慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺康复指导与生活质量的相关研究

目的探讨肺康复指导对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)稳定期患者生活质量的影响。方法140例COPD稳定期患者随机分为观察组与对照组,每组70例。对照组实施常规健康指导护理,观察组实施肺康复指导护理。干预前后评价肺功能、血气分析、6min步行距离测试(6MWT)、呼吸困难指数评分(mMRC)、COPD评估测试(CAT)量表评分。结果干预第3、第6个月时两组患者用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气末容积(FEV1)、最大呼气中第1秒呼出的气量(FEV1%)均分别明显高于干预前,且观察组患者FVC、FEV1、FEV1%均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。干预第1、第3、第6个月时两组患者动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)及6MWT均分别明显高于干预前,二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)明显低于干预前,且观察组患者PaO_2及6MWT明显高于对照组,PaCO2明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。干预后第1、第3、第6个月时两组患者CAT、mMRC评分均分别明显低于干预前,且观察组患者CAT、mMRC评分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肺康复指导可有效改善COPD稳定期患者肺功能,提高生活质量。     

有氧训练对稳定期轻中度慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的作用

目的 探讨有氧训练对稳定期轻中度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的作用,为COPD的治疗提供依据.方法 将80例轻中度稳定期COPD患者随机分为干预组(42例)和对照组(38例).对照组患者仅接受常规的治疗,而干预组患者在常规治疗的基础上接受为期6个月的有氧训练.并分别在训练或治疗前后测定2组患者的肺功能、6 min步行试验(6MWT)及血气分析.结果 2组患者的一秒用力呼气容积百分比(FEV1％)、一秒用力呼气容积佣力肺活量(FEV1/FVC％)、6MWT及氧分压(PaO2)均较干预前或治疗前明显升高,而二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)仅干预组干预后较干预前明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).干预组干预后患者的FEV1/FVC％、6MWT及PaO2均明显高于对照组治疗后,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).干预组患者干预后的生存质量明显改善,且优于对照组治疗后,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 有氧训练能明显改善稳定期轻中度COPD患者的肺功能,增强其运动耐受力,提高其生活质量,值得在临床推广.     

甘氨酸茶碱钠缓释片联合噻托溴铵治疗稳定期COPD患者的临床疗效

目的观察甘氨酸茶碱钠缓释片联合噻托溴铵治疗稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的疗效及对炎症因子的影响。方法选择2019年1月至2020年12月重庆市第九人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科收治的127例稳定期COPD患者, 按随机数字表法分为对照组(63例)和观察组(64例), 对照组予噻托溴铵治疗, 观察组在对照组基础上加用甘氨酸茶碱钠缓释片, 连续治疗12周。比较两组治疗前后的肺功能[第1秒用力呼气量/用力肺活量(FEV1/FVC)、呼气峰流速(PEF)]、运动能力[6 min步行距离(6MWT)]、血气分析[氧分压(PaO2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、血氧饱和度(SaO2)]、炎症因子[白介素(IL)-6、IL-8、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)], 记录不良反应等。结果治疗前, 两组患者肺功能、6MWT和血气分析差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。治疗后, 两组PEF无明显变化, FEV1/FVC、6MWT较治疗前明显升高(均P<0.05);观察组FEV1/FVC、6MWT高于对照组, 差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。治疗后, 两组患者PaO2、SaO2明显升...     

自制简易呼吸锻炼装置对COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭二氧化碳潴留的影响

目的探讨自制简易呼吸装置进行呼吸锻炼对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭二氧化碳潴留患者运动耐力、呼吸改善情况的影响。方法选取医院84例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭二氧化碳潴留患者为研究对象,按照锻炼方案不同分为常规组与自制组,各42例。常规组给予腹式缩唇呼吸锻炼;自制组在常规组基础上给予自制简易呼吸装置的呼吸锻炼。对比两组锻炼前、锻炼1个月后6分钟步行距离、呼吸困难改善情况(MRC)、肺功能[肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)]、血气分析指标[血氧分压(PaO2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)]。结果锻炼1个月后,自制组6分钟步行距离较常规组长,MRC评分、PaCO2较常规组低,FVC、FEV1、PaO2较常规组高;各项指标组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论自制简易呼吸装置的呼吸锻炼有利于提高COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭二氧化碳潴留患者运动耐力,缓解呼吸困难状况,促进肺功能恢复,改善血气分析指标。     

