糖尿病大鼠睾丸病理变化及脂质过氧化和一氧化氮的改变

目的:研究糖尿病睾丸的病理变化及其发生机制。方法:用光镜及透射电镜观察四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病1个月大鼠睾丸的形态学改变,并测定睾丸组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的活性及一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:光镜下主要表现为睾丸曲细精管萎缩及生精阻滞;透射电镜下主要见到支持细胞线粒体与内质网扩张、胞浆内内含物形成;睾丸组织的SOD、GSH-PX活性实验组低于对照组,NOS活性及NO、MDA含量实验组高于对照组。结论:糖尿病大鼠睾丸病变主要为支持细胞受损及生精障碍,其可能与脂质过氧化作用及NO所致的损伤有关。     

银杏叶提取物对糖尿病大鼠膈肌的保护作用

目的:研究银杏叶提取物(EGb)对糖尿病大鼠膈肌的保护作用。方法: 用光镜和透射电镜观察EGb对糖尿病大鼠膈肌的形态学改变,并测定膈肌线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的活性,一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果:糖尿病大鼠膈肌线粒体SDH、SOD活性下降,NOS活性及MDA、NO含量增高;电镜下主要表现为膈肌线粒体扩张,嵴变短,空泡化。EGb治疗组病变明显减轻。与糖尿病组比较,膈肌线粒体SDH、SOD活性升高,NOS活性及NO、MDA含量下降。结论: EGb通过减轻自由基和过量一氧化氮对膈肌线粒体造成损伤,提高SDH活性,改善线粒体呼吸链的功能,从而对糖尿病大鼠膈肌起到保护作用。     

实验性2型糖尿病大鼠心肌线粒体的氧自由基损伤

目的:研究糖尿病大鼠心肌线粒体氧自由基异常的机制。方法:测定正常对照组和链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的2型糖尿病大鼠心肌线粒体中一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)、细胞色素C(Cyt-C)和线粒体钙含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性,并用透射电镜观察病理学改变。结果:模型组心肌线粒体NO、NOS、MDA、钙和胞浆细胞色素C均显著高于对照组(P0.05);线粒体细胞色素C和SOD均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。电镜下,模型组肌原纤维排列紊乱,部分融解消失,线粒体肿胀变性,数目增多。结论:氧自由基异常及脂质过氧化作用参与糖尿病心肌的线粒体损伤;Cyt-C和线粒体钙的改变也是糖尿病心肌线粒体损伤的因素。     

香菇多糖对糖尿病大鼠心肌损伤影响的实验研究

目的:研究香菇多糖(LNT)对糖尿病大鼠心肌的保护作用。方法:用光镜和透射电镜观察LNT对链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠心肌的形态学改变, 并测定心肌组织内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的活性及一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果:光镜下主要表现为心肌细胞空泡变性及心肌纤维局灶性溶解, 心肌间质纤维增生;电镜下主要表现为心肌线粒体扩张, 嵴变短, 肌原纤维溶解, 间质胶原纤维增生, SOD活性下降, NOS活性及MDA、NO含量增高。LNT治疗组心肌纤维损伤及间质纤维增生明显减轻, 心肌组织内SOD活性LNT治疗组明显高于糖尿病组, NOS活性及MDA、NO含量LNT治疗组低于糖尿病组。结论:LNT可能通过抗脂质过氧化作用和降低NO水平而对糖尿病心肌产生保护作用。     

糖尿病大鼠心肌病理变化及脂质过氧化和一氧化氮的改变

目的：研究糖尿病心肌的病理变化及其发生机制。方法：用光镜及透射电镜观察四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病1个月大鼠心肌形学改变,并测定心肌细胞超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷膛甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH－Px)、一氧化氮合酶（NOS）的活性及一氧化氮（NO）、丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：光镜下见心肌细胞萎缩、嗜酸性变及空泡变性,间质纤维增生,透射电镜下见线粒体扩张、嵴变短,内质网扩张,骨原纤维破坏,间质胶原纤维增生。SOD、GSH－Px活性下降,NOS活性及NO、MDA含量增加。结论：糖尿病大鼠心肌病变主要为心肌萎缩、线粒体扩张及肌原纤维破坏,间质纤维增生,脂质过氧化作用及NO所致的损伤可参与其中。     

