空腹血糖受损诊断标准下调对糖调节受损人群检出率的影响

目的 分析空腹血糖受损（IFG）的空腹血糖（FPG）诊断标准下调对糖调节受损（IGR）人群检出率的影响，并探讨区分糖调节正常与受损的FPG理想截定点。方法 对2882例无2型糖尿病（T2DM）史的受试者进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验。采用1997年和2003年美国糖尿病学会分类诊断标准进行比较。结果 （1）IFG诊断标准下调后，单纯IFG者增加367例，IFG者由424例增加到1032例，其中包含的糖耐量受损（IGT）者由243例增加到484例；709例IGT者，包括在IFG者中的比例由34％上升到68％。（2）与糖耐量正常（NGT）人群相比，新增单纯IFG人群体质指数、FPG、2hPG、糖化血红蛋白、甘油三酯、胆固醇均升高（均P＜0．01），超重（52．6 vs 39．7％，χ^2=6．79，P〈0．01）和高甘油三酯血症发生率（32．2％ vs 24．9％，；χ^2=3．98，P〈0．05）明显增高。（3）非T2DM人群中诊断IGR（7．8≤2hPG＜11．1mmol／L）的FPG理想截定点为5．6mmol／L。结论 IFG诊断标准下调后，IFG、IFG＋IGT检出率明显增加；新增单纯IFG人群已经出现糖、脂代谢异常；非T2DM人群中诊断IGR的FPG理想截定点为5．6mmol／L。     

心肺功能与空腹血糖受损和2型糖尿病的关系

心脏功能与空腹血糖受损（IFG）和2型糖尿病的关系是近年来临床研究的新课题，众多学者对其进行了前瞻性研究，结果表明，心肺功能良好的人群2型糖尿病发病的危险性是降低的。为了进一步探讨心肺功能与IFG和2型糖尿病患病率之间的关系，我们收集了有关资料。对这一问题做一简要综述。     

中老年缺血性脑卒中患者伴糖尿病和空腹血糖调节受损对脑卒中复发的影响

目的探讨不同年龄组糖尿病(DM)、空腹血糖调节受损(IFG)与缺血性脑卒中复发的关系。方法于2003年1月至2006年12月期间对在北京市五家二级医院所属的社区卫生服务中心就诊的首次或二次缺血性脑卒中患者进行登记及基线评估。随访患者脑卒中复发情况至2008年12月。结果累积4年脑卒中复发率15.6%。多因素分析显示,在年龄≥60岁组和<60岁组DM患者脑卒中复发的危险均显著高于血糖正常者(P值分别0.006和0.012)。在总人群和年龄≥60岁组,IFG患者脑卒中复发的危险有增加的趋势(P值分别为0.961和0.636),但统计学检验无显著性。结论本研究脑卒中复发率低于国内外同类研究。DM是缺血性脑卒中患者脑卒中复发的独立危险因素,年龄≥60岁的IFG患者脑卒中复发危险有增加的趋势。     

空腹血糖受损与2型糖尿病男性患者血清铁蛋白水平的变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨IFG及T2DM男性患者血清铁蛋白（SF）水平的变化及其临床意义. 方法 选取2011年至2012年于我院查体的男性公务员1146名,依据血糖水平将研究对象分为正常血糖（NC）组、IFG组和T2DM组,测定SF及其他生化指标. 结果 多元线性回归分析显示,男性SF水平与FPG、DBP、BMI及TC呈正相关（R^2 =0.059,P＜0.05）;多分类变量Logistic回归分析显示,男性IFG的危险因素是年龄及BMI[OR（95％CI）分别为1.055（1.027～1.083）及1.102（1.041～1.166）].T2DM的危险因素是年龄、BMI及SF[OR（95％CI）分别为1.106（1.058～1.156）、1.126（1.03～1.231）及1.002（1.001～1.003）]. 结论 男性SF与FPG、DBP、BMI及TC呈正相关;男性T2DM的危险因素是年龄、BMI及SF.     

老年空腹血糖调节受损者尿微量白蛋白变化的临床研究

糖尿病肾病(DN)起病隐匿,早期肾损伤缺乏典型临床表现,尿素氮、肌酐出现异常时,患者肾损伤已近中晚期,往往不可逆转,因此,DN早期诊断尤为重要.尿微量白蛋白(mAlb)是目前临床常用的诊断早期糖尿病肾病的方法.空腹血糖调节受损(IFG)介于糖代谢正常和糖尿病之间的一种糖代谢异常状态,属糖尿病前期,与糖尿病大血管并发症的关系已被认识,但是否存在微血管并发症尚有不同的研究结果[1～3].     

