经皮经腔内支架成形术治疗上腔静脉综合征

目的 总结经皮经腔介入内支架成形术治疗上腔静脉综合征的经验，并评价其疗效。方法 使用西门子1200mAC形臂机，采用“Z”形不锈钢裸支架，对15例上腔静脉综合征患者行经皮经腔介入治疗。释放支架使用RUPS－10014鞘及90cm长鞘。15例中男12例，女3例，年龄54－72岁，平均63岁。12例为中心型肺癌，2例为转移瘤，1例为恶性胸腺瘤。13例经右颈静脉入路，2例经右股静脉入路。并对其中13例行支气管动脉灌注化疗。结果 15例患者14例置入支架15枚，1例失败，2例并发血栓形成。无死亡及其他严重并发症。11例术后24h内症状缓解，1周内症状基本消失。结论 内支架治疗上腔静脉综合征安全有效，可以明显延长患者生存时间。     

上腔静脉综合征支架植入术后并发症分析

目的 探讨上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)支架植入术的并发症及其影响因素,以便制定合理的预防和处理措施.方法 对39例不同原因所致的SVCS患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.39例患者均行静脉造影,明确上腔静脉狭窄位置、程度、范围,然后行上腔静脉支架植入术.支架植入后以狭窄程度<50%或狭窄程度减少20%以上,同时患者症状在治疗后短期缓解作为支架植入有效的标准,观察术后并发症情况.结果 39例共植入支架40枚.术后35例患者症状明显好转,有效率89.7%(35/39).6例发生并发症,发生率15.4%,其中1例因术后化疗有效、病变缩小致支架移位,症状未加重而未予处理;1例因未抗凝等后续治疗导致血栓形成,后行溶栓及放射治疗致支架移位,患者自动出院;1例因植入大网眼Gianturco Z形支架,肿瘤向网眼内生长导致再狭窄,患者自动出院;急性肺梗死及急性右心功能不全各1例,内科保守治疗后症状缓解;急性心包积液1例,急诊行心包抽液后症状缓解.结论 SVCS支架植入术并发症种类较多,部分后果严重.需根据病因选择合适的治疗方法和合适的支架型号,术中操作轻柔仔细,重视术后处理等方能有效减少并发症.     

血管内支架置入术治疗肺癌引起的上腔静脉综合征

目的:观察血管内支架置入治疗肺癌引起的上腔静脉综合征的疗效。方法:对56例肺癌引起的上腔静脉综合征患者行经股静脉上腔静脉内支架置入治疗。结果:56例患者均成功置入支架,患者症状缓解。8例支架内继发血栓形成,其中1例支架内再次置入支架,7例经溶栓后症状缓解。结论:血管内支架置入术是一种治疗肺癌引起的上腔静脉综合征安全有效的方法。     

肺癌合并上腔静脉综合征的介入治疗

目的探讨经皮血管内支架植入联合肿瘤供血动脉化疗栓塞治疗肺癌合并上腔静脉综合征的方法及临床价值。方法28例肺癌合并上腔静脉阻塞患者,经螺旋CT和静脉造影明确诊断,以阻塞远侧静脉压大于22mmHg为支架植入适应证,支架植入前明确伴有继发血栓形成患者行抗凝及溶栓治疗,经肘前静脉或股静脉入路,先行狭窄部位球囊扩张术,然后在上腔静脉和头臂静脉狭窄段植入支架,支架植入前后联合支气管动脉栓塞化疗。结果28例患者成功植入支架30枚,3例支架内继发急性血栓形成,经过保留导管溶栓治疗成功溶解血栓,2例术后出现肺栓塞,经过血栓抽吸 抗凝溶栓治疗症状缓解,1例3个月后上腔静脉综合征复发,再次植入1枚支架后上腔静脉重新开通,其余病例在生存期内支架保持通畅。结论上腔静脉支架植入联合支气管动脉栓塞化疗治疗肺癌所致上腔静脉综合征,缓解症状迅速有效、微创、并发症较少,可以明显提高患者的生存质量。     

