巨噬细胞移动抑制因子在动脉粥样硬化斑块中的表达

背景与目的主要由巨噬细胞和活化淋巴细胞分泌的巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(macrophage migration inhibitory factor,MIF)参与调节先天性和获得性免疫反应,并能抑制巨噬细胞游走,促进巨噬细胞在炎症局部浸润。研究表明,动脉粥样硬化时MIF合成增加。因此,有必要了解动脉粥样硬化斑块     

对肿瘤早期诊断的探讨

目前各种肿瘤抗原参与的免疫学诊断方法有:白细胞免疫粘附抑制试验(LAI)、白细胞移动抑制试验(LMIT)、巨噬细胞电泳(MEM)和巨噬细胞粘附抑制试验(MAI)等。这些方法操作复杂,仪器昂贵,一般实验室难以开展,而且敏感性     

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子及其在缺血性心肌损伤中的作用

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)是一种重要的前炎症细胞因子,主要作用为抑制巨噬细胞的游走移动,促进巨噬细胞在炎症局部浸润、聚集、增生、活化,增强其黏附、吞噬作用,还能促进多种炎性细胞因子的生成.MIF广泛参与机体多种生理及病理生理学反应,包括免疫调节和炎性反应、肿瘤生成、动脉粥样硬化(AS)形成、脂肪发生等.     

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子促进新生微血管生成

目的观察巨噬细胞移动抑制因子对体外培养的人血管内皮细胞增殖的作用,以及通过体内外血管生成实验证实巨噬细胞移动抑制因子促进新生微血管生成的作用。方法采用体外培养的人血管内皮细胞株EA-hy926为实验对象,通过四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法测定血管内皮细胞增殖;利用体外血管生成分析试剂盒量化分析巨噬细胞移动抑制因子在体外对新生微血管生成的作用;利用免疫组织化学染色法检测巨噬细胞移动抑制因子作用后基底膜类似物栓子中第Ⅷ因子相关抗原观察巨噬细胞移动抑制因子在小鼠体内对新生微血管生成的作用。结果巨噬细胞移动抑制因子可以促进体外培养的人血管内皮细胞增殖,促进体外培养的人血管内皮细胞在体外形成血管腔,在小鼠体内也能促进基底膜类似物栓子中新生微血管生成。结论巨噬细胞移动抑制因子有促进新生微血管生成的作用。     

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子与动脉粥样硬化及其相关疾病

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)是一种重要的多功能细胞因子,参与多种病理生理学过程.越来越多的证据表明,MIF在巨噬细胞参与调节的各种疾病,尤其是在动脉粥样硬化中起着重要作用.文章主要就MIF的发现、结构、来源、生物学功能,特别是在动脉粥样硬化及其相关疾病中的作用做了综述.     

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子通过CC趋化因子配体2诱导巨噬细胞聚集

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)最初是由于其抑制体外巨噬细胞无规则聚集的特性而被鉴别发现。MIF现在被作为一种重要的调节因子参与一系列炎症性疾病。研究者最近发现MIF的缺失会伴随炎症调节性的白细胞—内皮细胞相互作用的减少,提示MIF在炎症反应中发挥作用的机制之一是促进白细     

不对称二甲基精氨酸对THP-1源性巨噬细胞表达巨噬细胞移动抑制因子的影响

目的 研究不对称二甲基精氨酸对THP-1源性巨噬细胞表达巨噬细胞移动抑制因子的影响.方法 150 nmol/L佛波酯诱导THP-1细胞48 h使其转化为巨噬细胞,并用抗人CD68进行免疫细胞化学鉴定,以不同浓度的不对称二甲基精氨酸(1、5、10、20和30μmoL/L)作用于THP-1源性巨噬细胞24 h及20 μmol/L不对称二甲基精氨酸作用于THP-1源性巨噬细胞0 h、6 h、12 h、24 h及48 h ,逆转录聚合酶链反应检测各组细胞的巨噬细胞移动抑制因子Mrna表达水平,酶联免疫吸附法检测各组细胞上清液中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子的蛋白含量.结果 与对照组相比,5、10、20和30μmol/L的不对称二甲基精氨酸作用于THP-1源性巨噬细胞24 h后,巨噬细胞移动抑制因子的Mrna和蛋白表达水平均明显提高(P<0.05).与0 h组相比,20 μmol/L不对称二甲基精氨酸作用于THP-1源性巨噬细胞12、24和48 h,巨噬细胞移动抑制因子的Mrna和蛋白表达水平均明显提高(P<0.05).结论 不对称二甲基精氨酸可上调THP-1源性巨噬细胞的巨噬细胞移动抑制因子表达,并呈剂量和时间依赖性,不对称二甲基精氨酸可能通过诱导巨噬细胞移动抑制因子的表达而促进动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展.     

siRNA沉默巨噬细胞移动抑制因子基因对肝癌细胞血管内皮生长因子表达的影响

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)是最早发现的炎症因子之一[1].近年来的研究结果显示MIF在多种肿瘤细胞中过表达[3],参与肿瘤的发生及进展.     

