Clinical Effects of Pulse High‐Volume Hemofiltration on Severe Acute Pancreatitis Complicated With Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

To evaluate the effects of pulse high‐volume hemofiltration (PHVHF) on severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Thirty patients were divided into two groups: PHVHF group and continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) group. They were evaluated in terms of clinical symptoms, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, simplified acute physiology (SAPS) II score and biochemical changes. The levels of IL‐6, IL‐10 and TNF‐α in plasma were assessed by ELISA before and after treatment. The doses of dopamine used in shock patients were also analyzed. In the two groups, symptoms were markedly improved after treatment. Body temperature (BT), breath rate (BR), heart rate (HR), APACHE II score, SOFA score, SAPS II score, serum amylase, white blood cell count and C‐reactive protein were decreased after hemofiltration (P < 0.05). The PHVHF group was superior to the CVVH group, especially in APACHE II score, CRP (P < 0.01), HR, temperature, SOFA score and SAPS II score (P < 0.05). The doses of dopamine for shock patients were also decreased in the two groups (P < 0.05), with more reduction in the PHVHF group than the CVVH group (P < 0.05). The levels of IL‐6, IL‐10 and TNF‐α decreased (P < 0.05) in the PHVHF group more significantly than the CVVH group (P < 0.01). PHVHF appears to be superior to CVVH in the treatment of SAP with MODS.     

高容量血液滤过在脓毒症并发多器官功能障碍综合征中的应用

目的：探讨高容量血液滤过（HVHF）对脓毒症并发多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）的疗效。方法：回顾性分析HVHF治疗的39例脓毒症并发MODS患者,对比分析死亡组和存活组的血浆IL-6,并比较HVHF治疗前和治疗24h后血肌酐（Cr）、尿素氮（BUN）、氧合指数、乳酸、平均动脉压（MAP）、APACHEⅡ评分。结果：经HVHF治疗后2组血浆IL-6均明显降低（P〈0.01）,但HVHF治疗前、后死亡组IL-6均明显高于存活组（P〈0.01）。经HVHF治疗24h后2组Cr、BUN、氧合指数、乳酸、MAP均明显改善（P〈0.01）;存活组APACHEⅡ评分显著降低（P〈0.01）。结论：HVHF可有效辅助治疗脓毒症并发MODS,有效清除血浆IL-6。     

高容量血液滤过治疗脓毒症并发多器官功能障碍综合征RIFLE标准应用研究

目的探讨RIFLE标准衡量高容量血液滤过(HVHF)治疗脓毒症并发多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的治疗时机及其对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析成都军区总医院2006年1月至2010年12月行HVHF治疗的脓毒症并发MODS患者52例,采用RIFLE标准分A组(AKIⅠ期)、B组(AKIⅡ期)和C组(AKIⅢ期),比较各组的病死率、平均ICU住院时间、平均机械通气时间、平均连续血液滤过治疗时间,并将HVHF治疗前和治疗24 h后的APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、血浆白介素(IL)-6、氧合指数、血肌酐(Scr)及平均动脉压(MAP)等指标。结果 (1)C组HVHF治疗前APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、血浆IL-6及病死率均明显高于A、B组(P<0.01);(2)A、B组HVHF治疗前APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分及病死率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但B组HVHF治疗前IL-6及平均ICU住院时间、平均机械通气时间、平均连续血液滤过治疗时间明显高于或长于A组(P<0.01);(3)HVHF治疗24 h后血浆IL-6、氧合指数、Scr、MAP均明显改善,但C组IL-6仍高于A、B组(P<0.01),B组IL-6仍高于A组(P<0.01);A、B组HVHF治疗24 h后APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分显著降低(P<0.01),C组无变化(P>0.05)。结论 HVHF能有效辅助治疗脓毒症并发MODS;RIFLE标准及IL-6对判断预后有指导意义;早期(AKIⅠ期和Ⅱ期)行HVHF可明显改善脓毒症并发MODS的预后,而AKIⅠ期行HVHF的疗效更好。     

Clinical effects of continuous high volume hemofiltration on severe acute pancreatitis complicated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

