医源性胆道损伤的外科治疗（附23例报告）

随着胆囊结石发病率增高和影像诊断技术的普及，特别是胆囊切除术的普遍开展及近几年电视腹腔镜胆囊切除术的推广，致胆道损伤有增多趋势。由于诊断及处理不当，引起胆管狭窄、胆道感染、胆石形成、肝功能损害等一系列并发症，常给患者带来极大的痛苦甚至死亡。本文总结了我们两院1991年以来收治的医源性胆道损伤的外科治疗经验，并对有关问题进行了分析讨论。116床资料1．1一般资料本组23例，均为外院转入病人，男12例，女11例，平均年龄47岁，胆囊切除损伤21例，腹腔镜胆囊切除损伤2例。1．2损伤情况术中发现损伤5例，术后1～7天发现损伤1…     

医源性胆道损伤的诊治

目的 总结医源性胆道损伤的诊治经验。方法 对解放军第153中心医院22年间医源性胆道损伤的20例患者进行回顾分析。结果 经腹胆囊切除术损伤6例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术损伤10例,胆总管探查术损伤4例。损害部位:肝总管6例,胆总管1例,本组病例最终均需手术治疗,手术方式根据损伤部位、类型、损伤后发现的具体时间决定,但以规范的胆肠Roux-en-y吻合术疗效最满意。结论 术者的责任心与技术因素是引起医源性胆道损伤的重要原因。     

医源性胆道损伤的处理

目的 探讨医源性胆道损伤的防治方法。方法 对1990年3月－2000年9月收治的118例医源性胆道损伤资料进行回顾性分析。结果 胆囊切除时胆囊三角区解剖不清是医源性胆道损伤发生的主要原因,占50．8％（60／118）。医源性胆道损伤的诊断主要依赖于临床症状、体征、腹部穿刺和影像学检查,其中B超诊断率可达93．2％（110／118）。按损伤部位作者将其分为6个类型,临床上以肝总管和胆总管部分切除的损伤类型（Ⅲ型）多见,占83．9％（99／118）。根据损伤类型而选择相应的外科手术中明显提高治愈率,本组治愈率达100％（118／118）。结论 胆囊切除时遵循“辨、切、辨”三字原则是预防医源性胆道损伤的关键,损伤类型则决定手术方式的选择。     

医源性胆道损伤的诊治：附52例报告

目的:总结医源性胆道损伤的经验教训。 方法:对52例医源性胆道损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。 结果:胆道手术所致48例(92.3%)，胃大部切除术及肝脏手术所致各2例（共7.7%）。损伤部位在肝总管与胆总管交界处34例(65.4%)，肝总管6例(11.5%)，胆总管6例(11.5%)，左右肝管汇合部4例(7.7%)，左、右肝管各1例(共3.8%)。胆管完全性损伤30例(57.7%)，部分性损伤22例(42.3%)。所有病例均行手术处理。术中立即发现8例，采用直接修补或对端吻合、T管支撑引流术5例，直接置合适T管引流1例，肝总管与空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例，效果均满意；另1例行胆总管十二指肠吻合术，3年后因吻合口狭窄再次行肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治愈。术后发现的44例，行肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术31例，肝总管与十二指肠吻合8例，胆总管置管引流2例，胆总管缺损用空肠瓣修补术1例，肝内胆管与空肠Longmire吻合术1例，拆除胆总管前后壁之间缝线1例。全组死亡4例，生存48例中41例获随访，疗效优良率为82.9%，疗效差的7例分别于术后2个月至5年再次作胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治愈。结论:要警惕医源性胆道损伤的发生，及早诊断、及早修复胆道的连续性是提高疗效的关键。手术方式根据损伤部位、类型、损伤后发现的时间具体决定，以胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术的疗效最佳。     

医源性胆道损伤52例报告

目的:总结医源性胆道损伤的经验教训。方法:对过去33年间5 2例医源性胆道损伤进行回顾性分析。结果:肝外胆道手术所致4 8例,胃大部切除术及肝脏手术所致各2例。损伤部位在肝总管与胆总管交界处34例,肝总管6例,胆总管6例,左右肝管汇合部4例,左、右肝管各1例。胆管完全性损伤30例,部分性损伤2 2例。结论:要警惕医源性胆道损伤的发生,及早诊断并修复胆道的连续性是提高疗效的关键     

