职业紧张对煤矿井下作业工人肺通气功能的影响

目的探讨职业紧张对煤矿井下作业工人肺通气功能的影响。方法随机抽取2019年山西某煤矿集团1 539名接触粉尘作业的劳动者作为研究对象,通过问卷调查获得其职业紧张水平信息,通过肺功能检查测定其肺通气功能水平,二分类logistic回归法分析肺通气功能与职业紧张的关联性。结果井下作业工人中肺通气功能障碍者645名,非肺通气功能障碍者894名,肺通气功能障碍者的高年龄、高工龄、吸烟的构成比均高于非肺通气功能障碍者(P0.01)。肺通气功能障碍者职业应激任务问卷得分(215.11±19.38)高于非肺通气功能障碍者(211.14±18.10),差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其中任务过重(39.92±7.41)、工作环境(36.23±7.08)子项得分高于非肺通气功能障碍者(38.11±6.89,34.76±6.62),差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。二分类logistic回归分析显示,年龄、工龄、吸烟、任务过重、工作环境均是肺通气功能的影响因素(均P0.01)。结论职业紧张可能是煤矿井下作业工人发生肺通气功能障碍的危险因素,合理安排生产任务,改善其作业环境有助于预防和控制煤矿井下作业工人的职业紧张和肺通气功能障碍。     

机场搬运作业人员下背痛工效学因素分析

目的调查某机场行李货物搬运作业人员肌肉骨骼疾患患病情况,探讨影响机场搬运作业人员下背痛(LBP)的工效学因素。方法选取某机场在职行李货物搬运作业人员383人为研究对象,采用自主研发的《肌肉骨骼损伤问卷》调查损伤情况,职业紧张调查参考工作内容量表(JCQ)中的部分内容,采取横断面调查,对可能影响作业人员下背痛的不同因素进行单因素χ2检验和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果机场行李货物搬运作业人员下背痛的总患病率为62.7%。按α=0.05水平,Logistic回归分析结果显示影响机场行李货物搬运作业人员下背痛患病风险的6个因素均有统计学意义,其中5个危险因素:背部弯曲幅度、经常转身、弯腰同时转身、劳动强度和吸烟;1个保护因素:经常锻炼身体。结论不良工作姿势、劳动强度和不良生活习惯对下背痛的患病均有不同程度的影响。减少吸烟行为,增加体育锻炼次数,能够降低搬运作业人员下背痛发病的风险。     

机械制造工人下背痛调查及其危险因素探讨

为了解机械制造工人下背痛流行情况及影响程度,采用横断面研究收集某机械厂202份有效资料,内容包括下背痛流行情况和危险因素。结果显示,曾经近1年、近1周下背痛患病率分别为39、1％、35．5％、22．6％;因下背痛减少活动的人数为44人．占患病人数的62．9％;下背痛患病率随工龄增长而升高;Logistic回归结果显示,重体力劳动、抬举物体持续时间、推拉物体最大重量、推拉物体持续时间的OR值分别为2、47(95％CI 1．21～5．01)、2．15(95％CI 1．18～3．93)、2．04(95％CI 1．07～3．87)、2、10(95％CI 1.17～3．74)。表明机械制造工人下背痛患病率属中等水平,其患病危险因素主要与体力劳动负荷有关。     

煤矿井下工人工作应激情况及其与健康的关系

目的研究煤矿井下工人工作应激和健康状况之间的关系。方法在四川省达州市抽取1 021名煤矿井下工人进行问卷调查,将调查表各个选项得分相加,得到工作应激状况的总分。结果调查对象中68.11%处于高工作应激状态,27.31%处于正常工作应激状态,4.79%处于低应激状态,工作应激的水平在不同年龄之间没有差异性,躯体症状发生率随着应激程度增高而增高,心理症状(抑郁、焦虑、情绪波动)均与应激程度存在高度关联性(P<0.01),<40岁组躯体症状除了心慌外,失眠、疲劳、头昏头痛、胃肠不适、腰酸背痛均与应激程度存在关联性(P<0.05),≥40岁组只有胃肠不适和疲劳与应激程度存在关联性(P<0.05);Logistic回归分析显示年龄、生活事件、有无医疗保险、有无失业保险、有无工伤保险和应激状况总分是被调查者健康状况的影响因素,与低应激者相比,正常应激者发生疾病的OR值为1.07,高应激者发生疾病的OR值为4.23。结论煤矿井下工人的健康状况受工作应激的影响,工作应激是影响煤矿井下工人健康的一项危险因素。     