新的空腹血糖受损切点对上海市浦东社区人群糖调节受损分布的影响

1869名18岁以上上海都市人口的筛查研究显示，与以FPG〉6．1mmol／L诊断IFG的旧标准比较，以FPG〉5．6mmol／L诊断IFG的新标准所诊断的NGT百分率降低（70．4％比77．2％），IFG增高（9．6％比2．8％），IGT降低（8．8％比10．9％），IFG合并IGT增高（4．6％比2．4％）。     

老年空腹血糖受损62例进展研究

目的分析老年空腹血糖受损者(IFG)8年间进展情况。方法于2002年5～6月对我区离退休老干部中IFG行口服75g葡萄糖试验(OGTT),选取单纯空腹血糖受损者(I-IFG)62例,依据2003年美国糖尿病学会IFG诊断标准,将空腹血糖(FPG)为5.6～6.09mmol/L的受损者分为新增IFG组(A组),空腹血糖为6.1～6.99mmol/L的受损者分为原IFG组(B组),定期随访8年。结果基线时2组IFG者的血压、血脂、体质量指数(BMI)等临床指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。至随访结束时,A组进展为糖尿病(DM)的比率为20.59%,B组IFG进展为DM的比率为46.43%,是A组的2.25倍,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组IFG逆转为糖耐量正常(NGT)、仍保持I-IFG以及进展为空腹血糖受损合并糖耐量受损(IFG/IGT)者的比率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。全部IFG进展为DM的比率是32.25%,逆转为NGT的比率是14.52%,仍维持在I-IFG或IFG/IGT状态的比率是53.23%。结论 IFG诊断标准下调后,IFG患病率明显上升,但新增IFG进展为DM的风险明显低于原IFG。     

美国糖尿病学会空腹血糖受损新标准对青岛市居民糖调节异常诊断的影响

2033例青岛人群整群抽样研究发现，空腹血糖受损患病率按新诊断切点5．6mmol／L是28％，而按6．1mmol／L切点则为11％。相应的糖耐量受损患病率也由29％升到52％。但新切点相应的心血管危险程度则下降。     

106260例广州体检人群空腹血糖受损和糖尿病患病率变化趋势

目的通过对2002—2005年广州地区体检人群的FPG数据回顾分析，探讨空腹血糖受损（IFG）和糖尿病（DM）变化趋势。方法106260例体检人群按体检年度分组，按年龄分层，分别统计各组IFG和DM人数。结果男女IFG和DM检出率均呈显著增高趋势（P〈0.05），各年度男性IFG和DM患病率均明显高于女性。男性大多数年龄组及女性45岁～至65岁～年龄组的IFG都有10％以上的绝对增幅。结论广州地区体检人群中IFG和DM检出率呈显著增高趋势，尤其男性人群的增幅更为显著。广州地区DM的一级预防重点应放在IFG人群。     

空腹血糖受损诊断标准下调的合理性分析

目的　探讨空腹血糖受损 (IFG)诊断点从 6.1mmol/L下调至 5 .6mmol/L的合理性。方法对1986年入选的 468名非糖尿病人群〔3 41例正常糖耐量 (NGT) ,12 7例糖耐量受损 (IGT)〕在 1988年 ,1990年和 1992年分别进行OGTT复查 ,测定空腹血糖 (FPG)及 2h血糖 (2hPG)。以COX模型分析不同基线血糖水平增加糖尿病的风险。结果　 (1) 10 9例 6年后发生糖尿病。COX成比例风险模型分析校正年龄、性别、体重指数 (BMI)影响后发现FPG与 2型糖尿病发病显著相关 (P =0 .0 0 0 1)。基线FPG 5 .6～ 6.0mmol/L组糖尿病发病危险性比FPG <5 .6mmol/L组已显著增加 ,RR为 3 .3 (95 %CI 2 .0～ 5 .3 ,P =0 .0 0 0 1)。 (2 )受试者工作特征 (ROC)曲线分析FPG预测糖尿病发病的最佳阈值是 5 .6mmol/L ,以FPG 5 .6mmol/L为诊断点IFG预报糖尿病发病的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值分别为 45 .0 % ,92 .8%和 65 .3 %。 (3 )NGT个体中COX成比例风险模型校正年龄、性别、BMI后显示 ,FPG分组 (5 .0～ 6.0mmol/L与 <5 .0mmol/L)与糖调节受损 (IGR ,包括IFG或IGT)发生显著正相关 (P =0 .0 0 7)。ROC曲线显示 ,FPG预测糖耐量恶化而进展为DM或IGR的最佳阈值为 5 .3mmol/L。结论　 (1)本组非糖尿病人群中FPG预测糖尿病发病的最佳阈值为 5 .6mmol/L     

