上皮型钙粘附素和γ-连环素在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨上皮型钙粘附素(E-cadherin,E-cad)和γ-连环素(γ-catenin,γ-cat)在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)中的表达及与NSCLC的发生、发展及预后的关系。方法:应用免疫组化PicTureTM通用型二歩法,观察43例NSCLC常规石蜡包埋组织及7例正常肺组织中的E-cad和γ-cat蛋白的表达。结果:在43例NSCLC中,E-cad和γ-cat的异常表达率分别为58.1%和67.4%,显著高于正常肺组织(P<0.05、P<0.01)。伴有淋巴结转移及TNMⅢ期组E-cad异常表达率明显高于无淋巴结转移组及TNMⅠ、Ⅱ期组(P<0.01);腺癌组织及伴有淋巴结转移组γ-cat异常表达率明显高于鳞癌组织及无淋巴结转移组(P<0.05)。E-cad和γ-cat异常表达者生存时间明显少于正常表达者(中位生存时间,16vs35个月,P<0.01;20vs32个月,P<0.05)。Cox比例风险模型分析显示TNM分期、淋巴结转移情况和E-cad表达情况为影响预后的独立因素(P<0.05)。E-cad表达情况与γ-cat表达情况显著相关(r=0.416,P=0.007)。联合分析E-cad、γ-cat发现,E-cad和γ-cat两种蛋白均正常表达组与只有E-cad或γ-cat一种蛋白正常表达组相比淋巴结转移发生率较低(P<0.01)、生存期较长(中位生存时间,45vs20个月,P<0.01)。结论:E-cad和γ-cat蛋白表达与NSCLC的发生、发展及预后关系密切,可作为评估NSCLC进展及预后判断的有价值的指标。联合检测两种蛋白有助于提高判断NSCLC淋巴结转移情况及预后分析的准确性。     

胃癌组织中E-钙粘蛋白及β、γ-连接素表达的临床病理学相关因素

目的研究胃镜活检胃癌组织中E-钙粘蛋白与β-连接素、γ-连接素的表达及与临床病理学之间的关系.方法采用免疫组化方法检测90例胃镜活检胃癌组织E-cad和β-cat、γ-cat的表达水平,并进行相关的临床病理学因素分析.结果在胃癌病例胃镜活检组织中E-cad和β-cat、γ-cat表达率分别为38.9%,43.3%和35.6%,总的异常表达率为91.1%.与胃癌分化程度显著相关.结论胃镜活检组织钙粘蛋白及连接素的检测能反映出胃癌的生物学行为,为临床治疗提供有意义的参考指标.     

E-cadherin和β-catenin及CD44V6与非小细胞肺癌组织预后的关系

目的探讨上皮钙黏附素(E-cadherin,E-cad)、β-连接素(β-catenin,β-cat)及CD44V6的表达与非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)临床病理特征及患者预后之间的关系.方法应用免疫组织化学SP法检测53例NSCLC标本中E-cad、β-cat及CD44V6的表达情况.结果1)E-cad及β-cat在NSCLC高、中分化组及低分化组间差异有统计学意义,P值分别为0.002和0.009.而E-cad及β-cat的表达与临床分期、组织学类型及淋巴结转移无明显相关性,P＞0.05.2)CD44V6在淋巴结转移组及未转移组间有统计学意义,P=0.017;CD44V6在鳞癌中的表达率显著高于腺癌,P=0.039.CD44V6与分化程度及临床分期均不相关,P值分别为0.0381和0.983.3)NSCLC中E-cad与β-cat的表达呈显著性正相关(χ2=23.11,P=0.000,r=0.66).4)E-cad及β-cat高表达组的平均生存时间显著高于低表达组(P值分别为0.005和0.024).CD44V6高表达组的平均生存时间显著低于低表达组,P=0.002.单因素生存分析显示E-cad、β-cat、CD44V6及临床分期与NSCLC预后有关.5)用Cox风险比例模型进行多因素生存分析显示E-cad与临床分期是有意义的预后指标,P值分别为0.03和0.000.结论在NSCLC中联合检测NSCLC中E-cad、β-cat及CD44V6等黏附分子的表达是临床指导治疗及估计预后的有意义指标.     

Ⅱ型子宫内膜癌中E-cadherin、β-catenin和HER2的表达及意义

目的:探讨Ⅱ型子宫内膜癌中上皮钙黏素(E-cadherin,E-cad)、β-连环素(β-catenin,β-cat)和HER2表达的关系及临床病理意义. 方法:采用Envision法检测84例Ⅱ型子宫内膜癌中E-cad、β-cat和HER2的表达,分析三者表达与临床病理的关系,并对随访数据资料进行统计学处理.结果:84例Ⅱ型子宫内膜癌中E-cad、β-cat和HER2的阳性表达率分别为52.4%、67.9%和76.2%.Ⅱ型子宫内膜癌中E-cad、β-cat和HER2的表达均与肿瘤TNM分期及淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05),与患者年龄、肿瘤大小及组织学分级无关(P>0.05).Ⅱ型子宫内膜癌中E-cad表达与β-cat和HER2表达呈负相关(P<0.05),β-cat和HER2表达与临床分期和患者生存率呈负相关(P<0.05).结论:E-cad可抑制Ⅱ型子宫内膜癌的浸润和转移,与β-cat和HER2表达具有相关性,可能在Ⅱ型子宫内膜癌的发展过程中具有协调作用,联合检测E-cad、β-cat和HER2可能为临床判断子宫内膜癌的预后和个体化治疗提供参考指标.     