煤矿工人工作家庭冲突对职业紧张的影响研究

目的分析煤矿作业人员工作家庭冲突对其职业紧张发生的影响,为降低其职业紧张的发生提供参考依据。方法通过分层整群抽样的方法纳入1500名煤矿工人作为研究对象,采用ERI量表和工作家庭冲突量表调查研究对象的工作家庭冲突和职业紧张现状,采用二分类logistic回归对职业紧张的影响因素进行分析。结果研究共调查了1346名煤矿作业工人,工作家庭冲突分数结果显示,不同轮班、婚姻和工种的煤矿作业人员其分数差异较大(P<0.05);煤矿工人职业紧张阳性率为47.77%,煤矿工作人员在不同年龄、工龄和婚姻状况之间职业紧张阳性率差异较大(分别为χ^(2)=20.938、χ^(2)=19.873、χ^(2)=6.273,P<0.05);工作家庭冲突三维度的方面(时间、压力、行为)的得分都与付出、超负荷和ERI比值呈现出正相关关系(P<0.05);多因素回归分析发现:年龄>45岁(OR=1.370,95%CI:1.052~1.785)、工龄>10年(OR=1.788,95%CI:1.223~2.614)和家庭-工作冲突(OR=1.070,95%CI:1.049~1.091)均是煤矿作业人员发生职业紧张的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论研究表明煤矿作业工人目前发生职业紧张状况不容乐观,家庭-工作冲突可以增加职业紧张发生的风险。     

1470名接尘工人职业危害知信行调查

目的了解在职接尘工人对职业危害相关知识、态度、行为的现状,为进一步做好职业健康教育工作提供科学的依据。方法采用整群抽样的方法,抽取2011年9—11月间在广东省清远市某体检中心体检的1500名在职接尘工人进行问卷调查。结果发放问卷1500份,回收有效问卷1470份,有效率回收率为98.00%。职业危害相关知识知晓率为64.56%;相关正确态度持有率为92.11%;相关健康行为形成率为84.22%。Logistic回归分析结果显示影响接尘工人职业危害相关知识知晓的因素为性别、年龄、文化程度和工龄(P<0.05);影响接尘工人相关态度正确持有率的因素为学历和工龄(P<0.05);性别是影响接尘工人相关行为正确形成的主要因素(P<0.01),其OR值为2.16。结论清远市接尘工人职业卫生相关知识知晓率较低,今后应以女性、工龄短、低文化程度,大年龄组的人群为培训重点,加强工人的职业卫生知识教育。     

护理人员下背痛调查及其影响因素的初步探讨

目的探讨护理作业人员职业性下背痛现患状况及其影响因素。方法采用现况调查的方法对某市规模相近的3所医院的486名护士进行问卷调查,内容包括下背痛患病率及其可能相关影响因素。结果护理作业人员下背痛患病率高达60.3%,多元Logistic回归分析提示:工龄、弯腰时间、工作疲劳感、轮班频率等因素与下背痛有关。结论下背痛是护理人员常见疾患,其患病危险因素来自多个方面。     

黑龙江省基层医疗卫生人员职业应激现状及影响因素分析

目的探讨基层医疗卫生人员职业应激现状及影响因素。方法 2020年5—8月,采用分层抽样的方法,抽取黑龙江省7个地市共38家社区卫生服务中心的1 400名基层医疗卫生人员为调查对象,采用工作内容量表进行问卷调查,共收回1 287份有效问卷。结果在1 287名调查对象中职业应激状态检出423人,检出率为32.9%。单因素分析结果显示,职业应激组与非职业应激组相比,在年龄、学历、人员类别、职业类别、编制类型、月均收入等方面的职业应激检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、人员类别、编制类型、月均收入是基层医疗卫生人员职业应激的危险因素。结论基层医疗卫生人员的职业应激存在普遍性,应积极构建合理的人力资源配置,完善晋升和绩效机制,合理安排工作、学习、生活,保障身心健康,降低职业应激发生率。     