血管紧张素转化酶2基因对人内皮细胞巨噬细胞移动抑制因子表达的影响

目的众多研究资料表明,巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(macrophage migration inhibitory factor,MIF)是体内一种重要的细胞因子和炎症介质,其在动脉粥样硬化发生中可能发挥重要作用。动脉粥样硬化中MIF能抑制巨噬细胞游走,促进巨噬细胞在炎症局部浸润,其过度调节可能在单核巨噬细胞的黏     

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子和支气管哮喘

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子（macrophage migration inhibitory factor,MIF）是一种重要的前炎症因子,与多种疾病密切相关。其分子作用机制复杂。MIF通过调控嗜酸粒细胞、细胞因子、气道反应性及黏液分泌等参与了支气管哮喘的病理生理过程。     

New therapeutic target in inflammatory disease: macrophage migration inhibitory factor

The cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) participates in fundamental events in innate and adaptive immunity. The profile of activities of MIF in vivo and in vitro is strongly suggestive of a role for MIF in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and hence antagonism of MIF is suggested as a potential therapeutic strategy in inflammatory disease. The best developed case for therapeutic antagonism of MIF is in RA. In RA, MIF is abundantly expressed in serum and synovial tissue. MIF induces synovial expression of key pro-inflammatory genes, regulates the function of endothelial cells and leucocytes, and is implicated in the control of synoviocyte proliferation and apoptosis via direct effects on the expression of the tumour suppressor protein p53. In animal models of RA, anti-MIF antibodies or genetic MIF deficiency are associated with significant inhibition of disease. A similar case has been made, for example using MIF-deficient mice, in models of atheroma, colitis, multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory diseases. The relationship with p53 also means MIF may be important in the link between inflammatory disease and cancer, such as is seen in RA or colitis. MIF also has a unique relationship with glucocorticoids, in that despite antagonizing their effects, the expression of MIF is in fact induced by glucocorticoids. Thus, MIF functions as a physiological counter-regulator of the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. This may be entrained by selective activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases rather than nuclear factor kappa B. Therapeutic MIF antagonism may therefore provide a specific means of 'steroid sparing'. Exploitation of antibody, soluble receptor or small molecule technologies may soon lead to the ability to test in the clinic the importance of MIF in human inflammatory diseases.     

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: a neuroendocrine modulator of chronic inflammation

The diverse actions of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) within the immuno-neuroendocrine system are yet to be fully understood, but it is clear that MIF plays a pivotal role in the regulation of both the innate and adaptive immune response. An emerging body of data presently indicates that MIF's position within the cytokine cascade is to act in concert with glucocorticoids to control the 'set point' and magnitude of the immune and inflammatory response. In this article we will review the actions of MIF within the immune system and discuss the overlapping and contrasting aspects of MIF and glucocorticoid biology. In particular we will focus on the role of MIF within the immuno-neuroendocrine interface and suggest molecular mechanisms by which MIF may counter-regulate glucocorticoid function. Finally we will discuss emerging evidence that functional MIF gene-promoter polymorphisms render one susceptible to elevated MIF expression, and the development of an exaggerated immune/inflammatory response that potentiates the progression to chronic inflammatory disease.     

Pathophysiological roles of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in gastrointestinal, hepatic, and pancreatic disorders

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a unique protein, participating in inflammation, immune response, and cell growth. MIF was first discovered as a lymphokine involved in delayed hypersensitivity and various macrophage functions, including phagocytosis, spreading, and tumoricidal activity. It has been reported that MIF is associated with the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. MIF expression was increased at inflammatory sites in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and glomerulonephritis. In experimental inflammatory disease, blockade of MIF bioactivity inhibited the severity of disease activity. On the other hand, MIF expression is also increased in tumor lesions, and MIF plays a role as a cell growth factor. MIF has been reported to be constitutively expressed in gut, liver, and pancreas. In patients with gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis, and pancreatitis, MIF expression was remarkably increased in both the serum and the local lesions. Blockade of MIF bioactivity inhibited and prevented inflammation in experimental gastritis, colitis, hepatitis, and pancreatitis. On the other hand, MIF expression was higher than that in normal tissues in colonic carcinomas and hepatocellular carcinoma both in vivo and in vitro. Blockade of MIF bioactivity successfully inhibited tumor cell growth in vivo and in vitro. MIF plays important roles in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal, hepatic, and pancreatic disorders.     

Mechanisms of disease: macrophage migration inhibitory factor in SLE, RA and atherosclerosis

The past decade has seen the emergence of two new paradigms in inflammatory disease: first, cardiovascular complications of atherosclerosis are markedly increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); and second, inflammatory mechanisms are important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These concurrent developments have lead to the concept that inflammatory mediators operative in RA and SLE might be causal in the accelerated atherosclerosis observed, a concept supported by clinical studies showing that this acceleration is not fully explained by traditional vascular risk factors. Separate lines of evidence implicate the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in RA, SLE, and atherosclerosis. Several reports have revealed definitive in vivo evidence of the activity of MIF in a model of SLE, demonstrated a novel role for MIF in monocyte/macrophage recruitment, and showed that MIF regulates a key mediator of inflammatory cell activation. Together with evidence that MIF circulates in increased concentrations in patients with RA and SLE, this information suggests that in addition to contributing to each disease, MIF might contribute directly to the acceleration of atherosclerosis in RA and SLE.     

