21 mg kg^?1). Niuchao Hu was less polluted by heavy metals compare to the other four lakelets of the East Lake. The correlations among these heavy metals and the results of principal component analysis indicated that the distribution of Cd, Pb and Hg was related to anthropogenic activities, whereas Cu, As and Cr were affected by the parent rocks. Zinc and Ni were influenced both by anthropogenic activities and parent rocks. Based on the Sediment Quality Guidelines, the results of toxicity assessment indicated that adverse effects caused by Cr and As would be expected frequently. Nickel, Zn, Cd and Hg may cause adverse effects occasionally and Cu and Pb may cause toxicity infrequently. Arsenic was found to have the highest acute toxicity by toxic units (TUs), followed by Cr, Ni, Zn, Hg, Cu, Cd and Pb. The potential ecological risk index analysis indicated that As, Cd and Hg had considerable or high ecological risk, whereas Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb had low ecological risk. The potential ecological risk index (RI) of the heavy metals in the surface sediments of East Lake was 483, indicating considerable ecological risk. Close attention should be paid to pollution of the heavy metals in East Lake, China.     

枸杞中重金属及有害元素形态分布及其安全性评价

目的对枸杞Lycium barbarum L.中重金属(Cu、Cd、Pb和Hg)及有害元素As的形态进行分析,了解枸杞样品中重金属及有害元素的形态分布,并对其安全性进行评价。方法采用Tessier连续提取法提取枸杞样品中不同形态的重金属及有害元素,利用原子吸收分光光度法对所测重金属及有害元素的含量进行测定;参照2015年版《中国药典》枸杞项下的重金属限量标准对其进行安全性评价。结果所测枸杞样品不同形态的4种重金属元素Cu、Cd、Pb和Hg的总量分别为44.351 7,0,2.614 1和0.056 9mg·kg-1,有害元素As的总量为0.359 5mg·kg-1;其中Cu元素以残渣态为主,占总量的24%;Pb元素几乎全以铁-锰氧化物结合态存在;Hg元素以水溶态为主,占其总量的18%;As元素残渣态含量最高,占其总量的29%。所测4种重金属及有害元素的单一形态含量均符合2015年版《中国药典》的规定。结论研究结果对枸杞的临床应用及其重金属和有害元素的控制有一定的指导意义。     

Multivariate analysis combined with GIS to source identification of heavy metals in soils around an abandoned industrial area,Eastern China

Heavy metals in soils polluted by industrial production are a meaningful topic worldwide. The purpose of this study is to understand the pollution status and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils. The result can help decision-makers apportion possible soil heavy metals sources and formulate effective pollution control policies. In this paper, 155 soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected and analyzed for eight heavy metals (Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, and Ni) from an abandoned industrial area of Tong County, located in Jiangsu Province of Eastern China. The multivariate analysis (including I_geo, E_i/RI, EF, PCA, and CA) and geostatistics (GIS) were used to assess the enrichment level and pollution level of soil heavy metals and identify their sources. The results indicated that eight heavy metals in soils had moderate variations, with CVs ranging from 19.63 to 63.34 %. The pollution level of I_geo of soil heavy metals decreased in the order of Cd~Zn > Cu > Hg~As~Pb~Cr~Ni. The enrichment level of soil heavy metals decreased in the order of Cd > Zn > Hg > Cu > Pb > Ni > As > Cr. According to the E_i, except Cd and Hg were in the significant and moderate ecological risk levels respectively, other soil heavy metals were in the clean or light ecological risk levels, the level of potential ecological risk (RI) of the whole industrial area was moderate. Finally, the source identification of soil heavy metals indicated that Cd and Zn were primarily controlled by human activities, and Hg and Cu were controlled by natural and anthropogenic sources, and As, Pb, Cr, and Ni were mainly controlled by soil parent materials.     

Comparison of Eleven Heavy Metals in Moringa Oleifera Lam. Products

Eleven heavy metals in various products of Moringa oleifera were analyzed to determine eleven heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni, and Zn) using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. The products of M. oleifera were purchased in Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. All products were digested with nitric acid solution before determining the concentrations of heavy metals. The recoveries of all heavy metals were found to be in the range of 99.89-103.05%. Several criteria such as linearity, limits of detection, limits of quantification, specificity, precision under repeatability conditions and intermediate precision reproducibility were evaluated. Results indicate that this method could be used in the laboratory for determination of eleven heavy metals in M. oleifera products with acceptable analytical performance. The results of analysis showed that the highest concentrations of As, Cr, Hg, and Mn were found in tea leaves while the highest concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn were found in leaf capsules. Continuous monitoring of heavy metals in M. oleifera products is crucial for consumer health.     

