重症脑血管病患者早期气管切开的临床价值

目的  探讨重症脑血管病患者早期气管切开的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析102例重症脑血管病患者。所有患者入院48 h内进行了气管插管，气管插管后5 d内进行了气管切开者55例（早期气管切开组）；气管插管5 d后进行了气管切开者47例（延迟气管切开组）。比较两组间病死率、镇静药物的用量、院内获得性肺炎（HAP）的发生率、机械通气的时间、ICU住院时间等指标。结果 早期气管切开组机械通气的时间、ICU住院时间、抗生素使用天数和镇静剂的用量均低于延迟气管切开组，差异有统计学意义[（177±94）h vs（266±162）h，P=0.03；（10±5）d vs（13±4）d，P=0.006；（9±4）d vs（12±4）d，P=0.03；（139±39）mg vs（186±48）mg，P=0.001）]。两组病死率和HAP的发生率差异无统计学意义（29.1% vs 36.2%，P=0.45；49.1% vs 63.8%，P=0.13）。结论 重症脑血管病患者早期气管切开可获得较大的收益，提倡早期气管切开以改善预后。     

气管切开术与插管术在重症脑外伤中应用的比较

目的比较气管切开术与插管术在重症脑外伤患者治疗中,住院时间、应用呼吸机辅助呼吸时间、术后肺炎发病率及病死率的差异。方法回顾性分析2000-05~2006-11我院住院治疗的符合以下标准的脑外伤患者:单纯脑外伤,在伤后第1d及第3d Glasgow昏迷评分(GCS)≤8,CT显示脑损伤。随机分为气管切开组(n=27)及气管插管组(n=31),比较2组患者住院时间、应用呼吸机时间、术后肺炎发病率及病死率的差异。结果气管切开组应用呼吸机时间平均为(9±4.6)d,气管插管组平均为(13±3.6)d,2组间有显著差异。而总住院时间、术后肺炎发病率及病死率2组间均无明显差异。结论气管切开术可以明显减少应用呼吸机辅助呼吸时间,但在减少患者住院时间、术后肺炎发病率及病死率方面无明显差异,表明脑外伤昏迷患者早期进行气管切开术有利于患者自主呼吸功能的恢复。     

经皮扩张气管切开时机对老年重度颅脑损伤预后的影响

目的比较不同时机经皮扩张气管切开术（PCT）对老年重度颅脑损伤患者预后的影响。方法回顾性分析127例行PCT的老年重度颅脑损伤患者,根据气管切开时间分为早期（A组≤5d,n=58）、晚期（B组〉5d,n=69）2组,记录2组患者一般情况、气管切开当天GCS昏迷评分、ICU留滞时间、在院病死率、90d病死率、1a病死率等,同时记录2组患者肺部感染情况、呼吸机支持天数等。结果 A组患者的90d病死率及1a病死率较B组无明显变化（P〉0.05）,但A组肺部感染发生率、ICU留滞时间、呼吸机支持天数及在院病死率明显低于B组（P〈0.05）。结论对于老年重度颅脑损伤患者,早期经皮扩张气管切开可能并不能明显改善其长期预后,但可显著缩短呼吸机支持时间和ICU住院时间,降低肺部感染发生率及在院病死率。     

重型颅脑损伤并发医院获得性肺炎的相关因素分析

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤（TBI）患者治疗期间医院获得性肺炎（HAP）的发生率及其相关影响因素.方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科2016年3月至2017年3月收治的114例重型TBI患者的临床资料.治疗过程中37例患者行气管插管,其中24例在插管后行气管切开术;4例直接行气管切开术.根据气管切开时间,将患者分为早切开组（损伤时间≤7 d,18例）和晚切开组（损伤时间〉7d,10例）.所有患者出院时行格拉斯哥预后评级（GOS）.统计治疗期间HAP的发生率,分析影响重型TBI患者发生HAP的危险因素,进一步分析气管早切开与晚切开对患者疗效的影响.结果 114例患者中,23.7％（27/114）诊断为HAP.经治疗后73.7％（84/114）的患者预后较好（GOSⅢ-Ⅴ级）,26.3％（30/114）预后不良（GOS Ⅰ-Ⅱ级）.多因素分析结果显示,既往合并肺部疾病、气管插管或气管切开、伴有颅内感染及弥漫性轴索损伤是发生HAP的独立危险因素（均P 〈0.05）.伤后行气管早切开组的患者在颅骨骨折比例、住院时间及治疗费用方面显著优于晚切开组（均P〈0.05）.结论 既往合并肺部疾病、气道方面操作、颅内感染及弥漫性轴索损伤可增加重型TBI患者HAP的发生率,且损伤后7d内行气管切开术,可减少患者的颅骨骨折比例、住院时间和治疗费用.     