CD133 β-catenin和APC在结直肠癌组织中的表达及其与预后的关系

  目的  探讨CD133、β-catenin和APC蛋白在结直肠癌发生发展中的作用, 分析三者的表达和临床病理特征与结直肠癌患者预后的关系。   方法  应用组织芯片及免疫组织化学法检测74例结直肠腺瘤、135例结直肠癌及癌旁正常黏膜组织中CD133、β-catenin和APC蛋白的表达; 结合随访资料进行单因素Kaplan-Meier生存分析及多因素Cox回归分析。   结果  CD133在结直肠癌中阳性率为45.9%, 高于腺瘤(9.5%)及癌旁正常黏膜(0, P < 0.05), 其表达与腺瘤不典型增生程度及结直肠癌组织分级具有相关性(P < 0.05);β-catenin胞质/胞核阳性表达在结直肠癌(93.3%)和腺瘤(85.1%), 高于癌旁正常黏膜(14.8%, P < 0.05), β-catenin膜表达缺失率在结直肠癌(45.2%)高于腺瘤(4.1%)及癌旁正常黏膜(5.2%, P < 0.05), 且与淋巴结转移及Dukes分期有关(P < 0.05);APC阳性表达率在癌旁正常黏膜(100%)、腺瘤(90.5%)和结直肠癌(34.8%)呈逐级降低(P < 0.05), 在结直肠癌APC表达缺失组, β-catenin胞质/胞核表达与CD133表达呈正相关(P < 0.05)。单因素和多因素生存分析均筛选出Dukes分期、β-catenin膜表达缺失为影响结直肠癌患者预后的高风险因素及独立预后影响因素(P < 0.05)。   结论  CD133、β-catenin、APC参与了结直肠癌的发生发展, CD133表达与β-catenin及APC之间存在密切联系, 三者的检测对结直肠癌的早期诊断、生物学行为及预后评估有一定意义。      

β-catenin和MT1-MMP在结直肠癌组织中的表达及意义

目的：探讨结直肠癌组织中争catenin的异常表达的意义及与MT1-MMP表达的关系。方法：应用免疫组化SP法检测78例结直肠癌组织和15例癌旁正常黏膜组织中β-catenin、MT1-MMP的表达。结果：15例正常组织中β-catenin均呈胞膜阳性表达,而MT1-MMP呈阴性表达。而在78例结直肠癌组织中β-catenin细胞膜表达缺失,呈胞质或胞核异位表达。β-catenin异常表达率为75．6％,MT1-MMP阳性表达率为70．5％。β-catenin异常表达与结直肠癌的分化程度、转移和Duke分期显著相关,P〈0．05。MT1-MMP表达水平与结直肠癌浸润深度、转移、Duke分期有统计学意义,P〈0．05。β-catenin异常表达与MT1—MMP的高表达在结直肠癌中有显著的正相关性,P〈0．05,r=0．419。结论：β-catenin在胞质或胞核内的异常聚集和MT1-MMP的过度表达,两者共同参与结直肠癌的进展。     

上皮性钙黏附蛋白和β连环素在胆囊癌中的表达

目的 探讨上皮性钙黏附蛋白（E-cadherin,E-cad）和β连环素（β-catenin,β-cat）与胆囊癌浸润和转移的关系.方法 应用S-P免疫组化法检测E-cad和β-cat在24例胆囊癌及17例癌旁胆囊组织中的表达状况,并观察E-cad和β-cat的表达与胆囊癌分化、浸润深度和淋巴结转移的关系.结果 E-cad和β-cat在胆囊癌组织中的阳性率分别为79.2%和95.8%,在胆囊癌旁组织中的阳性率分别为64.7%和100.0%.E-cad和β-cat的表达与胆囊癌的分化、浸润深度和淋巴结转移均无关.结论采用免疫组化方法检测胆囊癌的E-cad和β-cat表达不足以成为判断胆囊癌浸润和转移倾向的客观指标.     