AIM: To investigate the efficiency of continuous high volume hemofiltration (HVHF) in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) complicated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).METHODS: A total of 28 SAP patients with an average of 14.36±3.96 APACHE Ⅱ score were involved. Diagnostic criteria for SAP standardized by the Chinese Medical Association and diagnostic criteria for MODS standardized by American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) and Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) were applied for inclusion. HVHF was started 6.0±6.1 (1-30) days after onset of the disease and sustained for at least 72 hours, AN69 hemofilter (1.2 m2)was changed every 24 hours. The ultrafiltration rate during HVHF was 4 000 mi/h, blood flow rate was 250-300 mi/min,and the substitute fluid was infused with pre-dilution. Low molecular weight heparin was used for anticoagulation.RESULTS: HVHF was well tolerated in all the patients, and lasted for 4.04±3.99 (3-24) days. 20 of the patients survived,6 patients died and 2 of the patients quited for financial reason.The ICU mortality was 21.4%. Body temperature, heart rate and breath rate decreased significantly after HVHF.APACHE Ⅱ score was 14.4±3.9 before HVHF, and 9.9±4.3after HVHF, which decreased significantly (P＜0.01). Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood before HVHF was 68.5±19.5 mmHg, and increased significantly after HVHF,which was 91.9±25 mmHg (P＜0.01). During HVHF the hemodynamics was stable, and serum potassium, sodium,chlorine, glucose and pH were at normal level.CONCLUSION: HVHF is technically possible in SAP patients complicated with MODS. It does not appear to have detrimental effects and may have beneficial effects.Continuous HVHF, which seldom disturbs the hemodynamics and causes few side-effects, is expected to become a beneficial adjunct therapy for SAP complicated with MODS.     

早期高容量血液滤过持续时间对重症急性胰腺炎急性肺损伤影响研究

目的 研究早期高容量血液滤过(HVHF)持续时间对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)急性肺损伤(ALI)的影响.方法 将2006年8月到2009年4月怀化市第三人民医院ICU收治的49例入院时合并ALI急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)并在72 h内接受HVHF治疗的SAP患者随机分为两组.在常规治疗的基础上分别接受血滤持续时间8 h(Ⅰ组)和72 h(Ⅱ组)治疗.比较两组患者的APACHEⅡ评分、氧合指数、ALI/ARDS的改善率(包括治愈率)、机械通气的例数及时间、急性期并发症、HVHF相关并发症、结局及医疗费用等.结果 ①氧合指数及APACHEⅡ评分:两组入院第3天和第14天均较入院当天有所改善(P＜0.05).但在人院第3天和第14天,两组患者差异无统计学意义.②ALI、ARDS的改善率(包括治愈率):两组入院第3天和第14天较入院当天升高(P＜0.05);但在入院第3天和第14天.两组患者差异无统计学意义.③两组患者急性期机械通气的例数及时间、急性期并发症(多器官功能障碍综合征、急性肾功能衰竭、腹腔室隔综合征、导管相关感染、低血压)差异无统计学意义,但医疗费用差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组患者急性期均无死亡.结论 发病72 h内的SAP早期短时(8 h)持续性HVHF治疗能有效促进合并ALI/ARDS的SAP患者肺功能的恢复,并且节约医疗费用.     

Prior statin therapy is associated with milder course and better outcome in acute pancreatitis – A cohort study

BackgroundStatin treatment was shown to be associated with improved outcomes in several inflammatory conditions. We wanted to evaluate the effects of statin therapy on the course and outcome of acute pancreatitis (AP).MethodsA prospective cohort study included patients with acute pancreatitis divided into two groups according to statin use prior to hospitalization. Age, sex, etiology of AP, Ranson's score, APACHE II score and maximal CRP were recorded. Outcome measures were hospital length of stay and mortality. Matching of patients for matched analyses was done using individual matching and propensity score matching using variables a priori associated with course and outcome of acute pancreatitis.ResultsInclusion criteria were met for 1062 patients of whom 92 were taking statins. Statin users were older and had higher body mass indexes. Severe disease was more common in the no-statin group than in statin group (20.6% vs. 8.7% respectively). All severity markers were also higher in the no-statin group. All cause mortality was not different, while cardiovascular mortality was higher in the statin group in the cohort analysis. After matching by either method, the severity of disease was greater for the patients without statins treatment. Pancreatitis related mortality was higher in the no-statin group after matching. Among patients who developed severe AP, statin users showed lower Ranson's and APACHE II scores and lower maximal CRP.ConclusionsPrior statin treatment significantly reduces morbidity and mortality in acute pancreatitis. Further studies are needed to evaluate possible therapeutic use of statins in acute pancreatitis.     