2017年江苏省某煤矿接尘职工职业健康检查结果分析

目的 通过对某煤矿接尘职工职业健康检查结果的分析, 探讨煤尘对职工身体健康的影响, 为煤工尘肺的早期预防提供参考依据。
方法 将该煤矿2 224名在岗工人按工种大致分为3类:1类工种接触煤尘浓度较高; 2类工种接触煤尘浓度较低(大多低于职业接触限值); 3类工种接触煤尘很少甚至不接触。对不同岗位职工进行职业健康检查, 并对职工胸片和肺功能异常的影响因素进行多因素logistic回归分析。
结果 发现职业禁忌证54人, 其中尘肺病10人。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示:1类工种与2、3类工种相比, 工人胸片异常、肺功能异常的风险较高(P < 0.01);同接尘工龄较短的工人相比, 接尘工龄较长工人胸片异常和肺功能异常的风险较高(P < 0.01或0.05);吸烟是引起胸片异常和肺功能异常的重要危险因素。
结论 煤尘对接尘职工身体健康有较大危害, 煤矿企业应不断努力改善接尘工人的工作环境, 尽一切努力降低工人煤尘接触水平。
     

有机溶剂混合暴露与噪声联合作用对职业工人听力的损伤

目的应用职业流行病学的研究方法,了解以苯系物为主的有机溶剂混合物与噪声联合暴露的情况下,职业接触工人听力损伤的分布情况及其影响因素,同时探讨两者联合暴露对接触工人的听力损伤是否产生交互作用。方法本次研究应用职业流行病学的研究方法自2013年8月—2014年4月按有机溶剂行业类型分层随机抽取13家企业合共588名工人进行健康状况的调查。选取在体检中新诊断为听力损伤的114名工人作为病例组,随机选取与病例组在同一企业工作且无听力损伤的460名工人作为对照组。对研究对象作业场所的现场流行病学调查、查阅其所在企业既往的职业病危害因素检测资料,以及针对工人可能接触到的职业病危害因素进行相关个体检测。应用单因素非条件Logistic回归分析和多因素Logistic回归分析相关影响因素,应用多因素Logistic回归模型判定联合暴露在对职业接触工人听力的影响是否产生交互作用及其交互作用的具体表现形式,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果对两组的单因素非条件Logistic回归分析和多因素Logistic回归分析得出,噪声暴露强度、噪声作业工龄、有机溶剂年接触量、有机溶剂作业工龄、作业场所防护设施设置和个体防护用品等6个因素有意义(P0.05)。应用多因素Logistic回归模型判定以苯系物为主的有机溶剂混合物暴露与噪声暴露间存在交互作用。在对有机溶剂混合物暴露与噪声暴露间产生的交互作用作进一步的定量分析表明,两者的联合暴露对作业工人听力损伤的发生具有正相加模型交互作用。结论有机溶剂暴露可能是引起接触工人听力损伤的危险因素之一,在与噪声联合暴露的情况下,两者可能产生相加性交互作用,从而增强对职业接触工人听力损伤的效应。     

Heavy Metal Contaminants in Tissues of the Garfish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Belone belone</Emphasis> L., 1761, and the Bluefish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pomatomus saltatrix</Emphasis> L., 1766, from Turkey Waters

Levels of contaminants in fish are of particular interest because of the potential risk to humans who consume them. Fish samples were collected through the coastal waters of Turkey and the contents of cadmium, cobalt, chrome, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, zinc and lead in the liver and muscle tissues were determined. Among the metals analyzed, copper, zinc and iron were the most abundant in the different tissues while cadmium and lead were the least abundant both in Belone belone and Pomatomus saltatrix. Metal concentrations in muscles of fish species were found 0.01–0.38 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium, 0.01–0.53 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt, 0.05–1.87 mg kg⁻¹ for chromium, 0.21–5.89 mg kg⁻¹ for copper, 9.99–43.3 mg kg⁻¹ for iron, 0.14–1.33 mg kg⁻¹ for manganese, 0.06–4.70 mg kg⁻¹ for nickel, 0.09–0.81 mg kg⁻¹ for lead, 3.85–15.9 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc, respectively. Regional changes in metal concentration were observed in the tissues of both species, but these variations may not influence consumption advisories.     