肺康复干预辅助治疗稳定期COPD患者的效果观察

目的探讨肺康复干预辅助常规干预治疗稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的临床效果。方法将60例稳定期COPD患者随机分为两组各30例。对照组予以常规干预治疗,研究组予以肺康复干预辅助常规干预治疗。比较两组患者干预前后的临床指标。结果干预前,两组患者的FVC、 FEV_1、 PaO_2、 PaCO_2水平, 6 min步行距离及Borg评分比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);干预后,两组的FVC、 FEV_1、 PaO_2水平及6 min步行距离均显著高于干预前, PaCO_2水平、 Borg评分均显著低于干预前,且研究组的FVC、 FEV_1、 PaO_2水平、 6 min步行距离均显著高于对照组, PaCO_2水平、 Borg评分均显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论肺康复干预辅助常规干预治疗稳定期COPD患者的疗效确切。     

呼吸锻炼结合心理干预对慢阻肺患者预后的效果

目的探讨呼吸功能锻炼结合心理干预对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(慢阻肺)患者呼吸功能及生活质量的效果。方法选择天津市第三中心医院分院2018年1月-2019年11月间收治的慢阻肺患者108例。利用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各54例。对照组进行呼吸功能锻炼,观察组进行呼吸功能锻炼结合心理干预。比较两组干预前及干预12周后呼吸功能、生活质量及6 min步行距离变化。结果干预前,两组呼吸功能指标、StGeorge's量表各项评分及6 min步行距离,比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);干预12周后,两组FEV1、FEV1/FVC、MMEF、PEF均高于干预前,且观察组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。干预12周后,两组StGeorge's量表各项评分均低于干预前,6 min步行距离均高于干预前,且观察组干预12周后StGeorge's量表各项评分低于对照组,6 min步行距离高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论呼吸功能锻炼结合心理干预可明显改善慢阻肺患者呼吸功能,提高运动耐受力及生活质量,临床干预效果满意,值得推广和应用。     

呼吸功能锻炼对COPD患者预后的影响

目的探讨呼吸功能锻炼对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者预后的效果与意义。方法选择我院收治的COPD患者100例,随机分为两组各50例。对照组患者给予常规治疗及日常护理,观察组在此基础上给予呼吸功能锻炼。比较两组患者干预前后的肺功能指标及生活质量。结果干预后,观察组患者的肺功能指标(FEV1%、FEV1/FVC)、6分钟步行距离,以及各项生活质量评分均显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论呼吸功能锻炼可有效提高COPD患者的呼吸功能,还能在一定程度上纠正低氧血症并减缓肺功能恶化,改善肺功能,提高生活质量。     

呼吸肌肉锻炼联合八段锦对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能及运动耐力影响

目的 探究呼吸肌肉锻炼联合八段锦对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者肺功能以及其运动耐力的影响。方法 选取2021年2月～10月亳州市人民医院收治的COPD急性期患者86例,根据随机数表法将其分为对照组与观察组,每组43例,两组患者均同样进行解痉平喘、控制感染以及祛痰等常规治疗,其中对照组给予呼吸肌肉康复锻炼,观察组则在对照组的基础上联合八段锦康复锻炼。训练结束后,比较两组患者的临床治疗效果、第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、用力肺活量（FVC）、FEV1/FVC、以及6 min步行测试（6MWT）和COPD综合评估测试（CAT）评分情况。结果 治疗后,观察组患者的临床疗效总有效率（93.02%）明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。治疗前两组患者的FEV1、FVC以及FEV1/FVC比较差异无统计学意义（P> 0.05）。治疗后,两组患者的FEV1、FVC以及FEV1/FVC均有了明显好转,且观察组FEV1(2.87±0.17)L、FVC(2.89±0.67)L以及FEV1/FVC(80.55±10.37)%明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05...     

呼吸训练器联合呼吸功能锻炼在稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中的应用效果

目的 探讨呼吸训练器联合呼吸功能锻炼在稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者中的应用效果。方法 选取2022年1—8月浙江省台州医院呼吸与危重症医学科收治的74例稳定期COPD患者为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组与试验组,每组37例。两组均给予常规药物治疗,对照组给予常规呼吸功能锻炼,试验组在对照组基础上应用呼吸训练器干预,比较两组肺功能[包括第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV₁)、用力肺活量(FVC)]、呼吸困难严重程度[采用改良版呼吸困难量表(mMRC)与慢性阻塞性肺疾病评估测试(CAT)评估]及运动耐力[采用6 min步行距离(6 MWD)评估]。结果 干预前,两组FEV₁及FVC比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后,两组FEV₁及FVC均高于干预前,且试验组均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预前,两组mMRC及CAT评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后,两组mMRC及CAT评分均低于干预前,且试验组均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);...     

