连续性肾脏替代治疗尿毒症合并心力衰竭病人的护理

对 3 8例尿毒症合并心力衰竭的病人 ,在连续性肾脏替代治疗前后加强生命体征监测、病情观察、生活护理和心理护理 ,取得了较好的护理效果 ,促进了病人的康复。     

连续性肾脏替代治疗在尿毒症合并心力衰竭中的应用

目的 评价和比较连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)和间歇性血液透析(IHD)在控制尿毒症合并心力衰竭时的疗效。方法 48例合并心力衰竭的尿毒症患分两组，一组采用CRRT，20例；另一组采用IHD，28例。分别观察两组治疗前后心功能改善情况。结果 CRRT组心功能明显改善，且明显好于IHD组。结论 连续性肾脏替代治疗较间歇性血液透析能更好地控制尿毒症合并心力衰竭。     

持续肾脏替代治疗在热射病合并横纹肌溶解综合征中的应用

目的 探讨热射病（heat stroke,HS）合并横纹肌溶解综合征（rhabdomyolysis,RM）患者辅助应用持续肾脏替代治疗（continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT）的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析HS合并RM的资料6例,采用综合治疗和CRRT辅助治疗,观察其临床疗效和转归.结果 6例患者中5例痊愈出院,1例死亡.治愈的5例,与CRRT治疗前比较,CRRT治疗后24h、48h、7d不同的时间点,患者生命体征均明显改善,包括：体温降低（F=52.979,P=0.000）、心率减慢（F=19.987,P=0.000）、平均动脉压升高（F=5.391,P=0.009）;APACHE Ⅱ评分降低（F=64.904,P=0.000）,Glasgow昏迷量表（GCS）评分升高（F=28.818,P=0.000）.生物化学指标显著改善,包括：血肌酐降低（F=9.296,P=0.001）、肌酸磷酸激酶降低（F=64.904,P=0.000）、肌红蛋白降低（F=55.605,P=0.000）、乳酸脱氢酶降低（F=91.839,P=0.000）、谷草转氨酶降低（F=8.166,P=0.002）、谷丙转氨酶降低（F=8.503,P=0.001）、C反应蛋白降低（F=10.852,P=0.000）和钾离子降低（F23.678,P=0.000）.结论 CRRT是抢救HS合并RM患者有效手段之一,可能对HS合并RM有改善预后的作用.     

The lower limit of intensity to control uremia during continuous renal replacement therapy

Introduction

The recommended lower limit of intensity during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is 20 or 25 mL/kg/h. However, limited information is available to support this threshold. We aimed to evaluate the impact of different intensities of CRRT on the clearance of creatinine and urea in critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury (AKI).

Methods

This is a multicenter retrospective study conducted in 14 Japanese ICUs in 12 centers. All patients older than 18 years and treated with CRRT due to AKI were eligible. We evaluated the effect of CRRT intensity by two different definitions: daily intensity (the mean intensity over each 24-h period) and average intensity (the mean of daily intensity during the period while CRRT was performed). To study the effect of different CRRT intensity on clearance of urea and creatinine, all patients/daily observations were arbitrarily allocated to one of 4 groups based on the average intensity and daily intensity: <10, 10–15, 15–20, and >20 mL/kg/h.

Results

Total 316 patients were included and divided into the four groups according to average CRRT intensity. The groups comprised 64 (20.3%), 138 (43.7%), 68 (21.5%), and 46 patients (14.6%), respectively. Decreases in creatinine and urea increased as the average intensity increased over the first 7 days of CRRT. The relative changes of serum creatinine and urea levels remained close to 1 over the 7 days in the “<10” group. Total 1,101 daily observations were included and divided into the four groups according to daily CRRT intensity. The groups comprised 254 (23.1%), 470 (42.7%), 239 (21.7%), and 138 observations (12.5%), respectively. Creatinine and urea increased (negative daily change) only in the “<10” group and decreased with the increasing daily intensity in the other groups.

Conclusions

The lower limit of delivered intensity to control uremia during CRRT was approximately between 10 and 15 mL/kg/h in our cohort. A prescribed intensity of approximately 15 mL/kg/h might be adequate to control uremia for patients with severe AKI in the ICU. However, considering the limitations due to the retrospective nature of this study, prospective studies are required to confirm our findings.     

