高频超声对乳腺肿块的声像图分析

目的 探讨乳腺肿块的各种声像学特征,评价高频超声在乳腺癌诊断中的重要价值.方法 观察120例乳腺肿块,对比分析了乳腺癌与良性结节的声像图差异.结果 120例乳腺肿块均行手术或活检,病理证实结果为,恶性23例,良性97例;其中无明显肿块以片状低回声区伴微钙化为主要表现者1例.乳腺癌与良性结节在肿块的形态、边界、纵横比值是否>1、微钙化点、恶性环、血流信号、阻力指数>0.7、峰值流速PSV>20cm/s,两者比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),其准确性为89.2%.结论 高频超声诊断乳腺肿块良恶性符合率高,对乳腺肿块良恶性的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要的临床应用价值.     

92例乳腺癌二维及高频彩色多普勒超声分析

目的探讨二维及高频彩色多普勒在诊断乳腺癌中的应用价值。方法搜集经手术及病理证实的92例乳腺癌,重点分析肿块的形态、大小、纵横比、观察肿块内部回声、边缘、有无包膜、内部回声、有无微小钙化、后方有无声衰减、腋窝淋巴结有无肿大等。结果92例乳腺癌中80例(86.9%)形态不规则,74例(80.4%)边界不清晰,76例(82.6%)内部回声不均匀,67例(72.8%)后方回声衰减,84例(913%)无包膜,39例(42.3%)肿块内部见钙化,45例(48.9%)同侧腋窝淋巴结转移,82例(89.1%)彩色多普勒血流显像检出肿块内及周边血流信号,79例(85.8%)RI≥0.7。结论超声诊断乳腺癌具有一定的特征性,综合分析二维声像图及彩色多普勒,有利于提高超声诊断乳腺癌的准确率。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断鉴别甲状腺结节内钙化的价值分析

目的评价彩色多普勒超声用于甲状腺结节内钙化鉴别诊断中价值。方法回顾性分析103例甲状腺结节患者术前彩超影像资料、术后手术病理结果评价甲状腺结节钙化类型对鉴别良恶性的结节的临床意义。结果术前经超声诊断甲状腺良性病变符合率为95.24%,恶性结节符合率为82.61%。甲状腺良性病变钙化率为32.50%,恶性结节钙化率13.04%(P0.05);甲状腺良性病变微小钙化率为15.38%,甲状腺恶性结节微小钙化率80.00%(P0.05)。结论彩色多普勒超声可根据结节内钙化回声特点鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节。     

乳腺肿块的高频彩超诊断分析

目的 探讨高频彩超对乳腺良、恶性肿块和彩色多普勒血流显像的诊断意义.方法 选择2008年9月～2009年9月期间我院收治的乳腺肿块患者132例,并应用高频彩超对其进行检查,观察肿块的形态、边界、内部回声、病灶后方回声及有无微小钙化灶.彩色多普勒血流图观察乳腺良、恶性肿块的血流特征.结果 乳腺良、恶性肿块的超声检出率分别为95.05%和93.55%;乳腺良性肿块彩色多普勒血流分级主要为0~Ⅰ级,而恶性肿块主要为Ⅱ～Ⅲ级;乳腺良、恶性肿块在PI和RI方面均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 对乳腺肿块高频彩超的各种征象进行综合分析评价,可以有效提高女性乳腺疾病诊断的准确度.     

乳腺肿物的超声诊断价值

目的 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的69例乳腺肿物的声像图特征和彩色多普勒特点,以提高乳腺肿瘤超声定性诊断的符合率.方法 对乳腺肿物进行二维超声检查,了解其形态、边界、边缘、内部回声、有无后方衰减及侧方声影等,然后进行了彩色多普勒血流检查,观察肿物内部及周边血流情况,并分别与病理结果对照.结果 在乳腺肿物声像图诊断中,以肿物边界回声特征最为重要.及内部血流的多少是肿物良、恶性鉴别的关键.本组大多数恶性肿物形态不规则,边界不清,内部回声不均匀,肿物前侧缘有不规则强回声,同时彩色多普勒检出丰富血流信号.良性肿瘤多表现为边界光滑,侧缘回声减弱,彩色多普勒不能检出或检出少量星点状血流信号.结论 超声声像图及彩色多普勒特征,对乳腺肿瘤性质的判断有较大的临床应用价值.     