止咳橘红口服液联合乙酰半胱氨酸泡腾片治疗COPD急性加重期的效果

目的探讨止咳橘红口服液联合乙酰半胱氨酸泡腾片治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性加重期的疗效。方法选取辽宁省某医院2018年1月—2019年12月收治的90例COPD急性加重期患者,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组45例。对照组患者在常规对症治疗基础上给予乙酰半胱氨酸泡腾片治疗,观察组患者在对照组基础上联用止咳橘红口服液治疗。比较2组患者的临床疗效、治疗期间不良反应发生情况及治疗前后肺功能、慢阻肺患者自我评估测试(CAT)评分及6min步行距离。结果观察组患者治疗总有效率为95.56%,高于对照组的82.22%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前,2组患者第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)及FEV1/FVC比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,2组患者FEV1、FVC及FEV1/FVC均高于治疗前,且观察组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前,2组患者6min步行距离及CAT评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,2组患者6min步行距离及CAT评分均高于治疗前,且观察组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者不良反应发生率为6.67%,低于对照组的22.22%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论止咳橘红口服液联合乙酰半胱氨酸泡腾片用于COPD急性加重期治疗效果较好,有助于改善患者肺功能。     

Heavy Metal Contaminants in Tissues of the Garfish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Belone belone</Emphasis> L., 1761, and the Bluefish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pomatomus saltatrix</Emphasis> L., 1766, from Turkey Waters

Levels of contaminants in fish are of particular interest because of the potential risk to humans who consume them. Fish samples were collected through the coastal waters of Turkey and the contents of cadmium, cobalt, chrome, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, zinc and lead in the liver and muscle tissues were determined. Among the metals analyzed, copper, zinc and iron were the most abundant in the different tissues while cadmium and lead were the least abundant both in Belone belone and Pomatomus saltatrix. Metal concentrations in muscles of fish species were found 0.01–0.38 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium, 0.01–0.53 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt, 0.05–1.87 mg kg⁻¹ for chromium, 0.21–5.89 mg kg⁻¹ for copper, 9.99–43.3 mg kg⁻¹ for iron, 0.14–1.33 mg kg⁻¹ for manganese, 0.06–4.70 mg kg⁻¹ for nickel, 0.09–0.81 mg kg⁻¹ for lead, 3.85–15.9 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc, respectively. Regional changes in metal concentration were observed in the tissues of both species, but these variations may not influence consumption advisories.     

Cognitive predictors of COVID-19 mitigation behaviors in vaccinated and unvaccinated general population members

BackgroundGiven the long-term threat posed by COVID-19, predictors of mitigation behaviors are critical to identify. Prior studies have found that cognitive factors are associated with some COVID-19 mitigation behaviors, but few studies employ representative samples and no prior studies have examined cognitive predictors of vaccination status. The purpose of the present study was to examine associations between cognitive variables (executive function, delay discounting, and future orientation) and COVID-19 mitigation behaviors (mask wearing, social distancing, hand hygiene and vaccination) in a population representative sample.MethodsA population representative sample of 2,002 adults completed validated measures of delay discounting, future orientation, and executive function. Participants also reported frequency of mitigation behaviors, vaccination status, and demographics.ResultsFuture orientation was associated with more mask wearing (β = 0.160, 95 % CI [0.090, 0.220], p < 0.001), social distancing (β = 0.150, 95 % CI [0.070, 0.240], p < 0.001), hand hygiene behaviors (β = 0.090, 95 % CI [0.000, 0.190], p = 0.054), and a higher likelihood of being fully vaccinated (OR = 0.80, 95 % CI [0.670, 0.970], p = 0.020). Lower delay discounting predicted more consistent mask wearing (β = −0.060, 95 % CI[−0.120, −0.010], p = 0.032) and being fully vaccinated (OR = 1.28, 95 % CI [1.13, 1.44], p < 0.001), while more symptoms of executive dysfunction predicted less mask wearing (β = −0.240, 95 % CI [−0.320, −0.150] p < 0.001) and hand hygiene (β = −0.220, 95 % CI [−0.320, −0.130], p < 0.001), but not vaccination status (OR = 0.96, 95 % CI [0.80, 1.16], p = 0.690) or social distancing behaviors (β = −0.080, 95 % CI [−0.180, 0.020], p = 0.097). Overall, social distancing was the least well-predicted outcome from cognitive factors, while mask wearing was most well-predicted. Vaccination status was not a significant moderator of these effects of cognitive predictors on mitigation behaviors.ConclusionsCognitive variables predict significant variability in mitigation behaviors. regardless of vaccination status. In particular, thinking about the future and discounting it less may encourage more consistent implementation of mitigating behaviors.     