颅脑外伤并发高钠血症连续性血液净化治疗

目的 探索连续性血液净化(CRRT)在颅脑外伤并发高钠血症治疗中的应用价值.方法 选择入住我院ICU的19例颅脑外伤并发高钠血症患者行CRRT治疗.观察高血钠与病情的关系,实施CRRT治疗前后血清钠浓度及血清钠纠正速度、体温、血流动力学的变化.结果 19例颅脑外伤并发高钠血症患者治疗后血清钠均有明显下降,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗过程安全,体温下降、血流动力学稳定且有好转.结论 CRRT治疗颅脑外伤并发高钠血症效果确切,安全性好,颅脑外伤并发高钠血症者可尽早实施.     

连续性肾脏替代治疗在重症急性胰腺炎并发多器官功能障碍综合征中的应用

目的 观察连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)在重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)治疗中的作用。方法 6例SAP并发MODS患者,除禁食、胃肠减压、腹腔灌洗、抗感染、抑制胰腺外分泌、肠外营养等治疗外,早期(1—3天)采用CRRT治疗。结果 抢救成功率为83％(5/6)。3例7天完全康复出院,2例分别于13天和21天康复出院。CRRT治疗后,血压回升,心率下降,心电图ST段恢复;缺氧明显改善,血氧饱和度和血氧分压均明显上升,1例患者于CRRT治疗3天后脱离机械通气;高钾血症、低钠血症、代谢性酸中毒迅速纠正,并始终保持电解质和酸碱平衡。腹痛明显减轻;尿量和血肌酐恢复正常;同时保证了肠外营养和其他治疗的实施。结论 CRRT早期应用于治疗SAP并发MODS的疗效肯定,可显著改善病情,缩短病程,提高抢救成功率。     

肝植移术后急性肾功能衰竭患者连续性肾脏替代治疗的护理

采用连续性肾脏替代疗法治疗原位肝移植术后急性肾功能衰竭患4例。通过连续监测生命体征，准确记录每小时出入量，严格按配方配制透析液和置换液，预防感染，保持血管通路通畅等护理措施，保证了连续肾脏替代治疗顺利进行。     

伴出血风险患者肾脏替代治疗的抗凝

管路和滤器寿命是影响肾脏替代治疗(RRT)剂量和治疗效果的重要因素之一.抗凝的目的是保证循环血路通畅,减少体外管路凝血,延长管路和滤器寿命,但也会带来出血等并发症.因此,对于伴出血风险的患者,要特别注意抗凝剂的选择和策略.     

Argatroban and renal replacement therapy in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

BACKGROUND: Argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, is an effective anticoagulant for patients who have heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Anticoagulation is usually required for renal replacement therapy (RRT). OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of argatroban during RRT in hospitalized patients with or at risk for HIT. METHODS: Five patients with known or suspected HIT underwent hemodialysis (n = 4) or continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH, n = 1), while receiving a continuous infusion of argatroban 0.5-2 microg/kg/min. Activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTTs), activated clotting times (ACTs), argatroban concentrations (plasma, dialysate, CVVH effluent), and safety were assessed before, during, and after a 4-hour session of RRT. Systemic and dialytic argatroban clearances were calculated. RESULTS: Among the 4 hemodialysis patients, aPTT, ACT, and plasma argatroban concentrations remained stable during RRT, with respective mean +/- SD values of 74.3 +/- 34.2 seconds, 198 +/- 23 seconds, and 499 +/- 353 ng/mL before RRT, and 70.6 +/- 21.4 seconds, 181 +/- 12 seconds, and 453 +/- 295 ng/mL 2 hours after starting RRT (p values NS). Systemic clearance was 17.7 +/- 12.8 L/h before hemodialysis and 17.0 +/- 9.5 L/h during hemodialysis (n = 2). The dialyzer clearance (dialysate recovery method) was 1.5 +/- 0.4 L/h (n = 4). Generally similar responses occurred in the CVVH patient: systemic argatroban clearance was 4.8 L/h before CVVH and 4 L/h during CVVH. The hemofilter argatroban clearance was 0.9 L/h. No bleeding or thrombosis occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Argatroban provides effective alternative anticoagulation in patients with or at risk for HIT during RRT. Argatroban clearance by high-flux membranes during hemodialysis and CVVH is clinically insignificant, necessitating no dose adjustment.     

Referral of elderly patients with end-stage renal failure for renal replacement therapy

An increasing number of patients with end-stage renal failure is being treated in the United Kingdom and in 1987 approximately 50 new patients per million started renal replacement therapy. Nevertheless comparatively fewer patients are treated in this country than in some other European countries and in North America. During the 3 years 1985 to 1988, 95 patients from West Glamorgan started chronic renal replacement therapy (87 patients/million population/year). Of these, 16 were aged 75 years or over on starting treatment. In addition two others attained the age of 75 years during the study period. The proportion of elderly new patients is increasing and in the year 1987 to 1988, 59 per cent were older than 65 years and 32 per cent were older than 75 years. Throughout the United Kingdom many elderly patients are being denied treatment, due partly to under-referral.     