乳腺纤维腺病的超声分析

目的 提高彩色多普勒超声对乳腺纤维腺病诊断的正确率。方法 选取2016年2月~2018年5月大兴区妇幼保健院超声诊断为BI-RADS 4级,经病理或手术证实为乳腺纤维腺病的40例患者作为研究对象,回顾分析乳腺纤维腺病的大小、形态、边界、边缘、纵横比、内部回声、钙化及有无后方衰等,再行彩色多普勒超声血流检查,观察病变内部及周边血流分布情况。结果 在乳腺纤维腺病超声表现中,病变的边缘前后回声光滑、左右边界欠清有尖角形成、部分内部见纤细分隔、后方回声正常、缺乏血供为最重要的特征。结论 熟悉超声图像特点可以提高对乳腺纤维腺病的诊断符合率。     

乳腺浸润性导管癌的高频彩色多普勒超声诊断分析

分析了52例乳腺浸润性导管癌患者的彩色多普勒超声图像。对肿块的大小、形态、边缘、回声、钙化、毛刺征、腋下淋巴结肿大、血流分级、阻力指数进行统计,并用用SPSS12.0统计软件进行处理,P<0.05为有显著性差异。彩色多普勒超声声像图对乳腺浸润性导管癌具有临床诊断价值。     

男性乳腺疾病超声和病理诊断的十年回顾

检索2002-2011年我院男性乳腺患者的超声资料,以BI-RADS图像术语为标准,对该资料进行标准化处理,总结不同病理类型的超声图像特征,统计分析超声恶性征象在男性乳腺良恶性疾病之间的差异。结果显示除边界不完整外,其余13项超声恶性征象在男性乳腺疾病良恶性组差异有统计学意义,"毛刺征"、"强回声晕"、"钙化"、"后方回声衰减"、"腋窝淋巴结肿大"、"皮肤增厚"和"非中心性生长"独立诊断男性乳腺癌特异度在95%以上,结果提示高频超声可以较好地鉴别诊断男性乳腺良恶性疾病。     

乳腺典型髓样癌与非典型髓样癌的超声诊断分析

目的探讨高频彩色多普勒超声对乳腺髓样癌的诊断价值。方法 56例乳腺髓样癌患者,均为女性,年龄25～87岁,平均年龄50.92岁;其中典型髓样癌35例,非典型髓样癌21例。患者手术前行乳腺超声检查,先用灰阶超声观察肿块的部位、大小、形态、边界、内部回声、有无钙化、后方回声增强或衰减,再启用彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)检查肿块的血流信号,频谱多普勒分析肿块血流阻力指数(RI),最后检查腋窝淋巴结有无肿大。结果乳腺髓样癌发生于左侧乳腺者占57.14%,高于右侧乳腺的42.86%,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。典型髓样癌最大径平均值为2.39cm,略小于非典型髓样癌的2.52cm(P>0.05)。与非典型髓样癌比较,典型髓样癌形态较规则、边界较清楚、内部回声较均匀,多伴后方回声增强,钙化较少见。乳腺髓样癌血液供应多较丰富,该组32例典型髓样癌、18例非典型髓样癌进行了CDFI检查,血流Ⅱ/Ⅲ级者分别占65.63%、61.11%(P>0.05),其中20例进行了多普勒频谱分析,RI>0.70。结论典型髓样癌与非典型髓样癌在肿块的边界、回声均匀与否,有无钙化及后方回声增强等超声表现明显不同,术前高频彩色多普勒超声检查具有重要诊断价值。     

超声造影增强模式在乳腺良恶性肿块鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨超声造影增强模式对乳腺良恶性肿块鉴别诊断的价值。方法选择40例经病理组织检查证实的乳腺肿瘤患者,均为女性,年龄25～54岁,平均年龄35岁。其中良性肿块25例,恶性肿块15例。使用Siemens Sequoia 512彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,造影剂采用SonoVue,行超声造影增强方式检查。结果乳腺良恶性肿块超声增强方式不同,良性肿块以整体不同程度地均匀型增强改变为主(80%,20/25),恶性肿块主要表现为不均匀增强或周边增强(86.7%,13/15)。结论乳腺良恶性肿块超声造影增强模式不同,可为鉴别诊断提供帮助。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.