Hypocalcaemia,alcohol drinking and viroimmune responses in ART recipients

Metabolic perturbations associated with HIV and antiretroviral therapies are widespread. Unfortunately, research has predominantly focused in cardiometabolic problems, neglecting other important areas. In fact, the immune-calcium–skeletal interface has been understudied despite its potential relevance in people living with HIV (PLWH). Using a case-control methodology, 200 PLWH receiving medical care were enrolled and stratified according to hazardous vs. non-hazardous alcohol intake (HAU vs. non-HAU) and calcium (Ca) levels by analyzing baseline data. The group was chosen to represent relatively "pure" HAU with minimal drug use and no psychiatric diagnoses. With these narrow parameters in place, we found evidence that HAU significantly increases TNF-α levels compared to Non-HAU (2.8 ± 0.6 vs. 1.9 ± 0.3 pg/ml, p = 0.05) and decreases blood Ca levels (9 ± 0.6 vs. 9.4 ± 0.5, p = 0.03). Our analyses also suggest that chronic inflammation, as indicated by increased TNF-α levels, is associated with hypocalcemia (hypoCa <8.6). Despite the limited prevalence of hypoCa, these findings are clinically significant given that hypoCA PLWH exhibited decreased CD4 (253 ± 224 vs. 417.7 ± 281, p = 0.02), B cells (147 ± 58 vs. 248 ± 151, p = 0.03) and NK cells (146.8 ± 90 vs. 229 ± 148, p = 0.008) and elevated CD8 (902.5 ± 438 vs. 699 ± 510, p = 0.09) compared to those with normal calcium. Furthermore, calcium effects on viral load were also evident with hypoCA exhibiting the highest loads (140,187 ± 111 vs. 35,622 ± 7770 HIV copies, p = 0.01). Multivariate analyses confirmed the significance of hypoCa in predicting viroimmune parameters. This paper provides the first evidence that hypoCa accounts for some of the variation in viroimmune measures in HAART recipients and suggests that hypoCa may be mediating alcohol's deleterious effects.     

Selection of Gut-Resistant Bacteria and Construction of Microbial Consortia for Improving Gluten Digestion under Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions

This work aimed to define the microbial consortia that are able to digest gluten into non-toxic and non-immunogenic peptides in the human gastrointestinal tract. Methods: 131 out of 504 tested Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria, specifically Bacillus (64), lactobacilli (63), Pediococcus (1), and Weissella (3), showed strong gastrointestinal resistance and were selected for their PepN, PepI, PepX, PepO, and PepP activities toward synthetic substrates. Based on multivariate analysis, 24 strains were clearly distinct from the other tested strains based on having the highest enzymatic activities. As estimated by RP-HPLC and nano-ESI–MS/MS, 6 cytoplasmic extracts out of 24 selected strains showed the ability to hydrolyze immunogenic epitopes, specifically 57–68 of α9-gliadin, 62–75 of A-gliadin, 134–153 of γ-gliadin, and 57–89 (33-mer) of α2-gliadin. Live and lysed cells of selected strains were combined into different microbial consortia for hydrolyzing gluten under gastrointestinal conditions. Commercial proteolytic enzymes (Aspergillus oryzae E1, Aspergillus niger E2, Bacillus subtilis Veron HPP, and Veron PS proteases) were also added to each microbial consortium. Consortium activity was evaluated by ELISA tests, RP-HPLC-nano-ESI–MS/MS, and duodenal explants from celiac disease patients. Results: two microbial consortia (Consortium 4: Lactiplantibacillus (Lp.) plantarum DSM33363 and DSM33364, Lacticaseibacillus (Lc.) paracasei DSM33373, Bacillus subtilis DSM33298, and Bacillus pumilus DSM33301; and Consortium 16: Lp. plantarum DSM33363 and DSM33364, Lc. paracasei DSM33373, Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM33374, Bacillus megaterium DSM33300, B. pumilus DSM33297 and DSM33355), containing commercial enzymes, were able to hydrolyze gluten to non-toxic and non-immunogenic peptides under gastrointestinal conditions. Conclusions: the results of this study provide evidence that selected microbial consortia could potentially improve the digestion of gluten in gluten-sensitive patients by hydrolyzing the immunogenic peptides during gastrointestinal digestion.     