品管圈活动在连续性肾脏替代治疗患者中的应用

目的:探讨品管圈活动在连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)患者中的应用效果。方法:选取2013年1~6月行CRRT的60例患者为对照组,选取2013年7~12月行CRRT的66例患者为实验组。对照组给予常规护理,实验组在对照组基础上开展品管圈活动,比较两组并发症发生情况。结果:实验组CRRT并发症发生率低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:将品管圈活动应用于CRRT的临床护理工作中,可显著降低并发症发生率,促进护理质量的持续改进。     

连续性肾脏替代疗法在重症肾综合征出血热少尿期的应用

目的评价和比较连续性肾脏替代疗法与血液透析在重症肾综合征出血热少尿期治疗中对预后的影响.方法 31例重症肾综合征出血热少尿期患者分为两组,采用CVVH治疗者11例为治疗组,血液透析治疗20例为对照组,两组性别、年龄及肾功能均匹配,分别观察两组患者的预后和并发症的发生情况. 结果两组在预后和并发症方面有明显差别,治疗组11例全部存活,仅一例合并感染.对照组出现并发症15例;主要为出血、感染、低血压、失衡综合征和二次肾功能衰竭,其中3例因二次肾功能衰竭而死亡. 结论连续性肾脏替代疗法较血液透析有更好的清除尿毒症毒素, 纠正水、电解质、酸碱平衡失调及清除炎性介质的作用, 可减少并发症. 作为治疗重症肾综合征出血热少尿期的有效方法, 可替代血液透析.     

阿加曲班抗凝法在伴有血小板减少的脓毒血症患者行连续性肾脏替代治疗中的应用

目的探讨阿加曲班抗凝法在伴有血小板减少的脓毒血症患者行连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)治疗中的抗凝效果以及安全性。方法 2011年1月至2014年12月期间在上海市交通大学附属第六人民医院行CRRT治疗的脓毒血症患者共192例,113例患者在CRRT基线期即出现血小板减少,其中53例患者采用阿加曲班作为CRRT抗凝方式,阿加曲班抗凝方法为首剂100μg/kg,追加剂量为0.3~0.6μg2kg-12min-1。48例采用无抗凝剂治疗,另有12例采用低分子肝素或普通肝素加鱼精蛋白治疗,比较各组的抗凝效果以及安全性,有完整资料且连续CRRT治疗大于3 d患者入选。结果低分子肝素或普通肝素组因例数过少,未予纳入。共纳入阿加曲班组41例,其中男27例,女14例,平均年龄(58.4±18.26)岁,平均APACHEⅡ评分(30.55±6.69)分,无抗凝剂组38例,其中男28例,女10例,平均年龄(56.55±17.56)岁,平均APACHEⅡ评分为(32.41±6.58)分。阿加曲班组基线期血小板计数为(73.71±18.71)3109/L,治疗第3天血小板计数为(70.02±17.42)3109/L,治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。无抗凝剂组基线期血小板计数为(76.74±15.46)3109/L,治疗第3天血小板计数为(68.97±18.14)3109/L,治疗后血小板明显减少,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。阿加曲班组活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)和凝血酶原时间(PT)在治疗前后无统计学差异(P>0.05),而D-二聚体下降。阿加曲班组均顺利完成每次CRRT治疗,血滤器及管路在治疗后无明显凝血情况,无明显出血并发症及其他不良反应,而无抗凝剂组滤器及管路Ⅲ级凝血的发生率达到了14.7%。结论在伴有血小板减少的脓毒血症患者行CRRT治疗中采用阿加曲班抗凝方法安全有效。     

Argatroban anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring renal replacement therapy

BACKGROUND: Argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, is used for prophylaxis or treatment of thrombosis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). The recommended initial dose is 2 microg/kg/min (0.5 microg/kg/min in hepatic impairment), adjusted to achieve activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) values 1.5-3.0 times baseline. However, few argatroban-treated patients with HIT and renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) have been described. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of argatroban anticoagulation during RRT in patients with HIT. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed records from 47 patients with HIT and renal failure requiring RRT who underwent 50 treatment courses with argatroban. Patients with HIT had received argatroban during prospective, multicenter studies. Outcomes, safety, and dosing information were summarized. RESULTS: In the multicenter experience, no patient died due to thrombosis and 2 (4%) patients developed new thrombosis while on argatroban. No adverse outcomes occurred during argatroban reexposure. Starting doses were typically 2 microg/kg/min in patients without hepatic impairment and <1.5 microg/kg/min in those with hepatic impairment. Median (range) infusion doses were 1.7 (0.2-2.8) and 0.7 (0.1-1.7) microg/kg/min, respectively, with associated median (range) aPTT ratios, relative to baseline, of 2.2 (1.6-3.6) and 2.0 (1.4-4.1), respectively. Major bleeding occurred in 3 (6%) of 50 treatment courses. CONCLUSIONS: Argatroban provides effective anticoagulation upon initial and repeated administration in patients with HIT and renal impairment requiring RRT, with an acceptably low bleeding risk. Current dosing recommendations are adequate for these patients.     