Cognitive predictors of COVID-19 mitigation behaviors in vaccinated and unvaccinated general population members

BackgroundGiven the long-term threat posed by COVID-19, predictors of mitigation behaviors are critical to identify. Prior studies have found that cognitive factors are associated with some COVID-19 mitigation behaviors, but few studies employ representative samples and no prior studies have examined cognitive predictors of vaccination status. The purpose of the present study was to examine associations between cognitive variables (executive function, delay discounting, and future orientation) and COVID-19 mitigation behaviors (mask wearing, social distancing, hand hygiene and vaccination) in a population representative sample.MethodsA population representative sample of 2,002 adults completed validated measures of delay discounting, future orientation, and executive function. Participants also reported frequency of mitigation behaviors, vaccination status, and demographics.ResultsFuture orientation was associated with more mask wearing (β = 0.160, 95 % CI [0.090, 0.220], p < 0.001), social distancing (β = 0.150, 95 % CI [0.070, 0.240], p < 0.001), hand hygiene behaviors (β = 0.090, 95 % CI [0.000, 0.190], p = 0.054), and a higher likelihood of being fully vaccinated (OR = 0.80, 95 % CI [0.670, 0.970], p = 0.020). Lower delay discounting predicted more consistent mask wearing (β = −0.060, 95 % CI[−0.120, −0.010], p = 0.032) and being fully vaccinated (OR = 1.28, 95 % CI [1.13, 1.44], p < 0.001), while more symptoms of executive dysfunction predicted less mask wearing (β = −0.240, 95 % CI [−0.320, −0.150] p < 0.001) and hand hygiene (β = −0.220, 95 % CI [−0.320, −0.130], p < 0.001), but not vaccination status (OR = 0.96, 95 % CI [0.80, 1.16], p = 0.690) or social distancing behaviors (β = −0.080, 95 % CI [−0.180, 0.020], p = 0.097). Overall, social distancing was the least well-predicted outcome from cognitive factors, while mask wearing was most well-predicted. Vaccination status was not a significant moderator of these effects of cognitive predictors on mitigation behaviors.ConclusionsCognitive variables predict significant variability in mitigation behaviors. regardless of vaccination status. In particular, thinking about the future and discounting it less may encourage more consistent implementation of mitigating behaviors.     

Is the Cry1Ab Protein from Bacillusthuringiensis (Bt) Taken Up by Plants from Soils Previously Planted with Bt Corn and by Carrot from Hydroponic Culture?

The uptake of the insecticidal Cry1Ab protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) by various crops from soils on which Bt corn had previously grown was determined. In 2005, the Cry1Ab protein was detected by Western blot in tissues (leaves plus stems) of basil, carrot, kale, lettuce, okra, parsnip, radish, snap bean, and soybean but not in tissues of beet and spinach and was estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to be 0.05 ± 0.003 ng g⁻¹ of fresh plant tissue in basil, 0.02 ± 0.014 ng g⁻¹ in okra, and 0.34 ± 0.176 ng g⁻¹ in snap bean. However, the protein was not detected by ELISA in carrot, kale, lettuce, parsnip, radish, and soybean or in the soils by Western blot. In 2006, the Cry1Ab protein was detected by Western blot in tissues of basil, carrot, kale, radish, snap bean, and soybean from soils on which Bt corn had been grown the previous year and was estimated by ELISA to be 0.02 ± 0.014 ng g⁻¹ of fresh plant tissue in basil, 0.19 ± 0.060 ng g⁻¹ in carrot, 0.05 ± 0.018 ng g⁻¹ in kale, 0.04 ± 0.022 ng g⁻¹ in radish, 0.53 ± 0.170 ng g⁻¹ in snap bean, and 0.15 ± 0.071 ng g⁻¹ in soybean. The Cry1Ab protein was also detected by Western blot in tissues of basil, carrot, kale, radish, and snap bean but not of soybean grown in soil on which Bt corn had not been grown since 2002; the concentration was estimated by ELISA to be 0.03 ± 0.021 ng g⁻¹ in basil, 0.02 ± 0.008 ng g⁻¹ in carrot, 0.04 ± 0.017 ng g⁻¹ in kale, 0.02 ± 0.012 ng g⁻¹ in radish, 0.05 ± 0.004 ng g⁻¹ in snap bean, and 0.09 ± 0.015 ng g⁻¹ in soybean. The protein was detected by Western blot in 2006 in most soils on which Bt corn had or had not been grown since 2002. The Cry1Ab protein was detected by Western blot in leaves plus stems and in roots of carrot after 56 days of growth in sterile hydroponic culture to which purified Cry1Ab protein had been added and was estimated by ELISA to be 0.08 ± 0.021 and 0.60 ± 0.148 ng g⁻¹ of fresh leaves plus stems and roots, respectively. No Cry1Ab protein was detected in the tissues of carrot grown in hydroponic culture to which no Cry1Ab protein had been added. Because of the different results obtained with different commercial Western blot (i.e., from Envirologix and Agdia) and ELISA kits (i.e., from Envirologix, Agdia, and Abraxis), it is not clear whether the presence of the Cry1Ab protein in the tissues of some plants under field condition and in carrot in sterile hydroponic culture was the result of the uptake of the protein by the plants or of the accuracy and sensitivity of the different commercial kits used. More detailed studies with additional techniques are obviously needed to confirm the uptake of Cry proteins from soil by plants subsequently planted after a Bt crop.     

