氟喹诺酮C-3杂环化合物的设计、合成与抗肿瘤活性研究:环丙沙星双-噁二唑甲硫醚衍生物(英文)

为进一步探究发现抗肿瘤氟喹诺酮候选化合物的有效策略,用噁二唑杂环作为环丙沙星的羧基电子等排体得中间体C-3噁二唑硫醇(5),与噁二唑氯甲烷(6a–6h)缩合形成双-噁二唑甲硫醚(7a–7h),再与碘甲烷成哌嗪季铵盐(8a–8h),其结构经元素分析和光谱数据确证,评价了体外对CHO、HL60和L1210 3种肿瘤细胞的生长抑制活性。初步的药理结果表明,哌嗪季铵盐(8)的活性高于相应游离碱(7)的活性。     

抗肿瘤薯蓣皂苷元衍生物的设计与合成(Ⅰ)

目的 针对抗肿瘤活性,设计、合成薯蓣皂苷元衍生物并研究其体外抗肿瘤活性.方法 基于作用机制并运用Autodock进行目标分子辅助设计.以薯蓣皂苷元为原料,与氯乙酸缩合,得中间体(Ⅰ)后,再与杂环(哌啶、吗啉、哌嗪)或取代杂环(哌嗪)反应制得化合物Ⅱ～Ⅵ;以薯蓣皂苷元为原料,将其F环开环得到中间体(Ⅶ)后,再与不同的疏水性脂肪酸、芳香酸或酚缩合,制备了化合物Ⅷ～Ⅺ.采用MTT法对人恶性黑色素瘤细胞A375、人肺腺癌细胞A549、人肝癌细胞HepG-2进行体外抗肿瘤活性试验.结果 制备的化合物中,除化合物Ⅶ外,其余10个是新化合物,其结构经1HNMR、13CNMR确证.结论 薯蓣皂苷元衍生物的初步体外活性测试均表现出良好的抗肿瘤活性,其中,化合物Ⅳ、Ⅵ的抗肿瘤活性与阳性对照1-(3β-薯蓣皂苷元)-3-苄基咪唑溴盐相当.     

1,4-二［3-(氨基硫代甲酰硫基)丙酰基］哌嗪类化合物的合成及其抗肿瘤活性

目的　寻找并合成低毒、有较强抗肿瘤活性的哌嗪类化合物。方法和结果　以1,4-二(3-溴丙酰基)哌嗪为先导物,合成了一系列1,4-二［3-(氨基硫代甲酰硫基)丙酰基］哌嗪类新化合物,并测试了这些化合物(4a-j)对8种瘤细胞株的体外抗肿瘤活性。结论　体外抗肿瘤活性试验结果表明,大多数化合物显示一定的抗肿瘤活性,尤其是化合物4c,4d和4e,浓度在10μmol.L^-1时,对HL-60细胞抑制率分别为44%,90%和70%。     

电喷雾离子阱质谱对具有强镇痛活性的新型双螺环哌嗪季铵盐的裂解方式研究(英文)

我们研究了具有镇痛活性的螺环哌嗪季铵盐二溴代物1a–1e的一级和二级质谱。化合物1脱去溴负离子生成[M-Br]+峰2,离子2脱去溴化氢分子形成离子峰4,离子[M-Br-44]+3为基峰。化合物1d–1e由于是酰胺类化合物,除了上述几类峰外,还生成了离子碎片[M-2Br-33]+。     

一类双哌嗪季铵盐的合成及镇痛活性

以97-9-G4为先导物，设计并合成一系列双哌嗪季铵盐，测定其镇痛活性，研究其构效关系。合成了8个双哌嗪季铵盐5a-h，测定了它们的体内镇痛活性，结果表明先导物97-9-G4中的苯乙基结构为必需的活性基团，苯环上引入吸电子基团有利于提高活性，苯环和哌嗪氮原子的距离为两个碳原子时镇痛活性最好。所合成的化合物具有一定的镇痛活性，但弱于先导化合物97-9-G4，总结出的构效关系对该类化合物的进一步结构修饰具有重要的指导意义。     