Die Rolle des Bundes bei der Verhütung und Bekämpfung von Infektionskrankheiten

Zusammenfassung Die Gesundheitspolitik steht heute und auch in Zukunft vor der Herausforderung, das Gesundheitswesen qualitativ auf einem hohen Stand und gleichzeitig finanzierbar zu halten. Dazu bedarf es eines umfassenden Systems gesundheitlicher Sicherung, das allen Bürgern wirksam und ohne Hindernisse zur Verfügung steht. Wenngleich die Bürger in hohem Maß für die Förderung und den Erhalt ihrer Gesundheit selbst verantwortlich sind, ist es die Aufgabe des Staates, gegen Gefahren Vorsorge zu treffen, die von gefährlichen Krankheitserregern, Produkten oder auch von Umwelteinflüssen ausgehen können. Es gilt, den Schutz gegen bisher bekannte Gefahren auszubauen, neuen Bedrohungen entgegenzutreten und neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu berücksichtigen. Prävention, Gesundheitsförderung und Gesundheitsschutz sind wichtige Schlüssel zur Verbesserung des Gesundheitszustands der Bevölkerung sowie zur Senkung der Kosten des Gesundheitssektors und stellen daher eine wichtige Säule im Gesundheitswesen dar. Die Prävention von Infektionskrankheiten und der Infektionsschutz bilden dabei prioritäre Aufgaben in der Fortentwicklung eines leistungsfähigen Gesundheitswesens in Deutschland. Die Bewältigung der genannten Aufgaben bei der Bekämpfung von Infektionskrankheiten erfordert das enge Zusammenwirken einer Reihe von Bundesoberbehörden und Bundesinstituten im Zuständigkeitsbereich des Ministeriums für Gesundheit und Soziale Sicherung sowie des Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft.     

Factors Associated With Nurses' Job Satisfaction In Residential Long-term Care: The Importance of Organizational Context

ObjectivesWe examined demographic, individual, and organizational context factors associated with nurses' job satisfaction in residential long-term care (LTC) settings. Job satisfaction has implications for staff turnover, staff health, and quality of care.DesignA cross-sectional analysis of survey data collected in the Translating Research in Elder Care program.Setting and participantsN = 756 nurses (registered nurses: n = 308; licensed practical nurses: n = 448) from 89 residential LTC settings in 3 Western Canadian provinces.MethodsWe used a generalized estimating equation model to assess demographic, individual, and organizational context factors associated with job satisfaction. Job satisfaction was measured using the Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire Job Satisfaction Scale.ResultsDemographic, individual, and organizational context factors were associated with job satisfaction among nurses in residential LTC settings. At the demographic level, hours worked in 2 weeks (B = 0.002, P = .043) was associated with job satisfaction. At the individual level, emotional exhaustion-burnout (B = −0.063, P = .02) was associated with lower job satisfaction, while higher scores on empowerment (meaning) (B = 0.140, P = .015), work engagement (vigor) (B = 0.096, P = .01), and work engagement (dedication) (B = 0.129, P = .001) were associated with higher job satisfaction. With respect to organizational context, culture (B = 0.175, P < .001), organizational slack-space (eg, perceived availability and use of adequate space; B = 0.043, P = .040), and adequate orientation (B = 0.092, P < .001) were associated with higher job satisfaction.Conclusions and implicationsWe identified previously unexamined modifiable organizational features (organizational slack-space and adequate orientation) as factors associated with LTC nurses' job satisfaction in the Canadian context. Our findings support future efforts to improve job satisfaction through improvements in organizational space and provision of adequate workplace orientation.     