医源性胆道损伤的原因分析及处理

医源性胆道损伤一直是胆道外科的热点话题。近年来,外科医师的手术技巧不断进步、手术经验不断增加,对胆道损伤的认识也越来越深入,但医源性胆道损伤仍存在一定的发生率。国外相关文献报道开腹胆囊切除术（OC）胆道损伤的概率为0．2％～0．3％;腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）胆道损伤的概率为0．21％。2．35％㈦。现对上海市第六人民医院1990年1月至2008年1月经治的此类病人进行总结和分析．报道如下。     

医源性胆道损伤的预防及治疗措施

目的探讨医源性胆道损伤的预防和治疗措施。方法对36例医源性胆道损伤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果36例共施行手术41次,其中2次手术者5例。最后1次手术方式为胆管端端吻合2例,胆管壁缺损修补4例,单纯缝线拆除3例,胆管空肠R oux-en-Y吻合27例。28例随访1~8年,优良率90%。结论胆囊切除术是医源性胆道损伤的主要原因,是可以避免的。胆管空肠R oux-en-Y吻合术是医源性胆道损伤或损伤性狭窄修复重建的首选方法。     

医源性胆道损伤的原因分析与防治策略

目的：探讨医源性胆道损伤（IBDI）发生的原因、治疗方法与预防措施。 方法：回顾性分析2004年1月—2010年9月期间56例术后发生IBDI患者的临床资料。 结果：56例IBDI中,腹腔镜胆囊切除术与开腹胆囊切除术所致分别为36例（64.3%）与12例（21.4%）,胆总管探查术所致5例（8.9%）,胃癌根治术所致3例（5.4%）;术中发现胆道损伤33例（59.0%）,术后发现胆道损伤23例（41.0%）;分别行胆道修补、重建、胆肠吻合、胆道支撑等胆道修复方式,其中3例经3次修复术后仍再发胆道狭窄、肝内胆管结石,3例因术后感染性休克或肝衰竭死亡,术后随访优良率为89.3%（50/56）,疗效差占10.7%（6/56）。 结论：IBDI原因与局部解剖变异因素、病理因素、术者技术因素有关;IBDI需根据其发生原因、发现时间、损伤部位与程度,胆管狭窄程度及患者全身情况等综合因素行个体化胆道修复治疗。     

医源性输尿管损伤26例诊治体会

我院 1 972～ 1 997年共治疗因手术导致的输尿管损伤患者 2 6例 ,均获成功 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料本组 2 6例 ,男 7例 ,女 1 9例 ,年龄 34～ 62岁。子宫全切术致伤 1 4例 ,卵巢肿瘤切除术致伤 5例 ,直肠癌根治术致伤 2例 ,腹内精原细胞瘤切除术致伤 1例 ,肾盂切开取石术致伤 2例 ,输尿管镜取石术致伤 2例。其中左侧 6例 ,右侧 2 0例 ;输尿管上段 2例 ,中段 1例 ,下段 2 3例。术中发现而确诊 7例 ,其中肾盂切开取石术 2例 ,因用手指伸入肾盂切口内强行挖出结石后 ,即发现输尿管上段被撕断 ;输尿管镜取石术 2例 ,手术结束时发现下腹部饱满 …     

医源性胆管损伤的外科治疗

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤的外科处理方法及其疗效。方法 1992年1月至2011年12月期间共行胆囊切除术3 714例,发生医源性胆管损伤39例,发生率1.05%。其中术中发现胆总管或肝管部分损伤6例,胆总管或肝管被横断1例,左右肝管汇合部以上损伤2例,右侧副肝管损伤1例;术后发现胆囊管漏14例,胆囊床小胆管漏7例,胆总管或肝管部分损伤2例,胆总管或肝管被横断2例,左右肝管汇合部以上损伤1例,胆管严重狭窄2例,右侧副肝管损伤1例。行胆管修补+T管支撑引流术4例,胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术12例,副肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例,B超引导下腹腔穿刺置管引流7例,保留腹腔引流管引流14例,右侧副肝管缝扎1例。结果对术中解剖异常或操作困难的病例行术中胆道造影前后,医源性胆管损伤的发生率分别为2.37%(25/1 054)和0.53%(14/2 660),差异显著(P<0.05)。39例患者经外科治疗后均好转。术后出现的主要并发症为吻合口狭窄,共发生6例,其中术中发现损伤组3例,术后发现损伤组3例,两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);其他并发症还包括:切口感染4例(术中发现损伤组2例,术后发现损伤组2例),腹腔脓肿3例(术中发现损伤组1例,术后发现损伤组2例)。术后发现组低于术中发现组,为24.1%(7/29)vs.60%(6/10),有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论医源性胆管损伤可防可治,具体外科治疗方法因病情而异,但总体来讲,胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术的预后较好。     