Intravenous n‐acetylcysteine,ascorbic acid and selenium‐based anti‐oxidant therapy in severe acute pancreatitis

Background: To observe outcome in a cohort of patients with severe acute pancreatitis receiving multiple anti‐oxidant therapy. Methods: An observational study was carried out in 46 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis fulfilling current Atlanta consensus criteria for severe disease. All patients received multiple anti‐oxidant therapy based on intravenous selenium, N‐acetylcysteine and ascorbic acid plus β‐carotene and α‐tocopherol delivered via nasogastric tube. Principal outcomes were the effect of anti‐oxidant supplementation on anti‐oxidant levels, morbidity and mortality in patients on anti‐oxidant therapy, case‐control analysis of observed survival compared to predicted survival derived from logistic organ dysfunction score (LODS), logistic regression analysis of factors influencing outcome and side effect profile of anti‐oxidant therapy. Results: Paired baseline and post‐supplementation data were available for 25 patients and revealed that anti‐oxidant supplementation restored vitamin C (P?=?0.003) and selenium (P?=?0.028) toward normal. In univariate survival analysis, patient survival to discharge was best predicted by admission APACHE‐II score with relative risk of death increasing 12.6% for each unit increase (95% CI 6.0% to 19.6%). The mean LODS calculated on admission to hospital was 3.7 (standard error of the mean 4.1) giving a predicted mortality for the cohort of 21%. The observed in‐hospital mortality was 43%. Conclusions: Case‐control analyses do not appear to demonstrate any benefit from the multiple anti‐oxidant combination of selenium, N‐acetylcysteine and ascorbic acid in severe acute pancreatitis.     

Indwelling catheter and conservative measures in the treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome in fulminant acute pancreatitis

AIM: To study the effect of combined indwelling catheter, hemofiltration, respiration support and traditional Chinese medicine (e.g. Dahuang) in treating abdominal compartment syndrome of fulminant acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Patients with fulminant acute pancreatitis were divided randomly into 2 groups of combined indwelling catheter celiac drainage and intra-abdominal pressure monitoring and routine conservative measures group (group 1) and control group (group 2). Routine non-operative conservative treatments including hemofiltration, respiration support, gastrointestinal TCM ablution were also applied in control group patients. Effectiveness of the two groups was observed, and APACHE II scores were applied for analysis. RESULTS: On the second and fifth days after treatment, APACHE II scores of group 1 and 2 patients were significantly different. Comparison of effectiveness (abdomi-nalgia and burbulence relief time, hospitalization time) between groups 1 and 2 showed significant difference, as well as incidence rates of cysts formation. Mortality rates of groups 1 and 2 were 10.0% and 20.7%, respectively. For patients in group 1, celiac drainage quantity and intra-abdominal pressure, and hospitalization time were positively correlated (r = 0.552, 0.748, 0.923, P < 0.01) with APACHE II scores. CONCLUSION: Combined indwelling catheter celiac drainage and intra-abdominal pressure monitoring, short veno-venous hemofiltration (SVVH), gastrointestinal TCM ablution, respiration support have preventive and treatment effects on abdominal compartment syndrome of fulminant acute pancreatitis.     

持续血液滤过治疗高脂血症性急性胰腺炎24例

目的:观察早期连续血液滤过(continuous veno-venous hemofiltration,CVVH)对高脂血症性急性胰腺炎(hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis,HLP)的治疗效果.方法:49例HLP患者随机分为2组:连续血液滤过组(A组,n=24)和对照组(B组,n=25).在常规治疗的基础上,A组加用连续血液滤过.观察治疗前后两组患者的心率(HR)、呼吸(R)、氧合指数(PO2/FiO2)、血氧饱和度(SaO2)、血清甘油三酯(TG)、白介素-6(IL-6)以及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)等指标的变化;并行APACHE~ 动态评分;比较两组治疗前后急性并发症的变化及治愈率.结果:经CVVH治疗后72h,患者临床症状改善明显,HR、R降至正常,APACHE~评分下降明显(10.8±5.1vs15.5±6.9,P<0.05);血清TG、IL-6及TNF-α亦明显下降(6.8±3.7vs18.5±6.3,39.8±16.7vs72.4±25.1,37.5±14.1vs61.2±16.1,P<0.05).治疗7d后,两组休克均获纠正(P<0.05).A组ARDS和急性肾功能障碍控制迅速,发生率下降明显(5.0%vs37.5%,5.0%vs25%,P<0.05).A组治愈22例,死亡2例,死亡率8.3%;B组治愈20例,死亡5例,死亡率20%,治疗效果显著.结论:CVVH治疗HLP有明显的效果,能有效改善患者病情,降低病死率.     