Potential ecological risk of heavy metals and metalloid in the sediments of Wuyuer River basin,Heilongjiang Province,China

The spatial distribution, sources, and potential ecological risk of heavy metals and metalloid were evaluated in sediments of the Wuyuer River and its tributaries. Metal and metalloid concentrations and chemical speciation (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, As, Zn and Hg) in 187 surface sediment samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Metals and metalloid in the sediments of the Wuyuer River were greater than the background values of the Songnen Plain, and mean heavy metal concentrations were greater in downstream segments of the river than in upstream segments. Speciation results indicated that Cd was chemically mobile and Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Ni were potentially bioavailable. Mercury and As existed mainly in the residual fraction. Hakanson’s potential risk index indicated that the total potential ecological risk of these elements was moderate in the Wuyuer River. Among the selected metals and metalloid, Hg and Cd were the most potentially toxic and mainly distributed near the cities of Keshan, Yi’an and Fuyü. Because the speciation of Cd in the river sediments is highly bioavailable, the concentrations of Cd should be closely monitored. This research provides managers with information needed to better regulate the environment of the Wuyuer River.     

Metal concentrations in tissues of the Black Sea fish Mugil auratus from Sinop-Icliman,Turkey

Levels of five heavy metals [copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni)] were evaluated in liver and muscle tissues of fish (Mugil auratus) collected from the Black Sea at Sinop-Icliman, Turkey. Sampling and analysis methods are described. Variations of heavy metal concentrations with seasons are discussed. Cr and Ni concentrations were below the limits of detection (< 0.05 and 0.1 microg/g dry weight) in all tissues and seasons. Cu, Pb and Cd were detected within these limits, as microg/kg dry weight, in liver tissue: 0.49-1.30, 0.60-1.21 and 0.15-0.50, and in muscle tissue: 0.30-1.00, 0.57-1.12 and 0.10-0.40, respectively. Cu, Pb and Cd concentrations in these tissues were elevated and the highest heavy metal concentrations were found in the liver. While Cu, Pb and Cd concentrations were highest in fish tissues collected in August 2000, the lowest concentrations of these metals were observed in fish tissues collected in May 2000. Pb had the highest level observed in fish tissues. According to the Turkish Food Codex Regulation's residue limits, the cadmium level determined in fish tissues was high (0.1 microg/g) and the lead level, especially in liver tissue, was high in August (1 microg/g), while other metals (Cu, Cr and Ni) were within the maximum residue limits.     

Combined toxicity of heavy metal mixtures in liver cells

With rapid industrialization, China is now facing great challenges in heavy metal contamination in the environment. Human exposure to heavy metals through air, water and food commonly involves a mixture consisting of multiple heavy metals. In this study, eight common heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni) that cause environmental contamination were selected to investigate the combined toxicity of different heavy metal mixtures in HL7702 cells. Toxicity (24 h LC₅₀) of each individual metal on the cells ranked Hg > Cr = Cd > Cu > Zn > Ni > Mn > Pb; toxicity of the different mixtures ranked: M5 > M3PbHgCd > M5+Mn > M5+Cu > M2CdNi > M4A > M8‐Mn > M8 > M5+Zn > M4B > M8‐Cr > M8‐Zn > M8‐Cu > M8‐Pb > M8‐Cd > M8‐Hg > M8‐Ni > M3PbHgNi > M3CuZnMn. The cytotoxicity data of individual metals were successfully used to build the additive models of two‐ to eight‐component metal mixtures. The comparison between additive model and combination model or partly additive model was useful to evaluate the combined effects in mixture. Synergistic, antagonistic or additive effects of the toxicity were observed in different mixtures. These results suggest that the combined effects should be considered in the risk assessment of heavy metal co‐exposure, and more comprehensive investigations on the combined effects of different heavy metal mixtures are needed in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Heavy metal contamination in the marine organisms in Yantai coast, northern Yellow Sea of China