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is an important mediator in the pathogenesis of gastric inflammation in rats

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been shown to play a pivotal role in inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. This study investigates the role of MIF in gastric inflammation. METHODS: Expression of MIF was examined in a rat gastric ulcer model induced by acetic acid, and the functional role of MIF in acute gastric ulcer was investigated by administration of a neutralizing anti-MIF antibody. RESULTS: MIF messenger RNA and protein were markedly up-regulated in acute gastric ulcer, which correlated with the accumulation of macrophages (P < 0.001) and neutrophils (P < 0.05) at the site of inflammation. Macrophages, like neutrophils, were the major inflammatory cells infiltrating the ulcer base and they strongly expressed inducible nitric oxide synthase. However, macrophages, not neutrophils, were a rich source of MIF production in acute gastric ulcer. In vivo and in vitro blockade of MIF with the neutralizing anti-MIF antibody significantly inhibited the marked up-regulation of MIF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. This was associated with the marked inhibition of macrophage (70% reduced) and neutrophil (60% reduced) accumulation and activation, thus reducing ulcer sizes and attenuating ulceration. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that MIF was markedly up-regulated during acute gastric ulcer. Inhibition of acute gastric ulcer by blockade of MIF indicates that MIF is a key inflammatory mediator and plays a pathogenic role in gastric inflammation.     

Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with increased expression of macrophage migratory inhibitory factor--by epithelial cells, T cells, and macrophages--in gastric mucosa

The macrophage migratory inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a pivotal role in inflammatory and immune diseases; however, its role in gastrointestinal diseases has not been clarified. This study intended to determine the expression of MIF, by gastric epithelial cells, T cells, and macrophages, in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis. Sixty-four patients (30 males, 34 females; mean age, 47 years) referred for upper endoscopy were recruited. Biopsy specimens from the gastric antrum and corpus were obtained for (1) detection of H. pylori and histological examination, (2) single and double immunostaining to test for expression of MIF protein in epithelial cells, T cells, and macrophages, and (2) in situ hybridization for expression of MIF mRNA within the lamina propria. In mucosal specimens from each of the 2 sites, both the percentage of MIF(+) epithelial cells and the numbers of MIF mRNA(+) inflammatory cells, MIF(+) T cells, and MIF(+) macrophages were significantly higher in H. pylori-positive patients than in H. pylori-negative patients. Overall, the percentage of MIF(+) epithelial cells and the numbers of MIF mRNA(+) cells, MIF(+) T cells, and MIF(+) macrophages were higher in the antrum than in the corpus. The percentage of MIF(+) epithelial cells and the numbers of MIF mRNA(+) cells, MIF(+) T cells, and MIF(+) macrophages increased in chronic gastritis, but, in the absence of H. pylori infection, this increase disappeared for all except MIF(+) T cells. Therefore, H. pylori infection is associated with increased expression of the MIF protein and MIF mRNA in gastric epithelial and inflammatory cells; along with other cytokines, MIF may play a significant role in gastric inflammation related to H. pylori infection.     

Alpha-thrombin stimulates expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in skin fibroblasts

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is induced by various stimuli such as wounds and infection and regulates inflammatory and immunological responses. To date, we have found increased expression of MIF during the wound healing process in rat skin. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated enhanced expression of MIF in wound skin lesions. On the other hand, alpha-thrombin, a multifunctional serine protease, plays an important role in wound healing with regard to induction of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). Accordingly, we examined the effect of alpha-thrombin on MIF production in human skin fibroblasts. Alpha-thrombin significantly stimulated MIF secretion into culture medium of fibroblasts quantitated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Consistent with this, we observed the upregulation of MIF mRNA in response to alpha-thrombin by Northern blot analysis. Taken together, these results suggest that MIF produced by fibroblasts in response to alpha-thrombin plays an important regulatory role in wound repair.     

Lack of macrophage migration inhibitory factor protects mice against concanavalin A-induced liver injury.

BACKGROUND: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is involved in inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases but the role of MIF in liver injury has not yet been elucidated. METHODS: We investigated biochemically, histologically and immunologically the character of MIF in concanavalin A (Con A)-induced T-cell-mediated liver injury using MIF knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. RESULTS: MIF KO mice showed significantly decreased serum alanine aminotransferase values and suppressed histological change with massive necrosis of the hepatic parenchymal cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells compared with their WT counterparts. This protection was not mediated by either tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interferon-gamma, which are critical mediators of Con A-induced liver injury, as their serum concentrations were shown to be similar in MIF KO and WT mice. On the other hand, a flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the number of activated hepatic leukocytes decreased more in the MIF KO mice than in the WT mice. CONCLUSIONS: A lack of MIF protected the mice from Con A-induced liver injury. Controlling the MIF activity may be a useful therapeutic strategy for treating such T-cell activation-associated liver diseases as autoimmune hepatitis and viral hepatitis.