Similarities and Differences Between Gerontal and Young Patients with Acute Pancreatitis: Evaluation of Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes

Background:Acute pancreatitis is an abrupt inflammatory disease of the exocrine pancreas and it can occur in different severities. It is becoming more common and more mortal in the gerontal population. The aim of our study was to explore the similarities and differences between young and gerontal patients with acute pancreatitis, with a special emphasis on patients over 80 years of age.Methods:Medical records of patients (n = 1150) with acute pancreatitis were analyzed retrospectively. Several scoring systems including Bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis, Ranson’s score, Harmless acute pancreatitis score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, Balthazar Grade, Glasgow score, and Japanese severity score were applied at admission. Patients were divided into 3 groups; group I, young group (n = 706), if they were aged <65 years; group II, older group (n = 338), if they were aged ≥65 years to <80 years; group III, octogenarian group (n = 106), if they were aged ≥ 0 years.Results:In total, 1150 patients with acute pancreatitis were analyzed. Octogenarian group (n = 42, 39.6%) showed a more severe acute pancreatitis compared to patients in group I (n = 15, 2.1%) and II (n = 50, 14.8%, P < .001). Complications were more common in patients in group III (P < .001). Mortality rate was higher in patients in group III (n = 53, 50%) compared to group I (n = 8, 1.1%) and group II (n = 53, 15.7%) (P < .001).Conclusion:Gerontal patients with acute pancreatitis tend to have more severe disease and systemic and local complications. Mortality rates were higher in older patients compared to younger patients.     

The predictive value of proteinuria in acute pancreatitis

Background/objectivesAcute pancreatitis has a highly variable clinical course. Early and reliable predictors for the severity of acute pancreatitis are lacking. Proteinuria appears to be a useful predictor of disease severity and outcome in a variety of clinical conditions. This study aims to investigate the predictive value of proteinuria on admission for the severity of acute pancreatitis compared with other commonly used predictors; the APACHE II score, Modified Glasgow score and C-reactive protein (CRP).MethodsThis is a post-hoc analysis of 64 patients admitted with acute pancreatitis treated in one teaching hospital, who participated in a previous randomized trial. Proteinuria was defined as a Protein/Creatinine (P/C) ratio >23 mg/mmol. The primary endpoint was severe acute pancreatitis. Secondary endpoints included infectious complications, need for invasive intervention, ICU stay and in-hospital mortality.ResultsProteinuria was present in 30/64 patients (47%). Eleven patients (17%) had severe acute pancreatitis. There was no difference in incidence of severe acute pancreatitis between patients with and without proteinuria: 6/30 patients (20%) versus 5/34 patients (15%) respectively (p = 0.58). Likewise, the occurrence of infectious complications, need for intervention and ICU stay and mortality did not differ significantly (p = 0.58, p = 0.99, p = 0.33 and p = 0.60 respectively). The diagnostic performance of the P/C ratio for the prediction of severe pancreatitis was inferior to the Modified Glasgow score (p = 0.04) and CRP (p = 0.03).ConclusionProteinuria on admission does not seem to be a reliable predictor for disease severity in acute pancreatitis. The diagnostic performance of the P/C ratio is inferior to the Modified Glasgow score and CRP.     

Association between acute pancreatitis and peptic ulcer disease

AIM:To evaluate the relationship between peptic ulcer disease(PUD) and acute pancreatitis.METHODS:A cohort of 78 patients with acute pancreatitis were included in this study.The presence of PUD and the Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori) status were assessed by an endoscopic method.The severity of acute pancreatitis was assessed using Ranson's score,the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation(APACHE) □ score,computed tomography severity indexand the clinical data during hospitalization,all of which were co...     