The port city of Yantai, in Shandong province China is located on Sishili Bay in the northern Yellow Sea. Intense human activity associated with urban sewage discharge, as well as industrial and maritime activities, have stressed the Sishili Bay coastal ecosystem with anthropogenic pollution. The aim of this study was to measure the levels of heavy metal in the sediment and marine organisms of economic value from various sites within Sishili Bay, and to evaluate the data in relation to the potential health risk on human consumers. For this purpose, sediment and wild shrimps and crab were collected from three areas (a total of 13 sampling sites) of the Yantai coast and analyzed for six heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, and As). For comparison, the concentrations of the same heavy metals in seven kinds of mollusks obtained from local aquaculture were also determined. The findings showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in the sediment of Yantai coast followed the order Zn > ≈Cr > Cu ≈ Ni ≈ Pb > As, and all were within the safe levels of national standard. However, the concentrations of the heavy metals varied significantly in the organism samples, indicating the different accumulative abilities of the species sampled. For the wild marine organisms, Pb concentrations in some shrimp and crab samples exceeded the standard limit of seafood safety criteria and As concentrations in all samples were over the limit. Moreover, the As levels in mollusks from aquaculture exceeded the limit of seafood standard criteria. These results indicated that the heavy metal levels in the marine organisms in the studied areas were moderate but unacceptable for As from the view of safety of seafood. Furthermore, it is very necessary and important to further study toxicological and ecological effect of As in the coast of northern Yellow sea to understand the potential for risk to human and environmental health.     

市售灵芝孢子粉7种重金属元素含量测定及膳食暴露风险评估

目的 测定市售灵芝孢子粉中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬、镍7种重金属元素的残留量并评估其膳食暴露的健康风险。方法 收集市售灵芝孢子粉(包含中药饮片、保健食品、食品和农产品等不同产品类型)40批次，对7种重金属元素进行检测，采用点评估方法对灵芝孢子粉中7种重金属元素的膳食暴露量进行评估。结果 40批灵芝孢子粉中7种重金属元素检出率均为100%，有8批样品重金属元素超出拟定的限度。重金属元素膳食暴露评估显示消费者食用灵芝孢子粉摄入铬的量存在一定的膳食暴露健康风险。结论 灵芝孢子粉中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、镍6种重金属元素膳食暴露低于暂定可耐受摄入量，对人体健康产生危害的风险可接受；铬元素膳食暴露的最大值和第95百分位数(P₉₅)值超过暂定可耐受摄入量，存在一定的健康风险。     

电感耦合等离子体-质谱法测定益肾壮骨丸中6种重金属含量

目的建立测定益肾壮骨丸中6种重金属元素含量的电感耦合等离子体-质谱(ICP-MS)法。方法射频功率为1 550 W,冷却气、辅助气流速分别为14.0,0.8 L/min,采样锥和截取锥为镍锥,重复次数为3次,采样模式为KED模式,蠕动泵转速为40 r/min,并加入内标元素校正响应信号波动。结果铅(Pb)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)元素质量浓度分别在0～20 ng/mL,0～20 ng/mL,0～2 ng/mL,0～10 ng/mL,0～500 ng/mL,0～100 ng/mL范围内与各待测元素/内标元素仪器信号强度线性关系良好(r> 0.995);检测限分别为0.029,0.005,0.016,0.001,0.022,0.022 ng/mL;多数元素精密度、重复性试验的RSD小于2.0%;平均加样回收率分别为88.03%,96.64%,83.75%,91.51%,95.63%,94.49%,RSD分别为6.99%,5.41%,3.68%,2.70%,1.87%,3.31%(n=6)。结论该方法灵敏、准确,可用于益肾壮骨丸中重金属元素Pb,As,...     

甘草不同粒级对重金属形态提取的影响

目的了解不同粒级甘草中的重金属的形态分布,探讨不同粒级对甘草重金属形态提取的影响。方法通过连续提取法对不同粒级甘草中重金属的形态进行提取,用原子吸收光谱法测定Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As的含量。结果 Cu碳酸盐结合态比例最高,其余各态含量也较高;Cd以水溶态、离子交换态、铁锰氧化物结合态、残渣态为主;Pb以水溶态、有机态、残渣态含量所占比例较高;As以水溶态、铁锰氧化物结合态及残渣态为主,其余各形态的含量差异较小;Hg以水溶态、离子交换态为主。As、Cd可利用态与药材的粉碎粒级呈正相关关系,Cu、Pb、Hg可利用态与药材的粉碎粒级呈显著的负相关关系。结论粒级对各重金属各个形态的提取有一定的影响,但并不一致。     