银杏叶提取物对实验性2型糖尿病大鼠肝脏的保护作用

目的： 研究银杏叶提取物(EGB)对实验性2型糖尿病大鼠肝脏损伤的影响及机制。方法: 雄性SD大鼠39只，随机分为4组: 正常对照组、高脂组、糖尿病对照组和EGB治疗组。采用高脂饮食加链脲佐菌素（STZ） 诱导2型糖尿病大鼠模型， EGB治疗组给予EGB 8 mg·kg^-1·d^-1治疗8周。用光镜和透射电镜观察EGB对2型糖尿病大鼠肝组织的形态学改变，并检测肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GSH-PX)和总一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的活性及MDA、NO含量。结果: 糖尿病组光镜下主要表现为肝细胞脂肪变性明显，出现大量脂肪空泡，胞浆内糖原颗粒减少或消失。电镜下主要表现为肝细胞核固缩，胞浆内含大量脂滴，细胞器明显减少，贮脂细胞明显增生，胶原纤维增生。肝组织内GSH-PX、SOD、CAT活性明显低于正常对照组，MDA、 NO含量及总NOS、iNOS 活性显著高于正常对照组； EGB治疗组肝脏组织病理改变较轻，GSH—PX、SOD、CAT 活性明显高于糖尿病组，MDA、NO含量及总NOS、iNOS 活性显著低于糖尿病组。结论: EGB对2型糖尿病大鼠的肝脏具有保护作用、抗脂质过氧化作用和抑制NO的过多产生可能在其中起重要作用。     

高压氧与环孢素A对皮肤移植小鼠脾活性氧及一氧化氮含量的影响

目的:探讨高压氧与环孢素A对皮肤移植小鼠脾中活性氧、一氧化氮含量的影响。方法:供鼠BALB/C,受鼠C⁵⁷BL/6,皮肤移植,环孢素A组每日腹腔注射CsA5mg/kg,高压氧(HBO)组每日用99.2%氧气0.25MPa作用1.5h,14d后,取脾称重,测脾中丙二醛(MDA)的含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性和一氧化氮(NO)的含量,一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的活性。结果:(1)移植组、高压氧组和环孢素A组的MDA含量,GSH-PX、CAT的活性均高于对照组;环孢素A组GSH-PX、CAT活性低于、SOD的活性高于移植组;高压氧组GSH-PX活性低于、CAT和SOD活性高于移植组(P<0.01)。(2)移植组的NOS活性及NO含量高于对照组;高压氧组的NO含量低于、NOS活性高于移植组(P<0.01);环孢素A组的NO含量、NOS活性变化无显著意义。结论:皮肤移植小鼠脾细胞过氧化增强,NO含量及NOS活性增高;高压氧与环孢素A对上述二个系统具有一定作用,这可能与其抑制排斥反应有关。     

氨基胍对糖尿病大鼠心肌损伤的拮抗作用

目的：研究氨基胍（AG）对糖尿病大鼠心肌保护作用的机制。 方法：用透射电镜观察AG对链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠心肌形态学改变的影响，并测定心肌组织内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量，采用Western blotting法检测ONOO-标志物-硝基酪氨酸(NT)蛋白质在心肌组织中的含量。 结果：电镜下可见模型组大鼠心肌细胞核周围水肿，部分肌节断裂消失，Z线模糊或消失，心肌细胞线粒体部分嵴部分膜断裂或消失；SOD含量变化无统计学差异，NOS、iNOS活性，MDA和NT蛋白质含量大于对照组。AG组心肌组织形态学病变较轻，心肌细胞线粒体嵴部分消失，肌纤维排列较整齐，仅见少量脂滴沉着；AG治疗组NOS、iNOS活性及MDA含量低于模型组；NT含量低于模型组。 结论：AG可能通过抗脂质过氧化作用和降低ONOO^-水平而对糖尿病心肌产生保护作用。     

NG-硝基-L-精氨酸对大鼠内毒素性肺线粒体损伤的影响

目的： 观察非选择性一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂NG-硝基-L-精氨酸(L-NA)对急性肺损伤大鼠肺线粒体功能的影响，并探讨其改善急性肺损伤的作用机制。方法: 将SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、急性肺损伤组、L-NA治疗组，采用舌静脉注射脂多糖(LPS)复制大鼠急性肺损伤模型，于大鼠急性肺损伤3h后给L-NA治疗3h，断头放血处死大鼠，迅速取出肺脏，匀浆器混匀后，低温差速离心法提取肺线粒体，测定线粒体总ATP酶、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、总一氧化氮合酶（T-NOS）、诱生型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）、结构型一氧化氮合酶（cNOS）的活性，以及线粒体肿胀度、膜流动性和线粒体一氧化氮（NO）、丙二醛（MDA）含量；电镜观察大鼠肺线粒体超微结构的改变及治疗药对此改变的影响。结果: 在大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤后，肺脏组织中线粒体表现为肿胀、膜流动性降低，线粒体中的T-NOS和iNOS活性显著升高，线粒体NO生成明显增加，而cNOS活性无明显变化；线粒体总ATP酶、SOD、GSH-Px活性均明显下降，线粒体MDA含量明显升高。急性肺损伤3h给予L-NA治疗3h,与急性肺损伤组相比，一氧化氮合酶活性有所改变，NO生成显著下降，总ATP酶、SOD、GSH-Px活性均显著升高，MDA含量下降。电镜结果显示内毒素性急性肺损伤后肺脏组织细胞水肿，线粒体肿胀、嵴断裂、溶解、消失；L-NA能改善内毒素性急性肺损伤引起的细胞水肿、线粒体肿胀和空泡化。结论: L-NA能明显抑制急性肺损伤后线粒体一氧化氮合酶活性，减少NO生成，改善线粒体能量供应，增加线粒体抗氧化作用，从而减轻急性肺损伤。     