Pin1和β-catenin在结直肠癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨结直肠癌组织中Pin1与β-catenin的表达及其临床意义。方法应用免疫组化技术检测45例结直肠癌组织中Pin1、β-catenin蛋白的表达，分析其相关性及其与结直肠癌临床病理学特征的关系，并探讨其预后价值。结果Pin1在37．8％（17／45）结直肠癌组织中过表达，β-catenin在64．4％（29／45）结直肠癌组织中异常蓄积，17例Pin1过表达中15例同时存在β-catenin异常蓄积，两者显著正相关（r=0．387，P=0．006）；Pin1过表达与结直肠癌病理分级明显相关（P〈0．05），与临床分期、淋巴结转移有相关趋势，与浸润深度无明显相关；β-catenin异常蓄积与浸润深度有相关趋势，与病理分级、临床分期及淋巴结转移均无明显相关；Pin1过表达与预后有显著相关性（P〈0．01），β-catenin与预后不相关（P=0．099）。结论Pin1在结直肠癌组织中存在过表达，且与β-catenin异常蓄积正相关；Pin1与结直肠癌的预后密切相关。     

E—cadherin和α—catenin在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及意义

[目的]研究钙粘附分子（E-cadherin,E-cad)和α-连接蛋白在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及其临床意义。[方法]正常膀胱粘膜E-cad呈正常表达，96例膀胱移行细胞癌中E-cad及α-cat的异常表达率分别为44.8%（43/96）和58.3%(56/96)。两者之间具有显著相关性。E-cad及α-cat的异常表达率与肿瘤的病理分级、临床分期、复发及生存率显著相关。[结论]E-cad及α-cat的异常表达在膀胱移行细胞癌的恶性进展过程中起重要作用。可作为判断肿瘤恶性程度及复发预后的分子生物学指标。     

上皮型钙粘附素和γ-连环素在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨上皮型钙粘附素（E-cadherin，E-cad）和γ-连环素（γ-catenin，γ-cat）在非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer，NSCLC）中的表达及与NSCLC的发生、发展及预后的关系。方法：应用免疫组化PicTure^TM通用型二步法，观察43例NSCLC常规石蜡包埋组织及7例正常肺组织中的E-cad和γ-cat蛋白的表达。结果：在43例NSCLC中，E-cad和γ-cat的异常表达率分别为58．1％和67．4％，显著高于正常肺组织（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）。伴有淋巴结转移及TNMIU期组E-cad异常表达率明显高于无淋巴结转移组及TNMI、Ⅱ期组（P〈0．01）；腺癌组织及伴有淋巴结转移组γ-cat异常表达率明显高于鳞癌组织及无淋巴结转移组（P〈0．05）。E-cad和γ-cat异常表达者生存时间明显少于正常表达者（中位生存时间，16vs35个月，P〈0．01；20vs32个月，P〈0．05）。Cox比例风险模型分析显示TNM分期、淋巴结转移情况和E-cad表达情况为影响预后的独立因素（P〈0．05）。E-cad表达情况与γ-cat表达情况显著相关（r=0．416，P=0．007）。联合分析E-cad、γ-cat发现，E-cad和γ-cat两种蛋白均正常表达组与只有E-cad或γ-cat-种蛋白正常表达组相比淋巴结转移发生率较低（P〈0．01）、生存期较长（中位生存时间，45vs20个月，P〈0．01）。结论：E-cad和γ-cat蛋白表达与NSCLC的发生、发展及预后关系密切，可作为评估NSCLC进展及预后判断的有价值的指标。联合检测两种蛋白有助于提高判断NSCLC淋巴结转移情况及预后分析的准确     

Bacteria and cancer--antagonisms and benefits

There is considerable historical and recent evidence concerning the antagonisms between acute bacterial infections or their toxins and cancer and allied diseases. These data provide renewed incentives to undertake clinical programmes with mixed bacterial vaccines in many countries at the present time.     

Religiosity and physical and emotional functioning among African American and White colorectal and lung cancer patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

Renal irradiation and the pharmacology and toxicity of methotrexate and cisplatinum

We used a rat model to study the effects of renal irradiation on the pharmacology of methotrexate (MTX) and cisplatinum (cis-Pt). Unanesthetized rats were given bilateral kidney irradiation (20 Gy in 9 fractions). At 9 months after irradiation, 3% of the animals had died and survivors showed moderately impaired renal function. At 15 months, 30% of the animals had died and survivors showed severely impaired renal function. Some animals were given i.v. MTX 1 week to 15 months after irradiation. In irradiated rats, the area under the MTX plasma clearance curve equaled that of controls through 6 months, and was significantly above controls from 9 months on. Other animals were given i.p. cis-Pt 1 week to 9 months after irradiation. The acute toxicity of cis-Pt was the same in control and irradiated rats when cis-Pt was given immediately before or after irradiation. Beginning 3 months after irradiation there was a progressive increase in cis-Pt toxicity and a simultaneous decrease in urinary platinum excretion. Irradiated animals that survived cis-Pt treatment showed increased radiation nephritis; the greatest effect occurred when cis-Pt was given 3 months or more after irradiation. MTX and cis-Pt clearance decreased when renal dysfunction was first observed and changes in renal function preceded changes in drug clearance and toxicity.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.