克拉维酸钾反应结晶研究

克拉维酸钾是重要的β-内酰胺酶抑制剂。本文考察了溶剂种类、晶种、搅拌速率、流加速率、溶液pH值、结晶温度等工艺条件对克拉维酸钾反应结晶过程的影响。在优化工艺条件下，制得粒度较为粗大的棒状克拉维酸钾结晶，平均粒度48．86μm，分散性和流动性良好，产品质量符合中国药典2000年版和美国药典USP24要求。     

盐酸多西环素结晶工艺的优化

目的优化盐酸多西环素的结晶工艺。方法考察了加酸温度、加酸量、物料与溶剂配比和搅拌速率等因素对产物粒度分布、晶型、杂质以及收率的影响。结论调节加料初始温度45℃能够控制结晶成核,游离碱与乙醇的质量比为1:3.5,搅拌速率为400 r/min,得到粒度分布均匀、收率高、杂质含量低的优质产品。     

头孢羟氨苄单水合物反应结晶工艺优化

利用头孢羟氨苄N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)溶剂化物在水溶液中反应结晶得到头孢羟氨苄单水合物晶体,产品往往存在聚结、松紧密度小、粒度分布不均匀、晶习不稳定等问题。本文考察了结晶过程中温度、搅拌速率、溶剂配比、溶液pH值等因素对产品粒度分布、晶习及晶体聚结的影响。研究结果表明,结晶温度对产品粒度、晶习和晶体聚结都有影响,搅拌速率和溶剂配比主要影响产品的粒度分布。实验优化得到了头孢羟氨苄单水合物反应结晶的最佳操作工艺并为工业化生产提供了重要的参考价值,利用该工艺得到的头孢羟氨苄单水合物产品为四方片状晶体、晶习完整、粒度分布均匀、产品不聚结,松紧密度分别为0.37g/mL和0.57g/mL,产品质量达国际水平。     

5-酮基avermectin基因工程菌的构建

采用基因插入失活的方法，将1．5kb安普霉素抗性基因插入1．8kb aveF基因内部SalI位点，构建重组质粒pPC-5，并转化除虫链霉菌D2—14，获得基因工程菌株AV—F1。经HPLC分析，发现该菌株主要产生两个组分，分别为5-酮avermectin 1a和5-酮avermectin 2a，还产生一个小组分为acermectin Bla。5-酮avermectin基因工程菌株的构建成功，为化学合成新的avermectin衍生物提供了可利用的原料来源。     

妥布霉素结晶工艺的改进

采用加晶种控制结晶的方式进行妥布霉素结晶工艺改进，并考察了结晶过程中乙酸添加量、搅拌速度、晶体淋洗等因素对结晶收率、效价的影响。改进工艺的结晶产率及效价得到提高，取得良好效果。     

在线成像结合红外光谱技术对头孢克肟反应结晶过程的工艺优化

头孢克肟的粒度分布、结晶度及杂质含量是影响其加工性能、颜色 ( 白度 )、贮存时间和生物毒性的关键质量指标, 在实际生产过程中发现这些关键指标较难控制。本研究应用了先进在线过程分析技术对头孢克肟的反应结晶过程进行了测量和 分析,包括：傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱仪 (ATR-FTIR) 准确测量结晶过程浓度,并辅助解释反应结晶过程转晶机理,在 线成像系统测量结晶过程颗粒的形貌和粒形变化,在线浊度仪测量成核时刻。实验考察了反应结晶过程的反应温度、养晶时刻、 养晶时间、加料速率、搅拌速率等工艺条件对头孢克肟粒度分布、白度、结晶度和杂质含量的影响,探寻反应结晶过程晶型转 变的规律。结果表明,头孢克肟结晶为聚结生长方式,养晶时刻是影响其聚集体粒度分布及白度的关键因素,养晶时间与滴酸 速率是影响结晶度的关键因素。实验优化得到了头孢克肟反应结晶的最佳操作工艺并可为其工业化提供重要参考,利用该工艺 得到了粒度分布均匀、结晶度高、杂质含量低和白度好的产品。     

Avermectin粗粉的结晶工艺研究与杂质分析

采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）-电喷雾串级质谱（ESI-MS-MS）的方法对avermectin粗粉中的杂质进行定性分析。确定了主要杂质成分为：与Bla结构相类似的B1b、A1a、A1b、A2a、A2b、B2a 6个组份，其中A1a、B1b、B2a多次结晶也不易去除。随后考察了avermectin粗粉在甲醇、乙醇、正丁醇和丙酮中的重结晶，甲醇和正丁醇对杂质的去除效果更好；乙醇与丙酮相当，但对杂质去除的选择性不同。     

舒巴坦钠结晶工艺的优化研究

目的 优化舒巴坦钠结晶工艺，降低产品比容。方法 以舒巴坦钠的比容为指标，采用单因素试验考察舒巴坦酸滴加方式、舒巴坦酸预加量、搅拌速度和晶种重量对产品比容的影响；选取舒巴坦酸预加量、搅拌速度和晶种重量为考察因素，通过正交试验优选最佳舒巴坦钠结晶工艺条件。通过30批大生产试验验证优化工艺，并选取前3批产品进行稳定性考察。结果 舒巴坦钠结晶的优化工艺为舒巴坦酸预加量50L、搅拌速度40r/min、晶种重量18kg。30批验证试验比容均值为2.38mL/g，较优化前降低32%，产品质量均符合中国药典质量标准。稳定性考察的各考察项目均符合中国药典(ChP2015)标准规定，质量稳定。结论 优化工艺稳定可行，可以有效降低产品比容，产生可观的经济效益。     

罗红霉素晶型分析及与溶解速率、溶出度的关系

目的 对罗红霉素的晶型进行分析,并探讨不同晶型对罗红霉素溶解速率、溶出度的影响。方法 晶型分析采用x射线粉末衍射法和红外光谱法,溶解速率和溶出度测定采用转篮法、转速为100r.min-1。结果 3种罗红霉素的结晶为3种不同的晶型,不同晶型的罗红霉素溶解速率和溶出度有一定差异。结论 为罗红霉素的质量控制提供了科学依据。     

黄姜有效成分薯蓣皂素结晶工艺研究

目的研究并确定黄姜提取液中薯蓣皂素的最佳结晶工艺参数。方法以晶体纯度和析出率为指标,采用单因素实验法考察结晶温度、结晶时间、降温速度和搅拌速度4个因素对产品的影响。结果最佳的工艺条件为:结晶温度为30℃、静置时间为2h、降温速度为33~50℃·h-1、搅拌速度为60r·min-1时,该工艺条件使产品纯度达到98%以上,析出率为75%~80%。结论该方法可靠、稳定,可为工业生产提供参考数据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.