早期气管切开术对高分级颅内动脉瘤术后肺部感染的影响

目的 探讨早期气管切开术对高分级颅内动脉瘤术后肺部感染的防治效果。方法 回顾性分析69例手术治疗的高分级颅内动脉瘤的临床资料,术后早期（24 h内）气管切开术36例（早期组）,晚期气管切开术33例（晚期组）。结果 两组感染率、感染开始时间、感染控制率、总住院时间及病死率均无明显差异（P>0.05）。早期组感染控制所需时间、NICU住院时间均明显短于晚期组（P<0.05）。结论 早期气管切开术有利于高分级颅内动脉瘤术后肺部感染的控制,缩短NICU住院时间,但并不能降低肺部感染率及病死率。     

院前骨髓腔输液及院内经皮气管切开术在重型颅脑损伤患者中应用

目的 探讨院前骨髓腔穿刺输液及院内经皮气管切开术在重型颅脑损伤患者中治疗效果。方法 选取郑州大学第二附属医院收治的76例重型颅脑损伤患者,其中院前骨髓腔穿刺输液及院内经皮气管切开术治疗组38例,院前骨髓腔穿刺输液及院内气管插管术治疗组38例,分析比较2组患者的肺部感染率、呼吸机使用时间、带管时间、EICU住院时间、抗生素使用时间、感染控制时间、病死率。结果 院前骨髓腔穿刺输液及院内经皮气管切开术治疗组患者的肺部感染率、呼吸机使用时间、带管时间、EICU住院时间、抗生素使用时间、感染控制时间均少于院前骨髓腔穿刺输液及院内气管插管术治疗组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组患者病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 院前骨髓腔穿刺输液及院内经皮气管切开术在重型颅脑损伤患者治疗中效果较好,值得推广和应用。     

85例NICU内重型颅脑损伤气管切开后肺部感染的临床分析

目的 了解神经外科重症监护室(NICU)内重型颅脑损伤气管切开后肺部感染的病原菌流行病学特点及耐药情况.方法 分析85例颅脑损伤患者气管切开后呼吸道分泌物的细菌培养结果及药敏资料.结果 分离的致病菌株中,革兰氏阴性菌中以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌为主,革兰氏阴性菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌.药敏试验提示革兰氏阴性菌对亚安培南有较高的敏感性.革兰氏阳性菌对万古霉素有较高的敏感性,其余抗生素耐药严重.结论 NICU内重型颅脑损伤气管切开术后肺部感染仍以革兰氏阴性菌为主,应做好病原菌流行病学和耐药情况测定,合理使用抗生素及其他治疗.     

NICU内重型颅脑损伤气管切开后肺部感染的临床分析

目的了解神经外科重症监护室(NICU)内重型颅脑损伤气管切开后肺部感染的病原菌流行病学特点及耐药情况。方法分析97例颅脑损伤患者气管切开后呼吸道分泌物的细菌培养结果及药敏资料。结果分离的致病菌株中,革兰氏阴性菌中以铜绿假单胞菌,肺炎克雷伯菌,鲍曼不动杆菌,大肠埃希菌为主,革兰氏阴性菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌。药敏试验提示革兰氏阴性菌对亚安培南有较高的敏感性。革兰氏阳性菌对万古霉素有较高的敏感性,其余抗生素耐药严重。结论NICU内重型颅脑损伤气管切开术后肺部感染仍以革兰氏阴性菌为主,应做好病原菌流行病学和耐药情况测定,合理使用抗生素。     

神经内科重症监护室医院获得性肺炎病原菌分析及防治对策

目的探讨神经内科重症监护室(NICU)医院获得性肺炎的诱发因素、病原菌分布及其耐药性,为疾病的防治提供参考。方法回顾性分析2008年至2009年53例医院获得性肺炎患者的临床资料,应用VITEK2系统进行细菌的鉴定及药敏试验。结果最常见病原菌为革兰阴性菌,以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主;多重耐药现象明显。常见诱发因素为意识障碍、气管插管或气管切开和机械通气。结论合理使用抗生素,保持呼吸道通畅,加强全身支持治疗是防治神经内科重症监护室医院获得性肺炎的有效手段。     

神经重症患者肺部感染的危险因素分析

目的明确神经外科重症患者并发肺部感染的影响因素,为肺部感染的防治提供参考。方法选择中山大学附属第八医院(深圳福田)神经外科自2017年5月至2018年5月收治的65例神经重症并发肺部感染患者进入研究,收集患者一般资料、实验室检查结果、胸部CT等影像检查结果,以及住院时间、抗生素/呼吸机使用情况、有无气管切开等治疗情况,明确影响神经重症患者肺部感染的独立因素。结果本组患者中不同病种患者肺部感染发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),脑出血性疾病患者感染率最高,达到50.8%(32/63)。入院GCS评分(OR=2.903,95%CI:1.069~7.881,P=0.037)、血清白蛋白含量(OR=3.690,95%CI:1.157~11.768,P=0.027)、使用呼吸机(OR=15.799,95%CI:6.305~39.591,P=0.000)、气管切开或气管插管(OR=7.036,95%CI:2.913~16.993,P=0.000)、糖尿病病史(OR=2.442,95%CI:1.026~5.809,P=0.043)、预防性使用抗生素(OR=6.021,95CI%:2.340~15.489,P=0.000)是神经重症患者发生肺部感染的独立危险因素。结论促进患者意识恢复,缩短住院时间,减少气管插管和呼吸机使用,纠正低蛋白血症和糖尿病等并发症能有效防止神经重症患者肺部感染的发生。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.