Selection of Gut-Resistant Bacteria and Construction of Microbial Consortia for Improving Gluten Digestion under Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions

This work aimed to define the microbial consortia that are able to digest gluten into non-toxic and non-immunogenic peptides in the human gastrointestinal tract. Methods: 131 out of 504 tested Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria, specifically Bacillus (64), lactobacilli (63), Pediococcus (1), and Weissella (3), showed strong gastrointestinal resistance and were selected for their PepN, PepI, PepX, PepO, and PepP activities toward synthetic substrates. Based on multivariate analysis, 24 strains were clearly distinct from the other tested strains based on having the highest enzymatic activities. As estimated by RP-HPLC and nano-ESI–MS/MS, 6 cytoplasmic extracts out of 24 selected strains showed the ability to hydrolyze immunogenic epitopes, specifically 57–68 of α9-gliadin, 62–75 of A-gliadin, 134–153 of γ-gliadin, and 57–89 (33-mer) of α2-gliadin. Live and lysed cells of selected strains were combined into different microbial consortia for hydrolyzing gluten under gastrointestinal conditions. Commercial proteolytic enzymes (Aspergillus oryzae E1, Aspergillus niger E2, Bacillus subtilis Veron HPP, and Veron PS proteases) were also added to each microbial consortium. Consortium activity was evaluated by ELISA tests, RP-HPLC-nano-ESI–MS/MS, and duodenal explants from celiac disease patients. Results: two microbial consortia (Consortium 4: Lactiplantibacillus (Lp.) plantarum DSM33363 and DSM33364, Lacticaseibacillus (Lc.) paracasei DSM33373, Bacillus subtilis DSM33298, and Bacillus pumilus DSM33301; and Consortium 16: Lp. plantarum DSM33363 and DSM33364, Lc. paracasei DSM33373, Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM33374, Bacillus megaterium DSM33300, B. pumilus DSM33297 and DSM33355), containing commercial enzymes, were able to hydrolyze gluten to non-toxic and non-immunogenic peptides under gastrointestinal conditions. Conclusions: the results of this study provide evidence that selected microbial consortia could potentially improve the digestion of gluten in gluten-sensitive patients by hydrolyzing the immunogenic peptides during gastrointestinal digestion.     

A novel tetrameric gp350 as a potential Epstein–Barr virus vaccine

Infectious mononucleosis and B-cell transformation in response to infection with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is dependent upon binding of the EBV envelope glycoprotein gp350 to CD21 on B-cells. Gp350-specific antibody comprises most of the EBV neutralizing activity in the serum of infected patients, making this protein a promising target antigen for a prophylactic EBV vaccine. We describe a novel, tetrameric gp350-based vaccine that exhibits markedly enhanced immunogenicity relative to its monomeric counterpart. Plasmid DNA was constructed for synthesis, within transfected CHO cells, of a tetrameric, truncated (a.a. 1–470) gp350 protein (gp350^1–470). Tetrameric gp350^1–470 induced ∼20-fold higher serum titers of gp350^1–470-specific IgG and >19-fold enhancements in neutralizing titers at the highest dose, and was >25-fold more immunogenic on a per-weight basis than monomeric gp350^1–470. Further, epidermal immunization with plasmid DNA encoding gp350^1–470 tetramer induced 8-fold higher serum titers of gp350^1–470-specific IgG relative to monomer. Tetrameric gp350^1–470 binding to human CD21 was >24-fold more efficient on a per-weight basis than monomer, but neither tetramer nor monomer mediated polyclonal human B-cell activation. Finally, the introduction of strong, universal tetanus toxoid (TT)-specific CD4+ T-cell epitopes into the tetrameric gp350^1–470 had no effect on the gp350^1–470-specific IgG response in naïve mice, and resulted in suppressed gp350^1–470-specific IgG responses in TT-primed mice. Collectively, these data suggest that tetrameric gp350^1–470 is a potentially promising candidate for testing as a prophylactic EBV vaccine, and that protein multimerization, using the approach described herein, is likely to be clinically relevant for enhancing the immunogenicity of other proteins of vaccine interest.     