银杏叶提取物对糖尿病大鼠睾丸损伤的作用

目的:研究银杏叶提取物(GBE)对糖尿病所致的睾丸损伤的作用及其机制。方法:用光镜及透射电镜观察链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病1个月大鼠睾丸的形态学改变,并测定睾丸组织丙二醛(MDA)、NO产物NO₂^-/NO₃^-的含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的活性。 结果:①糖尿病大鼠睾丸组织光镜下主要表现为睾丸曲细精管萎缩、变形及生精上皮脱落,透射电镜下主要见到支持细胞浆内内质网扩张、脂滴空泡形成,溶酶体明显减少,银杏叶组大鼠睾丸组织光镜、透射电镜下上述病变明显改善。②睾丸组织的MDA、NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量及tNOS和iNOS活性银杏叶组低于糖尿病组,SOD活性银杏叶组高于糖尿病组。 结论:GBE对糖尿病所致的睾丸损伤有明显的保护作用,其作用机制与提高SOD活力减少MDA产生,抑制iNOS活力减少NO产生有密切关系。     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.     

Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Slovenia

Between December 1999 and December 2004, 40 081 pregnant women were examined for toxoplasmosis with Toxo-IgG, Toxo-IgM enzyme immunoassay. Women with positive results were then retested with the Toxo-IgG avidity assay for recent toxoplasmosis. Recent acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be significantly more frequent (p < 0.01) during winter than summer. The incidence of acute toxoplasmosis during winter-spring was also significantly more frequent (p < 0.025) than summer-autumn. This phenomenon should be taken into account when formulating preventive measures for toxoplasmosis, especially for pregnant women.     

Age-related changes in polyamines in memory-associated brain structures in rats

Polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic amines and have important roles in maintaining normal cellular function, regulating neurotransmitter receptors and modulating learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests a role of putrescine in hippocampal neurogenesis, that is significantly impaired during aging. The present study measured the polyamine levels in memory-related brain structures in 24- (aged), 12- (middle-aged) and 4- (young) month-old rats using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. In the hippocampus, the putrescine levels were significantly decreased in the CA1 and dentate gyrus, and increased in the CA2/3 with age. Significant age-related increases in the spermidine levels were found in the CA1 and CA2/3. There was no difference between groups in spermine in any sub-regions examined. In the parahippocampal region, increased putrescine level with age was observed in the entorhinal cortex, and age did not alter the spermidine levels. The spermine level was significantly decreased in the perirhinal cortex and increased in the postrhinal cortex with age. In the prefrontal cortex, there was age-related decrease in putrescine, and the spermidine and spermine levels were significantly increased with age. This study, for the first time, demonstrates age-related region-specific changes in polyamines in memory-associated structures, suggesting that polyamine system dysfunction may potentially contribute to aged-related impairments in hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory.     

休克过程中肾上腺髓质素变化的研究进展

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a new peptidergic regulator of vascular function. AM serves as a hormone, which has many biological properties, plays an important role in the many pathophysiological processes, especially shock. This review will highlight the structure, biological properties of AM and the relationship between AM and shock.     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Uteroglobin in the developing rabbit conceptus in vivo and in vitro

Summary Uteroglobin (UGL) was measured in day- 4 to day-10 rabbit conceptuses by a competitive ELISA. Levels in blastocyst fluid, tissues, coverings and in the early fetus were determined separately. The total amount of UGL increased from 18.4 ng to 6.8 g per conceptus. The UGL content of individual day-6 blastocysts was studied in vitro. Culturing was carried out up to 60 h in Ham's F10 medium with polyvinylpyrrolidone as macromolecular component, with and without progesterone, and with progesterone plus estradiol. UGL was determined in the blastocyst fluids, tissues with coverings and in the culture media. After labelling with [³⁵S]-methionine, protein patterns of total blastocysts and of culture media were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The morphology of cultured blastocysts was examined by electron microscopy. During 60 h of culture, the blastocysts expanded in diameter by 84%, and released 19% of their initial UGL content into the medium, independent of the hormonal substitution. Neither de novo synthesis, nor degradation of UGL was found: the protein remained unlabelled in fluorography, and its total quantity was not significantly different from that of non-cultured controls. Trophoblast, endoderm and embryoblast cells showed well preserved cell organelles and intercellular junctions, while the morphological differentiation of the germ layer was inhibited.