薯蓣皂苷元A环和F环的结构改造及其抗肿瘤活性初探

目的提高薯蓣皂苷元类衍生物的抗肿瘤活性以及进一步研究其构效关系。方法基于薯蓣皂苷元结构,运用Autodock 4.2进行对接设计,合成了一系列全新A环、F环结构改造的氨基酸酰胺,内酰胺杂环薯蓣皂苷元类衍生物。采用MTT法对人肝癌细胞HepG-2、人恶性黑色素瘤细胞A375和人肺癌细胞A549进行体外抗肿瘤活性实验。结果合成13个新化合物,结构经1HNMR、13CNMR确定,体外抗肿瘤活性结果表明化合物8～13具有一定活性。结论化合物8～13都具有一定的体外抗肿瘤活性,化合物13的药理学活性与阳性对照品紫杉醇活性相近。     

恩其明(AT-1840)开环类似物的合成和抗癌作用 1.通过光化反应合成取代-2-羟基-菲啶溴烷季铵盐

根据恩其明(ungeremine,1.)分子中存在次甲基N-O-O三角和内铵盐结构,这可能和其抗肿瘤活性有密切关系的设想,合成了它的开环类似物2-羟基-8,9-次甲二氧基菲啶溴甲(或乙)烷季铵盐(3a和3b)和2-羟基-8,9-二甲氧基菲啶甲(或乙)烷季铵盐(4a和4b)等有关化合物,作为抗肿瘤作用的比较,以探讨恩其明的构效关系。动物试验表明:化合物3a对小鼠艾氏腹水癌有明显抑制作用,小鼠生命时间延长130～140%,其它化合物则无明显活性。     

2-取代-3-氧代齐墩果烷-12-烯-30-酰胺类化合物的合成与抗肿瘤活性研究

目的设计并合成一系列2-取代-3-氧代-齐墩果烷-12-烯-30-酰胺类化合物,以期提高该类化合物对人前列腺癌PC-3细胞生长抑制活性。方法对18β-甘草次酸的A环、11位羰基及30位羧基进行结构改造,设计并合成了20个目标化合物。采用MTT法研究其对PC-3细胞的生长抑制活性。结果与结论合成20个未见文献报道的化合物,结构均经1H-NMR、LC-MS和IR确证,部分结构经13C-NMR确证。合成的化合物对PC-3细胞显示了不同程度的生长抑制活性,明显好于其母体化合物18β-甘草次酸(18β-glycyrrhetinic acid,GA),其中化合物9a的活性最强,GI50值为6.97μmol·L-1。初步构效关系表明:A环引入2-氰基-3-氧代-1-烯的化合物活性最好,2位引入羟亚甲基与2,3位骈合异口恶唑环类化合物活性相当,2位引入氰基的化合物活性较弱;30位羧基与哌啶及哌啶基哌啶成酰胺活性较好,与4-甲基哌嗪、吗啉和哌嗪成酰胺活性较弱。     

2-取代-3-氧代羊毛甾烷-24-酰胺类化合物的合成及抗肿瘤活性研究

目的设计合成一系列2-取代-3-氧代羊毛甾烷-24-酰胺类化合物,并考察其体外抗肿瘤活性。方法以羊毛甾醇为起始化合物,对其A环和侧链24位双键进行结构改造,经多步反应合成目标化合物。以阿霉素为阳性对照药,采用MTT法测试目标化合物对PC-3和As PC-1细胞的生长抑制活性。结果与结论设计并合成了18个羊毛甾醇衍生物,结构均经1H-NMR、MS、IR谱确证。药理试验结果表明,目标化合物的抗肿瘤活性较羊毛甾醇均有所提高,其中化合物9b、9g、9h、10d、10f、10g对PC-3细胞表现出显著的生长抑制活性,IC50值小于3μmol·L-1;化合物9d、9e、9f、10d对As PC-1细胞表现出显著的生长抑制活性,IC50值小于3μmol·L-1;化合物10d对PC-3和As PC-1细胞的生长抑制活性与阳性对照药阿霉素相当。初步构效关系研究表明,A环2位氰基取代优于碘代,侧链24位引入哌啶基哌啶、N-甲基哌嗪、3,5-二甲基哌啶活性较好。     