糖代谢异常和糖尿病患者脉压的研究

目的:脉压与心脑血管疾病相关,糖代谢异常和2型糖尿病也是心脑血管疾病的危险因子,但是脉压与糖代谢异常、2型糖尿病的关系未见在我国人群中的研究报道。方法:对2 420例常规健康体检者进行血浆总胆固醇、甘油三酯、收缩压、舒张压、脉压和体重指数(BMI)测定,观察脉压与糖代谢异常和2型糖尿病的关系。为了避免年龄对脉压的影响,我们将所有被检查者以年龄分为3组(40~54岁组、55~69岁组和≥70岁组)。结果:40~54岁者脉压、收缩压、舒张压、BMI和甘油三酯在糖代谢异常和2型糖尿病组明显升高(P<0.01),总胆固醇在各组之间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。55~69岁者只有脉压在糖代谢异常和2型糖尿病组中明显升高(P<0.05)。年龄≥70岁组中,所有观察指标在各组之间差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:脉压在年龄<70岁的糖代谢异常和2型糖尿病患者中升高。脉压升高预示着心脑血管疾病危险因素的存在。     

Associations between obesity indices and both type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose among West African adults: Results from WHO STEPS surveys

Background and aimVarious obesity indices such as BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio, (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) are associated with the risk of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Given few studies examining the strength of the association in this population, we aimed to identify which obesity indices are most strongly associated with T2DM and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) among adults from five West African countries.Methods and resultsData from 15,520 participants from the World Health Organisation (WHO) STEPs surveys in Burkina Faso, Benin, Mali, Liberia, and Ghana were included in analyses. Multinomial logistic regression was used to calculate the relative risk (RR) per standard deviation (SD) of each anthropometric measure, modelled as both continuous variables and as categorical variables based on established cut-points. In the analyses with continuous variables, the unadjusted RRs for T2DM per SD were 1.30 (1.23, 1.37) for body mass index (BMI); 1.56 (1.46, 1.67) for WC; 2.57 (2.15, 3.09) for WHtR and 1.16 (1.03, 1.31) for WHR. WHtR showed the strongest association with T2DM in all adjusted analyses. For models using categorical variables based on established cut-points, obesity defined using waist circumference (OB-WC) and OB-BMI showed the strongest associations with T2DM, and OB-WHR, the weakest association in all adjusted analyses.ConclusionWHtR and WC appear to be the indices most strongly associated with T2DM and IFG respectively. Given its simplicity, WC may be the metric that most usefully conveys risk for T2DM in West African adults.     

Incidence of impaired glucose regulation and progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Tayside region of Scotland

This study assessed incidence of impaired glucose regulation (IGR) and progression to type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adults in one region of Scotland using routinely collected health-care data. Incidence of IGR was 2720 per 100,000 person years. Nine percent of IGR patients progressed to T2D in a mean time of 34 months.     

糖代谢异常和糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的观察

目的:探讨糖尿病、糖代谢异常患者颈动脉粥样硬化的情况。方法:通过多普勒超声检查颈动脉粥样硬化的方法,观察了糖尿病、糖代谢异常患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的发生率及内中膜厚度,并与正常对照组进行比较。结果:糖尿病、糖代谢异常的患者与正常对照组相比其颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的发生率及内中膜厚度显著增加(P<0.01)。结论:糖尿病、糖代谢异常与颈动脉粥样硬化相互关联。     

Daily life activity and risk of developing impaired fasting glucose or Type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men

Aims/hypothesis The aim of this study was to investigate the association between daily life activity and risk of developing diabetes.Methods The study population included 2924 Japanese male office workers aged 35 to 59 years who did not have IFG (fasting plasma glucose level 6.1–6.9 mmol/l), Type 2 diabetes (fasting plasma glucose level 7.0 mmol/l and/or medication for diabetes) or a history of cardiovascular disease, and were not receiving medication for hypertension. A 1-day activity record during an ordinary weekday was used to estimate daily energy expenditure. Fasting glucose levels were measured at annual health examinations performed in May from 1994 to 2001.Results Over a 7-year follow-up period the relative risk of IFG and Type 2 diabetes decreased with increasing daily energy expenditure after controlling for potential predictors of diabetes (p<0.001 and p=0.001 for trend respectively). The age-adjusted relative risk of IFG or Type 2 diabetes decreased with increasing energy expenditure on occupational physical activity, brisk walking, riding on vehicles (standing position) to and from work and other physical activities (all p<0.001 for trend). The association with riding on vehicles (standing position) and other physical activities remained after controlling for other potential confounders of diabetes (p=0.026 and p=0.003 for trend respectively). Results of stratified analyses by the presence or absence of different risk factors for diabetes revealed that the risk of IFG or Type 2 diabetes was inversely related to daily energy expenditure both in men at low risk of diabetes and those at high risk.Conclusions/interpretation Physical activity in daily life is inversely associated with the risk of developing IFG or Type 2 diabetes.     