连续性肾脏替代治疗对顽固性心力衰竭的疗效观察

目的探讨连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)在救治顽固性心力衰竭患者中的应用及对患者预后的影响。方法 30例顽固性心力衰竭患者经常规药物治疗效果不佳后接受CRRT治疗,观察治疗前后患者的心率、血压、呼吸频率、尿量、肺部口罗音、肝颈静脉回流征和双下肢水肿等的变化,并判断心功能的改变;测定治疗前、后左心室射血分数、左心室舒张末期内径、心胸比、肾功能及电解质等。结果大部分患者经过CRRT治疗后,症状与心功能分级明显改善,心胸比减少,左室内径缩小,左心室射血分数显著增加,心功能从Ⅳ级提高到Ⅱ、Ⅲ。结论通过CRRT能持续、缓慢、平稳地清除水分及溶质,较好地维持血流动力学的稳定性,对顽固性心力衰竭的治疗有显著效果。     

CRRT在脓毒血症患者中的疗效观察

目的 探讨连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）在脓毒血症患者中的有效性和安全性,以及不同治疗剂量对脓毒血症患者预后的影响.方法 选取上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院肾脏科发生脓毒血.症,并行CRRT治疗的住院患者53例.所有患者均采用CVVHF治疗模式,根据滤出液剂量,将患者分成2组：①CVVHF-A组（26例）：滤出液剂量：≥35 ml/（kg·h）;②CVVHF-B组（27例）：滤出液剂量：＜35 ml/（kg·h）.观察所有患者透析前后生命体征及血液指标的变化,以及在治疗前、治疗第四天和治疗结束后用APACHE Ⅱ评分评估疾病严重性,评价CRRT在脓毒血症患者中的有效性和安全性.同时,评估不同治疗剂量的2组患者在15天和30天时的患者生存率和肾存活率,观察治疗剂量对脓毒血症患者预后的影响.结果 单次治疗后所有患者的体温（T）、心率（HR）、血PH、PO2、HCO3-、K＋、BUN、Scr和WBC均较治疗前显著改善（P＜0.05）,而平均动脉压（MAP）、血Na＋、血红蛋白（Hb）、血白蛋白（ALB）和血糖（Glu）在治疗前后差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.CVVHF-A组和CVVHF-B组的平均滤出液剂量分别为43.47±7.29和23.90±6.30ml/（kg·h）,其差异有统计学意义（P＜0.0001）.治疗前2组患者除血小板（PLT）在CVVHF-A组患者中高于CVVH-B组（P=0.031）,其余指标2组均相匹配（P＞0.05）.Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析结果显示：CVVH-A组患者15天和30天生存率分别为57.7％和42.3％; CVVH-B组患者15天和30天生存率分别为18.5％和14.8％.Log-Rank检验显示2组患者的生存率有统计学意义（P=0.017）,而肾脏存活率未显示出有统计学意义（P=0.393）.结论 在脓毒血症患者中,CVVHF不仅能有效的清除小分子溶质、纠正电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱,而且对血流动力学和营养状况影响不大.在患者存活上,35ml/（kg·h）及以上的治疗剂量较低于35ml/（kg·h）相比,显示出更大的优势.     

影响心脏外科术后患者连续肾脏替代治疗预后的危险因素分析

目的 探讨心脏外科术后连续肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)急性肾损伤(AKI)患者的预后及影响预后的因素.方法 回顾性分析我院2005-01～2008-12心脏外科术后CRRT患者的临床资料.结果 220例CRRT患者,病死率54.4%.Logistic回归分析显示,死亡危险因素与体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)治疗、多脏器功能障碍综合征(MODS)、CRRT前直接胆红素、CRRT前尿素氮(Bun)、住ICU时间、术后住院时间有关.根据患者CRRT当天的血肌酐水平及尿量,AKI分为三级,AKIⅢ级病死率高,存活时间短.结论 心脏外科术后需要CRRT的AKI患者病死率高.根据肾脏损伤程度分级,AKIⅢ级患者预后较差.肾损伤早期开始CRRT能降低患者的病死率.