1,1-二烷基-4-(3-溴丙酰基)-哌嗪溴化物的合成及生物活性研究

设计合成了七种新的1,1-二烷基-4-(3-溴丙酰基)哌嗪季铵盐溴化物,通过IR,¹HNMR和元素分析证实其结构。初步生物活性试验结果表明,Ⅵa,Ⅵc和Ⅵe～g有明显的镇痛活性,Ⅵe～g还有较好的抗氧化SOD活性,但未发现有抗肿瘤作用。     

Population pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and metabolites in children with neuroblastoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group

Cyclophosphamide-based regimens are front-line treatment for numerous pediatric malignancies; however, current dosing methods result in considerable interpatient variability in tumor response and toxicity. In this pediatric population, the authors' objectives were (1) to quantify and explain the pharmacokinetic variability of cyclophosphamide and 2 of its metabolites, hydroxycyclophosphamide (HCY) and carboxyethylphosphoramide mustard (CEPM), and (2) to apply a population pharmacokinetic model to describe the disposition of cyclophosphamide and these metabolites. A total of 196 blood samples were obtained from 22 children with neuroblastoma receiving intravenous cyclophosphamide (400 mg/m2/d) and topotecan. Blood samples were quantitated for concentrations of cyclophosphamide, HCY, and CEPM using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and analyzed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling with the NONMEM software system. After model building was complete, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was computed using NONMEM. Cyclophosphamide elimination was described by noninducible and inducible routes, with the latter producing HCY. Glomerular filtration rate was a covariate for the fractional elimination of HCY and its conversion to CEPM. Considerable interpatient variability was observed in the AUC of cyclophosphamide, HCY, and CEPM. These results represent a critical first step in developing pharmacokinetic-linked pharmacodynamic studies in children receiving cyclophosphamide to determine the clinical relevance of the pharmacokinetic variability in cyclophosphamide and its metabolites.     

An inductively coupled plasma method for determination of cyclophosphamide loaded to polymeric systems

A new method for the determination of cyclophosphamide content of polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles was developed. The analyses were carried out by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) by measuring the phosphorus content in the drug. The results obtained by this non-selective technique were compared with those given by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) a selective procedure that permits the detection of the cyclophosphamide molecule, and its degradation products. Sensitivity and reproducibility of both procedures were also determined. The ICP-AES method was demonstrated to be valid for sensitivity, precision, accuracy and specificity. In spite of ICP method is not a suitable procedure to analyze the degradation products of cyclophosphamide, the sensitivity of ICP is higher than chromatographic technique. Nevertheless, both procedures are appropriate for the determination of cyclophosphamide-loaded nanoparticles.     

Urinary cyclophosphamide excretion in rats after intratracheal, dermal, oral and intravenous administration of cyclophosphamide

The urinary excretion of unmetabolized cyclophosphamide was studied in rats after intratracheal, dermal, oral and intravenous administration. Rats were given two doses of 1 mg kg-1 cyclophosphamide 48 h apart and urine was collected for 96 h after the first treatment. With the help of a phosphor-specific filter in a flame photometer attached to a gas chromatograph, low levels of cyclophosphamide were determined after derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Cumulative excretion as a percentage of dose ranged from 4.0 to 6.9 after the first dose and 2.7 to 5.5 after the second dose. The highest rate of excretion after the second administration was observed in rats treated intratracheally, while cumulative excretion was higher (6.9%) after the first than after the second (2.7%) intravenous treatment. The most prolonged excretion was observed after dermal application.     