Iatrogenic Bile Duct Injuries in Kashmir Valley

Cholecystectomy is one of the commonest operations performed throughout the world and bile duct injury is the worst complication of this procedure. In a prospective and retrospective study 25 patients were seen in a tertiary care hospital over a period of 10 years. 72% of patients were referred from other hospitals. 48% of patients presented within one month of injury. Pain was the commonest presentation (92%) followed by jaundice (80%). Liver functions were deranged in 70% of patients, USG revealed biliary dilatation in 69.6% of patients. ERCP was done in 16 patients and revealed cut off of the common hepatic duct in 43.8% of patients. Intraoperative findings revealed adhesions in 96% of patients. 48% of patients had bile duct stricture. Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy was the commonest procedure performed. All patients showed improvement in liver function after surgery. Wound infection was the commonest complication seen in 32% patients. 3 patients died in our series.     

损伤性肝外胆管狭窄的外科治疗

目的:探讨损伤性肝外胆管狭窄外科治疗的效果 。方法:回顾分析25例损伤性肝外胆管狭窄的临床资料 。结果:全组25例中,高位狭窄13例,中段狭窄11例,下段狭窄1例。有22例施行肝胆肠空肠Roux-Y吻合术,2例施行肝胆管十二指肠间置空肠吻合术,仅1例施行胆总管十二指肠侧侧吻合术。有3例发生短暂性吻合口胆瘘,经负压吸引治愈。无死亡率。全组均随访1年,10例随访5年以上,效果良好 。结论:在胆管急性炎症控制后一个月内尽早手术为妥,手术方式以肝胆管空肠Roux-Y吻合术为佳。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中胆管损伤的处理。方法回顾分析我院1992年3月-2006年10月8876例LC中16例胆管损伤的临床资料，其中胆总管横行剪断4例，电灼伤3例，胆总管部分撕裂伤4例，钛夹误夹5例。胆管裂口修补，T管支撑引流6例；游离两断端，行端端吻合，T管支撑引流3例；胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合5例；去肽夹2例。结果1例胆总管横行剪断后行胆管端端吻合，置T管支撑引流3个月，T管拔除3～5个月后因胆管狭窄，再次行胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合，术后未出现因胆管狭窄所引起阻塞性黄疸。2例因胆管空肠吻合口狭窄，分别于术后9、11个月再次行胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合，再手术后随访2～4年，未出现胆管炎症状、结石再形成。1例胆管完全性夹闭后行胆管空肠Roux—en-Y吻合术后胆道感染，反复发作。余12例均一次性临床治愈，其中10例随访3～4年，未出现任何不适。结论胆管损伤是LC的主要并发症，早期预防和积极处理胆管损伤是防止多次胆道手术的重要举措。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的护理

通过对７例腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤病人的护理，总结了腹腔镜胆囊切除术后加强对漏胆、腹腔感染、黄疸等胆管损伤的临床症状的观察，重点阐述了Ｔ形管的护理是胆管损伤重建手术后的护理重点。     

Voluntary and Involuntary Ligature of the Bile Duct in Iatrogenic Injuries: A Nonadvisable Approach