新疆藁本重金属形态分布及潜在危害研究

目的了解新疆藁本中不同形态的重金属的含量及分布特征,并对重金属的潜在危害进行评估。方法采用经典的BCR法对不同形态的重金属进行提取,原子吸收分光光度法对重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、As和Hg)进行含量测定。采用单种重金属污染指数及多种重金属综合污染指数对重金属的潜在危害进行了评估。结果新疆藁本中Cu、Pb、Cd、As和Hg的含量分别为43.895 3,0.103 0,1.016 8,0.067 4和0.198 7μg·g~(-1)。其中Cu以残渣态为主,酸溶态及可氧化态的含量相当,可还原态所占的比例最低;Cd以酸溶态所占比例最高,其余各态含量由高到低依次为可氧化态、残渣态和可还原态;Pb以可氧化态含量最高,其余三态的含量相当;As以可氧化态和可还原态为主,酸溶态含量次之,可氧化态含量最低;Hg以酸溶态含量最高,残渣态次之,可还原态的含量最低。所测新疆藁本样品中的Pb、Cd、As和Hg均未检出,Cu为严重污染。结论不同重金属在新疆藁本中的分布各异;单种重金属污染指数及多种重金属综合污染指数可用于评价新疆藁本中重金属元素的潜在危害。     

Ecological risk of heavy metals in sediments of the Luan River source water

Distribution and characteristics of heavy metals enrichment in sediment were surveyed including the bio-available form analyzed for assessment of the Luan River source water quality. The approaches of sediment quality guidelines (SQG), risk assessment code and Hakanson potential ecological risk index were used for the ecological risk assessment. According to SQG, The results show that in animal bodies, Hg at the sampling site of Wuliehexia was 1.39 mg/kg, Cr at Sandaohezi was 152.37 mg/kg and Cu at Hanjiaying was 178.61 mg/kg exceeding the severe effect screening level. There were 90% of sampling sites of Cr and Pb and 50% sites of Cu exceeded the lowest effect screening level. At Boluonuo and Wuliehexia, the exchangeable and carbonate fractions for above 50% of sites were at high risk levels and that for above 30% of sites at Xiahenan and Wulieheshang were also at high risk levels. Other sites were at medium risk level. Compared to soil background values of China, Hg and Cd showed very strong ecological risk, and the seven heavy metals of Hg, Cd, Cu, As, Pb, Cr, Zn at ecological risk levels were in the descending order. The results could give insight into risk assessment of environmental pollution and decision-making for water source security.     

Accumulation of Trace Elements by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>: Implications for phytoremediation

The toxicity of eight potentially toxic trace elements (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) to Pistia stratiotes was examined to determine if this plant showed sufficient tolerance and metal accumulation to be used to phytoremediate waste water and/or natural water bodies polluted with these heavy metals. Young plants of equal size were grown hydroponically and amended with 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mM of each heavy metal individually for 21 days. Root elongation as well as emergence of new roots decreased significantly with increase in metal concentrations. The plant had the lowest and the highest tolerance indices for Hg and Zn respectively. The study indicated reduction in the rate of leaf expansion relative to metal type, their concentrations and the duration of exposure. A significant reduction in biomass production was observed in metal treated plants compared with the control plants. The relative growth rate of P. stratiotes was retarded by heavy metals under study. All trace elements accumulated to higher concentrations in root tissue rather than in shoot. Trace element accumulation in tissues and the bioconcentration factors were proportional to the initial concentration of individual metals in the growth medium and the duration of exposure. In terms of trace element removal, P. stratiotes presented differential accumulation and tolerance levels for different metals at similar treatment conditions. The implications of these results for phytoremediation are discussed.     

A review of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) of Iran

With attention to high public concern to dietary intakes of heavy metals from various foods and rice as one of the main food of the people in the Iran, the aim of this study was to survey heavy metals in rice samples of Iran. Based on obtained results, among the metals in some Iranian cultivated rice samples, cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) concentrations were higher than national standard of Iran. But, totally in Iran, average weekly intake for Cd, As, Pb, cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) were lower than the maximum weekly intake recommended by WHO/FAO. However, the average weekly intake amount for Hg from rice in Iran is higher than the maximum weekly intake recommended by WHO/FAO.