Mechanisms of venoocclusive disease resulting from the combination of cyclophosphamide and roxithromycin

BACKGROUND: High doses (>or=500 mg/m) of cyclophosphamide are known to cause venoocclusive disease (VOD). The authors recently observed a patient treated with immunosuppressive cyclophosphamide doses (100 mg/day) and roxithromycin who developed VOD. Because roxithromycin inhibits cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and P-glycoprotein, the patient may have been exposed to higher cyclophosphamide and/or cyclophosphamide metabolite concentrations. METHODS: The effect of roxithromycin on the metabolism and toxicity of cyclophosphamide was studied using human hepatic microsomes and a human endothelial cell line. RESULTS: Cyclophosphamide or roxithromycin at concentrations from 0.05 to 500 micromol/L were not toxic to endothelial cells as assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay. However, the combination of roxithromycin (500 micromol/L) and cyclophosphamide was toxic for all the tested cyclophosphamide concentrations (0.05 to 500 micromol/L) without clear concentration dependence (LDH ratio 38.3 +/- 11.0 [mean +/- SEM] for the combination with cyclophosphamide 0.05 micromol/L and 50.2 +/- 10.2 for the combination with cyclophosphamide 500 micromol/L; P 相似文献   

Capture ELISA and flow cytometry methods for toxicologic assessment following immunization and cyclophosphamide challenges in beagles

The purpose of this subacute 22-day study was to evaluate methods for canine circulating immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, and IgE) and select B- and T-lymphocyte populations (CD4-helpers, CD8-suppressors, pan-T and pan-B) for immunotoxicity testing using an organ system (concordance) approach. The challenge substance for immunoglobulin testing was repeated immunization with six-way distemper vaccination (DHLAPP), while the challenge substance for leukocyte subpopulations was treatment with cyclophosphamide. Immunoglobulin measurements were made by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and leukocyte immunophenotyping by fluorescein isothiocyanate/phycoerythrin conjugation (flow cytometry). A battery of parameters that would be used in a typical regulatory study were taken to aid interpretation of the data generated by these methods. Body weights, food consumption, clinical observations, complete clinical chemistry and urinalysis measurements were taken. Gross pathology and micropathology of sternal bone marrow, spleen, mesenteric and retropharyngeal lymph nodes, thymus, liver and kidney were completed. The ELISA method demonstrated acceptable intra-assay reproducibility for IgM, IgG and IgE, with values in good agreement as reported for radial immunodiffusion. The immunologic challenge demonstrated a biological trend of an increase in IgM that preceded an increase in IgG with no discernible trend in IgE response, and no abnormalities in lymphocyte subpopulations. Principle flow cytometry findings related to cyclophosphamide were that the relative percent of B cells decreased dramatically and progressively after compound administration; being statistically decreased in males on day 22 compared with day -5. The relative percent CD4 and CD8 contribution increased, but the CD4/CD8 ratio remained relatively unchanged as total white blood cells decreased progressively. The increase in relative percent CD4 (males only) was statistically significant according to a two-sample t-test on days 17, 20 and 22 when compared with the pre-treatment day -5. There was a relative percent increase in CD5-panT, but absolute numbers were dramatically decreased. We conclude that an organ system approach to assessment of the immune system which incorporates humoral antibody, enumeration of lymphocyte populations and pathologic evaluation of the lymphoreticular organs assists in the interpretation of an adverse toxicological response. The ELISA method for measurement of Igs detected the expected levels of IgG, IgM and IgE due to repeated vaccinations and to cyclophosphamide treatment. The flow cytometry method was acceptable for measuring select canine lymphocyte populations and detecting the expected decrease in B cells due to cyclophosphamide treatment. Both methods may be added to a testing battery for assessing immunotoxicityl in canine regulatory studies.     