Background Bile duct injuries related to laparoscopic and/or open cholecystectomy are a frequent finding and require surgical treatment. Complete obstruction is due to either intentionally or unintentionally placed ligatures or clips. The intentional application is usually performed to “facilitate identification of the duct by bile duct dilation.” Considering that we are a national referral center for such injuries, we decided to analyze our cases of voluntary and involuntary duct ligation after iatrogenic bile duct injury. Methods We reviewed the files of patients with voluntary or involuntary bile duct ligation. Results of preoperative evaluation of the ducts, operative treatment, and postoperative results were analyzed. Results A total of 413 patients were included. Forty-five patients presented with complete obstruction. In 15 cases, the ligature was intentional, and in 30 cases, occlusion was involuntary. Bile duct dilation (>10 mm) was demonstrated in one case of voluntary (6%) and three cases of involuntary ligations (10%). The remaining cases in both groups had no duct dilation and developed necrosis at the blinded duct and leakage proximal to the ligature, with different degrees of bilioperitoneum and/or biloma. In all cases, a Roux-en-Y hepatojejunostomy was performed. Conclusion Bile duct ligature produces dilation in a very small number of patients (less than 10%) and usually produces necrosis of the blinded stump with subsequent bile leakage. Placement of a subhepatic drain and transference of the patient to a qualified center for reconstruction is the best approach if the primary surgeon is not able to do the repair.     

Hepaticojejunostomy vs. End-to-end Biliary Reconstructions in the Treatment of Iatrogenic Bile Duct Injuries

Background  Retrospective comparison of short- and long-term results and quality of life in patients treated for iatrogenic bile duct injuries (IBDI) with Roux-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) or end-to-end ductal anastomosis (EE). Methods  Between January 1990 and March 2005, 94 patients underwent reconstructive surgery for IBDI: 49, Roux-Y HJ, and 45, EE. Results  Early postoperative complications were observed in 12 (24.5%) patients undergoing HJ and three (6.7%) undergoing EE (p = 0.0239). Reoperations in the early postoperative period were performed in four (8%) patients after HJ and in zero patients after EE. Following HJ, one (2%) hospital death occurred due to acute circulatory insufficiency. Long-term results were evaluated in 69 (72%) patients. Postoperative mean weight gain was significantly higher after EE than HJ (p = 0.0191). Recurrent stricture was observed in two (5.3%) patients after HJ and three (9.6%) after EE (p = 0.6509). Terblanche long-term results were comparable in both groups (p = 0.3173). Good Karnofsky quality of life was comparable in both groups (p = 0.8377). Conclusions  More early complications occurred after HJ than after EE. Long-term results were comparable after both reconstructive methods. After EE, patients achieved a higher weight gain than after HJ. Quality of life in both groups was comparable.     

Management of Common Bile Duct Stone Late after Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass for Obesity

Rapid weight loss following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) for the treatment of obesity can increase the incidence of cholelithiasis formation. Nevertheless, routine simultaneous cholecystectomy at the time of bariatric surgery remains controversial. However, in case of delayed occurrence of common bile duct (CBD) stones, the difficulty to reach endoscopically the biliary tract after RYGBP should be kept in mind.

We here report the case of a patient who presented with CBD stones seven years after gastric banding followed five years later by RYGBP without associated cholecystectomy.

Our approach of transgastric laparoscopic assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography followed by sphincterotomy and balloon stones extraction is illustrated.     

Iatrogenic Combined Bile Duct and Right Hepatic Artery Injury During Single Incision Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background:

Numerous recent reports describe the performance of laparoscopic procedures through a single incision. Although the feasibility of this approach for a variety of procedures is currently being established, little data are available regarding safety.

Case Report:

A 65-year-old female patient who was transferred from an outside institution had undergone a single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy that resulted in biliary tract and vascular injuries.

Methods:

The patient was transferred with a known bile duct injury on the first postoperative day following single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Review of her magnetic resonance imaging and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram studies showed a Bismuth type 3 bile duct injury. Hepatic angiogram demonstrated an occlusion of the right hepatic artery with collateralization from the left hepatic artery. She was initially managed conservatively with a right-sided external biliary drain, followed 6 weeks later by a Hepp-Couinaud procedure to reconstruct the biliary tract.

Conclusion:

As new techniques evolve, it is imperative that safety, or potential side effects, or both safety and side effects, be monitored, because no learning curve is established for these new techniques. In these initial stages, surgeons should have a low threshold to add additional ports when necessary to ensure that procedures are completed safely.