姑息性内支架置入术治疗累及右心房的恶性下腔静脉阻塞

目的 探讨右心房及下腔静脉内联合置入内支架治疗累及右心房的恶性下腔静脉狭窄的安全性与疗效。方法 5例男性晚期肝癌患者，年龄42－65岁，平均56．3岁，肿瘤侵及下腔静脉和右心房下腔静脉入口引起下腔静脉阻塞，产生肝肿大，腹水，下肢水肿等症状和体征，选用Z形自膨胀不锈 内支架，长度7．5－10.0cm，直径2．5cm，将其部分置入右心房，大部分置入下腔静脉，以开通阻塞的下腔静脉，心腔段内支架置入长度1－3cm，结果 内支架均置入成功，阻塞的下腔静脉全部开通，患者下腔静脉阻塞症状和体征均明显减轻或消失，随访67－188天，下腔静脉阻塞症状未见复发，也无与内支架入有关的心脏并发症，结论 对累及右心房的恶性下腔静脉狭窄采用右心房和下腔静脉联合内支架置入术是一种安全，有效的治疗方法。     

血管内支架治疗上腔静脉综合征

上腔静脉综合征(superior vena cava syndrome,SVCS)又称上腔静脉阻塞综合征或纵隔综合征,是由多种原因引起的完全或不全性上腔静脉及其主要分支阻塞,导致上腔静脉系统血液回流受阻,侧支循环形成为主要临床征象的一组症候群。     

经皮上腔静脉成型术治疗上腔静脉阻塞综合征

目的　探讨经皮上腔静脉支架成型术治疗上腔静脉阻塞综合征的方法及临床价值。方法　上腔静脉阻塞综合征患者 1 5例 ,包括肺癌伴纵隔淋巴结转移 1 0例 ,非霍奇金淋巴瘤 3例 ,食管癌伴纵隔淋巴结转移 2例 ,均先行右锁骨下静脉或肘静脉穿刺插管至阻塞上段作造影、测压 ,显示阻塞的部位、程度、侧支循环及有无血栓等情况 ,再经右侧股静脉穿刺入路置放上腔静脉支架。结果　 1 5例患者均 1次成功地植入上腔静脉支架 ,1例患者因狭窄范围超过 1 0cm而导入 2枚支架 ,其余均置入 1枚支架。术后造影显示血流恢复通畅 ,手术前后梗阻远端测压从术前的 (30 .5± 2 .3)cmH2 O降到术后的 (8.8±1 .5 )cmH2 O(均为卧位测压 ) ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1 )。术后造影侧支静脉不再显影 ,上腔静脉阻塞症状明显改善 ,随访 6个月 ,除 1例患者因合并血栓经局部溶栓、球囊扩张治疗后症状改善 ,其余患者均无阻塞症状复发。结论　经皮上腔静脉成型术创伤小、恢复快、疗效确切 ,是治疗上腔静脉阻塞综合征的有效方法。     

支架治疗上腔静脉综合征32例疗效分析

目的:评价支架治疗上腔静脉综合征的疗效。方法:经股静脉造影确诊32例肿瘤患者并发上腔静脉综合征,然后在上腔静脉、无名静脉狭窄段植入支架治疗。结果:32例造影均显示静脉血流恢复,术后患者上腔静脉梗阻症状缓解。结论:支架植入治疗上腔静脉综合征安全有效,并发症少,能有效提高患者生活质量。     

国产金属内支架植入治疗下腔静脉良恶性节段性阻塞

目的　探讨植入国产金属支架介入治疗节段性良、恶性下腔静脉阻塞的临床价值。方法　 4 8例患者中良性阻塞 30例 ,完全性 8例 ,不完全性 2 2例 ;恶性阻塞 18例 ,完全性和不完全性各 9例。采用经皮股静脉途径植入国产下腔静脉支架。结果　 4 8例患者 ,平均病变长度 (5 .3± 2 .8)cm ,均一次手术成功 ,阻塞下方下腔静脉压由术前 (2 1.4± 5 .1)mmHg降为 (8.4± 3.3)mmHg(P <0 .0 1)。随访 3～36个月 ,术后下腔静脉通畅率为 83.3% ,无严重并发症 ;38例下腔静脉阻塞相关临床症状和体征完全消失 ,10例明显改善。结论　国产下腔静脉支架植入是治疗节段性良恶性下腔静脉阻塞的重要手段。     

上腔静脉综合征的血管内支架治疗

上腔静脉综合征，特别是恶性肿瘤所致且放疗、化疗无效或复发临床处理比较困难。八十年代中期开展的以血管内支架为主，结合球囊扩张、局部溶栓等治疗方法，临床应用表明是治疗上腔静脉综合征安全、有效的方法。本就上腔静脉综合征血管内支架治疗现状作一综述。     

Endovascular stenting for the management of port-a-cath associated superior vena cava syndrome

Port-a-cath systems are often essential for the administration of long-term chemotherapy in the treatment of malignancies because they improve venous access, but they are associated with complications, mainly thrombosis of central veins. In the present report, we describe a case of right subclavian and superior vena cava port-a-cath-related thrombosis causing superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) in a patient affected by Hodgkin’s disease. The patient underwent percutaneous revascularization with stent positioning, experiencing immediate relief of symptoms. Endovascular procedures for the treatment of nonmalignant SVCS seem to represent a challenging therapeutic option.     