Nuclear aberrations in hair follicle cells of patients receiving cyclophosphamide

The toxic effect of cyclophosphamide on the proliferative cell population of hair follicles plucked from the human scalp was examined by the in vivo nuclear aberration assay. Patients participating in an independent clinical trial received oral low dose cyclophosphamide, intravenous high dose cyclophosphamide or oral placebo treatment. The percent of cells with nuclear aberrations (indicating apoptosis, a special form of cell death) and the percent of mitotic cells, in the hair matrix, were calculated for each patient before treatment and at several time points following cyclophosphamide or placebo treatment. The mean percentages of nuclear aberrations in both the treated Low dose and High dose cyclophosphamide patients were significantly higher than those for the pre-treatment and Placebo patients. The nuclear aberrations in hair follicle cells increased from pre-treatment (and Placebo) to treated Low dose and finally to treated High dose patients. The average percentage for pre-treatment samples from all patients was 0.06 ±0.03 SE. For 1 week and 1 month samples from Low dose patients it was 0.35 ±0.08 SE, and for combined 2,3 and 4 day samples from High dose patients it was 1.08 ±0.12 SE. Cyclophosphamide also had a significant effect on mitosis. A decrease in mitotic activity was observed at 1 month following the initial low dose cyclophosphamide treatment and at 24±2 h following each of the first two high dose cyclophosphamide treatments. The observed increase in nuclear aberrations following low dose as well as high dose cyclophosphamide suggests that it is feasible to use the nuclear aberration assay for in vivo human genotoxicity testing, using proliferating hair follicle cells.     

来氟米特与环磷酰胺治疗狼疮肾炎的对照观察

目的比较来氟米特（LEF）和环磷酰胺（CTX）治疗狼疮肾炎（LN）的疗效、不良反应及安全性。方法43例活动性LN患者在使用激素的基础上随机分为两组,LEF组22例和CTX组21例,LEF组给予LEF20mg／d,半年为一疗程;CTX组间断给予CTX12mg·k^-1·d^-2加入10％葡萄糖注射液250ml中静脉滴注,每2周为一疗程,环磷酰胺总累计量控制在150mg／kg以内,随访6个月,监测血常规、血清白蛋白（Alb）、血肌酐（SCr）、ANA、ds—DNA、血24h尿蛋白定量、尿沉渣红细胞计数和白细胞计数和可能伴随的不良反应。结果治疗总有效率LEF组81．8％,CTX组85．7％,组间差异无统计学意义。不良反应CTX组13例（61．9％）,LEF组3例（13．6％）,组间差异有统计学意义。结论LEF治疗LN疗效与CTX相当,但其不良反应相对较轻,耐受性较好。     

The kinetics of salivary elimination of cyclophosphamide in man.

1 The concentrations of cyclophosphamide in plasma and saliva were determined in seven patients following administration of single doses of cyclophosphamide during chemotherapy for lymphoma. 2 The saliva/plasma ratio was 0.77 +/- 0.24 (s.d.) and showed no time-dependence being rapidly established following intravenous and oral administration. 3 The T 1/2 of cyclophosphamide (8.38 +/- 2.25 h) determined from salivary measurements was not significantly different from that in plasma (8.24 +/- 2.60 h). It was not possible to estimate the apparent volume of distribution or total body clearance utilizing the salivary cyclophosphamide concentration without appropriate correction for the saliva/plasma concentration ratio. 4 The binding to the plasma protein of normal plasma of cyclophosphamide was 13.4 +/- 5.3%. The Scatchard plot for binding to bovine serum albumin indicates only weak binding to non-specific sites. 5 Salivary cyclophosphamide therefore indicates the concentration of the unbound fraction of plasma cyclophosphamide.     

乌贼墨多糖对环磷酰胺损伤小鼠生精功能的影响

目的本文旨在探讨乌贼墨多糖对环磷酰胺诱导的小鼠生精功能损伤的缓解作用。方法昆明小白鼠随机分组,腹腔注射环磷酰胺(CP,15mg/kg),每周1次,连续10周,制备小鼠生精功能损伤模型;同时多糖治疗组每天灌胃不同剂量乌贼墨多糖1次,连续10周。检测精子总数、存活率、畸形率及睾丸组织中SOD酶活力,并与模型组进行比较。结果相较于模型组小鼠,治疗组小鼠虽然精子总数变化不明显(P>0.05),但存活率、畸形率及SOD酶活力均有明显的改善(P<0.01),甚至接近正常水平。结论乌贼墨多糖对环磷酰胺损伤小鼠生精功能具有一定的保护作用。