Metabolic syndrome and acute pancreatitis

AimThe aim of our study was to investigate the influence of metabolic syndrome on the course of acute pancreatitis determined by disease severity, the presence of local and systemic complications and survival rate.Patients and methods609 patients admitted to our hospital in the period from January 1, 2008 up to June 31, 2015 with the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis were analyzed. The diagnosis and the severity of acute pancreatitis were made according to the revised Atlanta classification criteria from 2012.ResultsOf 609 patients with acute pancreatitis, 110 fulfilled the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Patients with metabolic syndrome had statistically significantly higher incidence of moderately severe (38.2% vs. 28.5%; p = 0.05) and severe (22.7% vs. 12.8%; p = 0.01) acute pancreatitis in comparison to those without metabolic syndrome, while patients without metabolic syndrome had higher incidence of mild acute pancreatitis in comparison to those patients with metabolic syndrome (58.7% vs. 39.1%; p < 0.001). Patients with metabolic syndrome had a higher number of local and systemic complications, and higher APACHE II score in comparison to patients without metabolic syndrome. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, the presence of metabolic syndrome was independently associated with moderately severe and severe acute pancreatitis. Comparing survival rates, patients suffering from metabolic syndrome had a higher death rate compared to patients without metabolic syndrome (16% vs. 4.5%; p < 0.001).ConclusionThe presence of metabolic syndrome at admission portends a higher risk of moderately severe and severe acute pancreatitis, as well as higher mortality rate.     

Survey of the management of acute pancreatitis in surgical departments in Sweden

Abstract

Objective. Several international guidelines concerning the treatment of acute pancreatitis has been published during the last decades. However, Scandinavian guidelines are still lacking. The aim of the present study is to identify current treatment strategies for acute pancreatitis in Sweden and to evaluate if there is a need for improvement and the role of guidelines. Material and methods. A questionnaire was e-mailed to the surgical departments at all Swedish hospitals (n = 58) managing patients with acute pancreatitis. Comparisons were made both between university and non-university hospitals, and between hospitals with more versus less than 150,000 persons in the primary catchment population. Results. Fifty-one hospitals responded (88%). In median, 65 (12–200) patients with acute pancreatitis are treated yearly at each hospital. Of 51 hospitals, 18 perform a severity classification, with APACHE II being the most commonly used. A majority are of the opinion that a scoring system is not better than the judgment of a senior consultant. In severe acute pancreatitis, 29/48 routinely administer antibiotics, 29/48 use enteral nutrition, and 25/49 have a standardized follow-up plan. The majority considered administration of intravenous fluids as the most important treatment in severe acute pancreatitis. After mild gallstone-induced acute pancreatitis, the corresponding response was cholecystectomy, especially at larger hospitals (p = 0.002). Of 47, 42 are interested in developing a Scandinavian quality register. Conclusions. The results from this first Swedish national survey provide an insight into current traditions of treatment of acute pancreatitis and points, for example, at the lack of early severity stratification. A majority of hospitals are interested in developing a quality register in acute pancreatitis.     

Early treatment of severe pancreatitis with imipenem: A prospective randomized clinical trial

Objective. The main causes of death in severe pancreatitis are multiorgan failure and septic complications. Prophylactic treatment with effective antibiotics is therefore a tempting therapeutic option. However, there could be side effects such as selection of resistant microbes and fungi. The aim of the present study was to compare the rate of infectious complications, interventions, days in the intensive care unit (ICU), morbidity and mortality in patients with severe pancreatitis randomized to prophylactic therapy with imipenem compared with those receiving no treatment at all. Material and methods. Seventy-three patients with severe pancreatitis were included in a prospective, randomized, clinical study in seven Norwegian hospitals. The number of patients was limited to 73 because of slow patient accrual. Severe pancreatitis was defined as a C-reactive protein (CRP) level of >120 mg/l after 24 h or CRP >200 48 h after the start of symptoms. The patients were randomized to either early antibiotic treatment (imipenem 0.5 g×3 for 5–7 days) (imipenem group) (n=36) or no antibiotics (control group) (n=37). Results. The groups were similar in age, cause of pancreatitis, duration of symptoms and APACHE II score. Patients in the imipenem group experienced lower rates of complications (12 versus 22 patients) (p=0.035) and infections (5 versus16 patients) (p=0.009) than those in the control group. There was no difference in length of hospital stay (18 versus 22 days), need of intensive care (8 versus 7 patients), need of acute interventions (10 versus 13), nor for surgery (3 versus 3) or 30-day mortality rates (3 versus 4). Conclusions. The study, although underpowered, supports the use of early prophylactic treatment with imipenem in order to reduce the rate of septic complications in patients with severe pancreatitis.     