Serum Retinol,Folic Acid,and Copper Are Associated With Sperm Abnormalities in Men With Obesity

Background and objectives: Micronutrients may influence the development and differentiation of sperm cells. The aim of this study was to assess the possible association of deficiencies in several vitamins and trace elements with sperm abnormalities in men with obesity.

Participants and methods: Thirty male patients with moderate to severe obesity and ten lean controls who gave written informed consent were included. Anthropometric parameters were recorded. Hormonal and lipid profiles were analyzed, as well as serum concentrations of zinc, copper, retinol, α-tocopherol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, cobalamin, and folic acid. For sperm analysis, we used the reference values proposed by the World Health Organization.

Results: Fourteen of the thirty men (47%) presented abnormal sperm results. The most common abnormality was low motility in 33% of them, followed by low sperm concentration in 27% of the patients. Patients with abnormal sperm results showed lower serum folic acid (p = 0.005) and higher serum estradiol (p = 0.015) and copper (p = 0.033) than lean controls. The ejaculate volume inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI; r = ?0.378, p = 0.016) and serum estradiol (r = ?0.328, p = 0.041). Total number of sperm correlated inversely with BMI (r = ?0.428, p = 0.006) and serum estradiol (r = ?0.507, p = 0.001) and positively with serum folic acid (r = 0.356, p = 0.026) and retinol (r = 0.421, p = 0.009). Total motility of sperm inversely correlated with BMI (r = ?0.433, p = 0.005), serum estradiol (r = ?0.475, p = 0.002), and copper (r = ?0.416, p = 0.012) and positively correlated with serum folic acid (r = 0.522, p = 0.001) and retinol (r = 0.350, p = 0.034).

Conclusions: Sperm abnormalities in men with obesity are associated with excess body weight and micronutrient concentrations.     

The Role of Social Support in Machismo and Acceptance of Violence Among Adolescents in Europe: Lights4Violence Baseline Results

PurposeTo analyze the potential association between social support, experiences of violence, and sociodemographic characteristics of adolescents and the likelihood of acceptance of violence and machismo in different European countries.MethodsCross-sectional design. We recruited 1,555 participants ages 13–16 from secondary schools in Alicante (Spain), Rome (Italy), Iasi (Romania), Matosinhos (Portugal), Poznan (Poland), and Cardiff (UK). We used linear regression models to identify how social support from teachers and parents, experiences of violence—dating violence, bullying, cyberbullying, abuse in childhood—and sociodemographic characteristics were associated with violent thinking, specifically: machismo and acceptance of violence. The analysis was stratified by sex.ResultsAcceptance of violence was higher for those who had lower perceived social support from parents (β_girls = ?154, p < .001; β_boys = ?.114, p = .019) for both sexes. Perpetration of bullying and/or cyberbullying was associated with higher scores for machismo and acceptance of violence for both sexes (β_girls = .067, p = .035; β_boys = .225, p < .001; (β_girls = .118, p < .001; β_boys = .210, p < .001). Being the victim of dating violence, having suffered physical and/or sexual abuse in childhood, and lower perceived social support from teachers were associated with higher scores for both machismo and acceptance of violence. These associations differed between girls and boys.ConclusionsMachismo and acceptance of violence are widely present amongst adolescents in different European countries. Our results suggest the importance of providing educational/psycho-educational interventions with boys and girls to prevent these attitudes and, in turn, prevent interpersonal violence, including bullying and dating violence.     

Measurements and Characteristics of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds in Atmospheric Particulate Matter in Beijing, China

The total nitrogen (TN) and water-soluble nitrogenous ions were determined by using CHN Elemental Analyzer and ion chromatography method, respectively, from November 24, 1998 to February 12, 1999 in Beijing. The average concentrations of TN, NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ⁻ were 10.62 μg N m⁻³, 6.67 μg m⁻³ and 10.01 μg m⁻³, respectively. The total inorganic nitrogen (IN) calculated from NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ⁻ was 7.45 μg N m⁻³, accounting for 70% of TN, i.e., 30% of TN existed as organic nitrogen form (ON). The correlation between ON and other pollution tracers showed that, coal combustion, biomass burning, soil humic matter and secondary formation were the important sources of ON in particulate matter in Beijing.