2型糖尿病预防的药物与非药物干预循证医学研究进展

糖耐量减低(IGT)、空腹血糖受损(IFG)是正常糖代谢发展到糖尿病的一个过渡阶段,与糖尿病的发牛密切相关.研究表明,对此类人群给予药物、非药物干预可以明显减少2型糖尿病的发生,具有重要的临床意义.本文就2型糖尿病的药物与非药物干预的相关研究作一综述.     

Impaired fasting glucose and risk of diabetes in Taiwan: follow-up over 3 years

The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationship between fasting glucose levels and development of diabetes among residents of Penghu, Taiwan. From July 1995 to June 1996, a population-based cohort study was conducted among residents aged ≥40 years on the island of Penghu, Taiwan. Of the 1601 surveyed, 1306 (81.6%) did not have diabetes. Six hundred of these 1306 persons were re-examined 3 years later. Participants with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration <110 mg/dl (<6.1 mmol/l) were classified as normoglycemic, those with a glucose concentration of 110–126 mg/dl (6.1–7.0 mmol/l) had impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and those with a fasting glucose concentration of ≥126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) were considered to have diabetes. During the 3-year follow-up, 4.3% of the total population (1.4% per year, 95% CI 0.9–1.9%) developed diabetes. Of those with IFG at baseline, 9.6% (3.2% per year, 95% CI 1.8–5.0%) progressed to diabetes, but only 2.5% (0.8% per year, 95% CI 0.4–1.2%) of normoglycemic people did so. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of developing diabetes was 4.4 (95% CI 1.9–10.6) for persons with IFG compared with those who were normoglycemic at baseline. Other significant predictors of progression to diabetes were higher waist–hip ratio (WHR), triglyceride and apolipoprotein B (apo B) levels. In this Asian Chinese population, IFG is a strong predictor of diabetes. The high rate of conversion from IFG to diabetes, combined with the previously observed high IFG prevalence, suggests future high prevalence rates of diabetes in Taiwan.     

Undiagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in adult Ghanaians using the ADA and WHO diagnostic criteria

Fasting glucose and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) criteria for glucose homeostasis were compared in a cross-sectional cluster, community study in Accra, Ghana. A total of 4636 subjects without prior diagnosis of diabetes had fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour OGTT and measurement of cardiovascular risk factors. Mean age of subjects was 44.2 years; 39.1% of subjects were males. The overall prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes ascertained with both criteria was 4.5% (n=209). The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes by fasting (3,2%) and OGTT (3.1%) criteria were similar (p>0.05). The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (15.8%) was higher than that of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (10.7%). Only 56.5% (n=83) of subjects with diabetes by fasting criteria also had diabetes by OGTT criteria. Sixty-two subjects (42.8%) with diabetes by OGTT had normal or impaired fasting glucose. There was poor agreement between the two diagnostic criteria (kappa=0.31). The concordant normoglycaemic group was the youngest and had the lowest body-mass indey (BMI), waist girth, waist-hip ratio (WHR), total cholesterol, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The concordant diabetic group, in contrast, had the highest BMI, waist girth, WHR, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Both systems gave similar undiagnosed diabetes rates bur dissimilar IFG and IGT rates. There was poor agreement between the two diagnostic criteria. Diagnostic criteria influenced cardiovascular risk factors. A case may be made for using both criteria in order to ascertain all “diabetes” and all “at-risk” subjects. Received: 4 January 2001 / Accepted in revised form: 18 January 2002     

High incidence of type 2 diabetes and increasing conversion rates from impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes in Mauritius

OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence of different stages of glucose intolerance in a population from Mauritius followed over 11 years. RESEARCH DESIGN, METHODS AND SUBJECTS: Population-based surveys were undertaken in the multi-ethnic nation of Mauritius in 1987, 1992 and 1998 with 5083, 6616 and 6291 participants, respectively. Questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test were included. Three cohorts aged between 25 and 79 years with classifiable glucose tolerance data were identified; 3680 between 1987 and 1992, 4178 between 1992 and 1998, and 2631 between 1987 and 1998. Glucose tolerance was classified according to WHO 1999 criteria. RESULTS: The incidence rate of type 2 diabetes was higher between 1992 and 1998 than between 1987 and 1992. In men, the incidence was similar between cohorts (24.5 and 25.4 per 1000 person-years) whereas the incidence increased in women (23.3 and 16.4 per 1000 person-years). The incidence of diabetes peaked in the 45-54 year age group and then plateaued or fell. The incidences of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) decreased in both men and women. Of normoglycaemic subjects at baseline, more women than men developed IGT and more men than women developed IFG. Of those labelled as IFG in 1987, 38% developed diabetes after 11 years. The corresponding figure for IGT was 46%. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we report changes in incidence rates of glucose intolerance over a 11-year period. In particular, differences between men and women were observed. The increased incidence of IGT in women compared with men, and increased incidence of IFG in men compared with women was consistent with, and explains the sex biases seen in the prevalences of these states.