Risk factors for concomitant infectious pancreatic necrosis in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveAcute pancreatitis (AP) is a self-limiting disease. However, 20–30% of patients will develop into severe AP (SAP), and infectious pancreatic necrosis in the late course of SAP is the leading cause of death for such patients. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic report of the currently published risk factors for complicated infectious pancreatic necrosis in patients with severe acute pancreatitis by meta-analysis of published retrospective case-control studies.MethodsFive electronic database systems were selected to search for articles on risk factors of infectious pancreatic necrosis in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. According to the heterogeneity among studies, the standardized mean difference (SMD), odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated by applying a random-effects model or fixed-effects model, respectively.ResultsAs of 2nd Jun, 2021, a total of 1408 articles were searched, but only 21 articles were finally included in this meta-analysis. The results found that patients with severe acute pancreatitis complicated by infected pancreatic necrosis had higher APACHE II scores and higher levels of lipase (LPS), C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) compared to patients with severe acute pancreatitis alone. The differences were statistically significant (APACHE II: SMD = 0.86, 95%CI: 0.55, 1.18; LPS: SMD = 1.52, 95%CI: 1.13, 1.92; CRP: SMD = 1.42, 95%CI: 1.05, 1.79; PCT: SMD = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.36, 2.28).ConclusionsCompared with patients with severe acute pancreatitis alone, high levels of LPS, CRP, PCT and high APACHE II score were risk factors for infectious pancreatic necrosis in patients with severe acute pancreatitis.     

配对血浆滤过吸附治疗脓毒症合并多器官功能障碍综合征的临床研究

目的比较高容量血液滤过(HVHF)与配对血浆滤过吸附(CPFA)治疗脓毒症并多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)及老年多器官功能衰竭(multiple organ failure in the elderly,MOFE)的临床疗效。方法选择脓毒症并MODS的患者14例,随机分为HVHF治疗组及CPFA治疗组,在常规治疗基础上分别予HVHF或CPFA治疗10 h,观察两种方式治疗前后的血流动力学、电解质及酸碱平衡、急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(acute physiologyand chronic health evaluationⅡ,APACHEⅡ)及序贯器官衰竭估计评分(SOFA)、短期存活率等变化。结果 (1)两种治疗均能降低血尿素氮、肌酐水平,维持电解质、酸碱平衡,对白细胞、血小板、血细胞比容无明显影响。(2)CPFA治疗后氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)明显改善(P0.05)、平均动脉压(MAP)明显升高(P0.05)、SOFA评分及APACHEⅡ评分均明显下降(P0.05);而HVHF治疗后仅见SOFA评分明显下降(P0.05),PaO2/FiO2、MAP、及APACHEⅡ评分均无明显改变(P0.05)。(3)两种方法治疗过程中均未出现出血、栓塞、过敏等并发症,老年患者耐受性好。(4)治疗7 d后HVHF组4例存活,CPFA组6例存活。结论 HVHF和CPFA治疗对脓毒症合并MODS及MOFE患者均有一定临床疗效,且后者更具优势。     

Establishment of a predictive model for outcomes in patients with severe acute pancreatitis by nucleated red blood cells combined with Charlson complication index and APACHE II score