Title: Differentiating the effects of whey protein and guar gum preloads on postprandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes

Background and aimsWhey protein and guar gum have both been reported to reduce postprandial glycemia in health and type 2 diabetes, associated with stimulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and/or slowing of gastric emptying. Our aim was to evaluate, in type 2 diabetes, the acute effects of low dose “preloads” of whey and guar, given alone or in combination before a meal, on postprandial glycemia, insulin, GLP-1, and gastric emptying.Methods21 patients with type 2 diabetes, managed by diet or metformin alone, were each studied on 4 days. They received a preload “shake” 15min before a mashed potato meal (368.5 kcal) labeled with ¹³C-octanoic-acid. The preloads comprised either (i) 17 g whey (W), (ii) 5 g guar (G), (iii) 17 g whey + 5 g guar (WG) each sweetened with 60 mg sucralose, and (iv) 60 mg sucralose alone (control; C), all dissolved in 150 mL water. Venous blood was sampled frequently for measurements of glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 concentrations. Gastric half-emptying time (T50) was calculated from breath ¹³CO₂ excretion over 240 min.ResultsPostprandial blood glucose concentrations were lower with W and WG compared to C (each P < 0.0001, treatment × time interaction), and lower after G than C only at 30min. Insulin, GLP-1, and glucagon concentrations were higher after W than WG, G, or C (P < 0.05, treatment × time interaction), without differences between the latter three. Gastric emptying was slower with W (T50: 179.6 ± 6.1 min, P < 0.05) and WG (T50: 197.6 ± 9.7 min, P < 0.0001) when compared to C (T50: 162.9 ± 6.2 min), but did not differ between G (T50: 171.3 ± 7.0) and C (P > 0.99).ConclusionBoth whey and whey/guar preloads reduced postprandial glycemia, associated with slowing of gastric emptying. Low dose guar was less effective as a preload for glucose-lowering and did not slow gastric emptying.Clinical Trial Registry number and websiteAustralian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, Trial ID ACTRN12615001272583, http://www.anzctr.org.au     

Neutralizing antibody activity,safety and immunogenicity of human anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibody (Ormutivimab) in Chinese healthy adults: A phase Ⅱb randomized,double-blind,parallel-controlled study

ObjectiveThis study was a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trail to evaluate the rabies virus neutralizing activity（RVNA）, safety and immunogenicity of Ormutivimab + rabies vaccine in Chinese healthy adults.MethodsSubjects were randomly and equally assigned to 4 groups (20 IU/kg Omtv + vaccine, 40 IU/kg Omtv + vaccine, 20 IU/kg HRIG + vaccine, and placebo + vaccine). Subjects received vaccine as the WHO Essen regime combined with Omutivimab、HRIG or placebo on Day 0. The study lasted for 43 days.ResultsA total of 240 subjects were simultaneously assigned to both FAS and SS. Fifty subjects with baseline RVNA > 0.05 IU/ml (detection limit) were excluded, 190 were included into mITT.All the subjects from 40 IU/kg Omtv + vaccine group had a protection level of RNVA (≥0.5 IU/ml, WHO) on Day 14, and those in 20 IU/kg Omtv + vaccine group and placebo + vaccine group converted positive 100 % on Day 28. In contrast to 20 IU/kg HRIG + vaccine and placebo + vaccine, Ormutivimab + vaccine provided a higher RVNA during Days 0 to 7. And RVNA in 40 IU/kg Omtv + vaccine and 20 IU/kg Omtv + vaccine groups were always higher than 20 IU/kg HRIG + vaccine group during the whole study. Although anti-Omtv antibody were detected in some subjects, it did not influence the RVNA. The incidence of adverse reactions was significantly lower in 20 IU/kg Omtv + vaccine group (17.2 %) than in 40 IU/kg Omtv + vaccine (36.7 %) and 20 IU/kg HRIG + vaccine groups (40.3 %).ConclusionCompared with HRIG + vaccine and placebo + vaccine, Omtv + vaccine provided higher RNVA for earlier immune protection. The interference of Ormutivimab on the long-term immune protection induced by rabies vaccine is weaker than HRIG. At the same dose, the adverse reactions of Omtv + vaccine group were less than HRIG + vaccine group.Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT02559921.     

Measurements and Characteristics of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds in Atmospheric Particulate Matter in Beijing, China

The total nitrogen (TN) and water-soluble nitrogenous ions were determined by using CHN Elemental Analyzer and ion chromatography method, respectively, from November 24, 1998 to February 12, 1999 in Beijing. The average concentrations of TN, NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ⁻ were 10.62 μg N m⁻³, 6.67 μg m⁻³ and 10.01 μg m⁻³, respectively. The total inorganic nitrogen (IN) calculated from NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ⁻ was 7.45 μg N m⁻³, accounting for 70% of TN, i.e., 30% of TN existed as organic nitrogen form (ON). The correlation between ON and other pollution tracers showed that, coal combustion, biomass burning, soil humic matter and secondary formation were the important sources of ON in particulate matter in Beijing.