Malignant superior vena cava obstruction: Stent placement via the subclavian route

Over a 3-year period 23 patients with malignant superior vena cava obstruction were referred for interventional management. They underwent repeat localized central venography and deployment of self-expanding Wallstents. All patients (age range 26-89 years) were approached by the subclavian route using 29 stents. The stent was used to exclude thrombus in the contralateral brachiocephalic vein in five patients and histologic information was available in all patients. Retrospective analysis of the clinical records was used to assess symptom-free survival and symptom recurrence. All patients reported an improvement in symptoms within 24 hr of the procedure. There was 100% technical success. Primary clinical success was achieved in 19 of 23 patients followed-up to their death with no symptom recurrence (range 1-34, mean 15 weeks). In four patients symptoms recurred but only one patient was referred for re-intervention, which was successful. Complications included single cases of early post-stent rethrombosis, distal slip on deployment, and distal slip on balloon dilatation. There were no puncture-related complications.     

Percutaneous treatment of superior vena cava syndrome using metallic stents

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of treatment of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) in patients with benign and malignant disease using expandable metallic stent. From January 1995 to April 2000, 87 expandable stents were implanted in 82 patients (59 men, 23 women; mean age 57.8 years, age range 39–79 years) for the treatment of SVCS. The SVCS was defined as symptomatic bilateral obstruction of venous drainage from head, neck and upper extremities. In 68 patients SVCS was due to malignant neoplasia, and in 14 cases it was due to benign aetiology. All patients were treated with expandable stent. We implanted 81 Wallstent prostheses and 6 Palmaz stents. Adjuvant thrombolysis was applied in 12 patients who required fibrinolysis. After recanalization, the stent was implanted in all cases in SVC (infra- or supra-azygos vein). All patients were treated with heparin of low molecular weight (HBPM) during 6 months. Patency was analyzed according to clinical symptoms and Doppler US or venograms exploration. Technical success was observed in all cases. Clinical success was reached in 78 of 82 patients (95.1%) (absence of symptoms in 2 or 3 days). Four patients suffered immediate thrombosis which required fibrinolitic treatment with a new prosthesis placement in 1 case. The follow-up for the malignant process was of 7.1 months (range 1–39 months) and in benign cases was 31.2 months (range 11–61 months). Sixty-two (91.1%) patients with malignancy died without SVCS symptomatology. All the patients with benign pathology are alive. Clinical primary patency in malignant cases was 87% with assisted patency of 96.2%. Endovascular therapy using metallic stent and thrombolysis is a successful method to treat SVCS due to benign or malignant aetiology. Electronic Publication     

Leiomyosarcoma of the superior vena cava: Diagnosis by cardiac gated MR

A primary leiomyosarcoma of the superior vena cava was diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging. MRI demonstrated tumor extension into the right heart and innominate veins and compared favorably with the superior vena cavagram.     

Percutaneous management of superior vena cava occlusions

Purpose To assess the use of percutaneous endovascular stent insertion in the management of superior vena cava (SVC) occlusion.Methods Percutaneous endovascular stent insertion was attempted in 13 patients, age range 20–72 (mean 55.5) years, with symptomatic total occlusion of the SVC. Twelve patients had known malignant disease of the thorax. The other patient (age 20) had chronic SVC obstruction, the cause of which was unknown at the time of the procedure. There was initial angiographic assessment and removal of thrombus by thrombolysis (10 patients) and/or clot aspiration (3 patients). Following successful lysis or aspiration, single or multiple endovascular stents were inserted.Results The inability to cross the lesion with a guidewire prevented stent insertion in 2 patients (15.4%). There was primary success in the remaining 11 patients (84.6%), with associated symptomatic relief. Some recurrence of symptoms occurred in 5 of the 11 patients (45.5%) after a time interval ranging from 14 to 183 days. In all cases of symptomatic recurrence, patency was reestablished with further thrombolysis and/or further stent insertion. All successfully treated patients have since died. All 11 patients remained symptomatically free of SVC occlusion until death, with postprocedure survival ranging from 5 to 243 days.Conclusion The percutaneous management of complete SVC occlusion with thrombolysis and/or clot aspiration followed by stent insertion is safe and effective, giving sustained symptomatic relief.