Background/AimsNucleated red blood cell (NRBC) is an immature red blood cell, which can appear in the peripheral blood of newborns but not in normal adults. However, in the presence of hemorrhage, severe hypoxia, or severe infection, NRBCs may exist in adult blood and are associated with prognosis. The aims of this study were to establish a predictive model for the outcome of patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) based on NRBCs.Materials and MethodsData from 92 patients with SAP were retrospectively collected for the study. We used chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) to explore a prediction model of mortality in patients with SAP by NRBCs.ResultsDuring the 90-day follow-up, 11 participants (12.0%) died. The NRBC-positive rate of nonsurvivors was much higher than survivors (90.9% vs. 23.5%). Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Ranson score, and serum C-reactive protein were higher in nonsurvivors (5.0, 29.0, 6.0, and 140.0 g/L) than survivors (3.0, 13.0, 4.0, and 54.7 g/L). A CHAID model including NRBC, CCI, APACHE II score, and Ranson score showed that NRBCs differentiated well between nonsurvivors and survivors. All patients with SAP survived when they had a negative test result for NRBCs and CCI was below 7. All patients died when they had a positive test result for NRBCs and APACHE II score exceeded 30. Among patients whose NRBC test result was positive and APACHE II score was below 30, if the Ranson score was less than 5, the mortality rate was only 5.6%, whereas the mortality rate was 66.7% if the Ranson score exceeded 5. A validated population of 32 patients showed that the accuracy of the prediction model was 100%.ConclusionNRBC combined with CCI, APACHE II, and Ranson score can predict 90-day mortality of patients with SAP.     

Nonalcoholic fatty liver and the severity of acute pancreatitis

AimTo explore the effect of nonalcoholic fatty liver as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome on the severity of acute pancreatitis. We hypothesized that patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver would have a more severe form of acute pancreatitis.Patients and methodsWe retrospectively analyzed 822 patients hospitalized with acute pancreatitis. We diagnosed acute pancreatitis and determined its severity according the revised Atlanta classification criteria from 2012. We assessed nonalcoholic fatty liver with computed tomography.ResultsThere were 198 (24.1%) patients out of 822 analyzed who had nonalcoholic fatty liver. Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver had statistically higher incidence of moderately severe (35.4% vs. 14.6%; p = 0.02) and severe acute pancreatitis (20.7% vs. 9.6%; p < 0.001) compared to patients without nonalcoholic fatty liver. At the admission patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver had higher values of C-reactive protein as well as at day three, higher APACHE II score at admission and significantly higher incidence of organ failure and local complications as well as higher values of computed tomography severity index compared to patients without nonalcoholic fatty liver. We found independent association between the occurrence of moderately severe and severe acute pancreatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver (OR 2.13, 95%CI 1.236–3.689). Compared to patients without nonalcoholic fatty liver, patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver had a higher death rate, however not statistically significant (5.6% vs. 4.3%; p = NS).ConclusionPresence of nonalcoholic fatty liver at admission can indicate a higher risk for developing more severe forms of acute pancreatitis and could be used as an additional prognostic tool.     

Failure of the Hong Kong criteria to predict the severity of acute pancreatitis

Summary Conclusion The results of the present study demonstrate that the HK criteria do not provide effective prediction of severity. Background Fan et al. (1) have reported previously that a blood urea (BU)>7.4 mmol/L and/or glucose (BG)>11 mmol/L at the time of admission to hospital detects a severe attack of acute pancreatitis with a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 75%. However, a similar study conducted in the West of Scotland did not confirm these findings (sensitivity 33% and specificity 83%). The reason underlying this discrepancy in prediction is unclear, but it may be because of differences in the nature of acute pancreatitis between Asian and Western populations. Aims In this study we examined the predictive ability of the Hong Kong (HK) criteria in a patient population similar to that studied by Fan et al. Patients and Methods A consecutive series of 130 patients experienced 135 attacks of acute pancreatitis. One-hundred-and-four (77%) attacks were mild and 31 (23%) severe (including 12 [9.0%] deaths). Eighty-nine (66%) episodes had a biliary etiology. In 19 (14%) of these episodes, the gallstones had a primary ductal origin being associated with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis. Results Median admission BU concentrations were 5.2 mmol/L (range 3.6–32.1 mmol/L) for the mild group and 7.6 mmol/L (range 3.6–28.8 mmol/L) for the severe group. Corresponding values of BG were 7.1 mmol/L (range 2.1–17.9 mmol/L) and 8.4 mmol/L (range 3.6–28.8 mmol/L), respectively. Differences in admission BU concentrations between patients with mild and severe episodes were significant (p=0.0001). However, differences in BG concentrations were not (p=0.16). In the severe group, 14 patients had BU and four patients BG concentrations above the cut-off values. The HK criteria predicted severe acute pancreatitis with a sensitivity of 52% and specificity of 80%. These results compare with values of 79 and 56% for the Ranson criteria and 83 and 60% for the Glasgow score. The best prediction was provided by the APACHE II score 24 h post admission (sensitivity 79%, specificity 82%).