基于利益相关者理论的农村县乡两级医疗服务整合作用机制分析

目的:分析利益相关者的利益诉求对农村县乡两级医疗服务纵向整合的影响机制。方法:通过对黔江、黄陂、扬中三地区的利益相关者访谈资料进行词频分析,确定各地区利益相关者的利益诉求;通过利益诉求调查问卷了解各地区利益相关者对各类诉求的重视程度和利益得失情况;借鉴综合评价和博弈论的理论方法分析各地区利益相关者的诉求得益情况对其行为反应的影响。结果:各地区的整合政策均在不同程度上反映了利益相关者的利益诉求;利益诉求效益评分越高的地区,其利益相关者对整合政策的行为配合意愿越强。结论:农村医疗服务整合的改革政策应综合考虑各利益相关者的利益诉求;利益相关者的利益诉求满足情况越好,其配合整合改革的动力越强,从而可在一定程度上影响当地整合改革的实施效果。     

我国中医药医疗联合体内部利益特征与分配机制研究

当前,在中医药医疗联合体建设发展中存在一系列困难。通过梳理中医药医疗联合体的内涵和特征,明晰中医药医疗联合体建设发展现状及问题;以中医药医疗联合体内利益相关者的利益诉求为切入点,分析包括牵头医院、成员单位、医务人员、患者和家属在内的中医药医疗联合体内部利益相关者的利益诉求。结合中医药医疗联合体建设发展中的困难,就构建均衡且可持续的中医药医疗联合体利益分配机制提出建议,以期为中医药医疗联合体可持续发展提供参考。     

医疗服务支付方式改革利益相关者分析

医疗服务支付方式改革是医药卫生体制改革核心问题之一.支付方式能够影响医疗服务利益相关者的行为,从而对医疗费用、医疗质量、医疗服务效率和医疗保险资金使用的效益产生影响.通过对利益相关者在按服务项目支付、按诊断相关组定额预付、总额预付3种支付方式中的行为分析发现,按诊断相关组定额预付既能够切实控制费用增长,使医疗质量得到保障,又能够较好地满足支付方式改革中各利益相关者的诉求.但是,各利益相关者在按诊断相关组定额预付支付中,需要不断完善病案首页数据填报、临床路径使用、信息系统建设、成本核算、费用结构调整等方面.     

我国医疗联合体的典型模式分析

通过梳理我国医疗联合体(以下简称医联体)建设的相关政策文件,调研我国医联体建设情况,总结当前医联体的概念范畴。选取典型案例,从资源供应、卫生服务、筹资支付和政策监管方面对城市医疗集团、医疗共同体、专科联盟和远程医疗协作网4种主要组织形式开展对比分析。针对健康服务缺失、利益相关者权责不明、复合医保支付方式普及率不高且缺乏...     

基于利益相关者理论和博弈论的公立医院利益补偿分析

应用利益相关者理论和博弈论对现实条件下公立医院利益补偿进行分析,认为公立医院利益补偿制度安排必须满足"激励相容"原则,使得政府、医院与患者的目标函数趋于一致,才能使医院、患者等利益相关者彼此的效用都最大化,从而缓解利益相关者的矛盾冲突。鉴于KP医疗集团有效的运作模式,建议在我国部分地区建立由政府主导,整合预防保健、社区医疗、住院服务及保险功能于一体的非营利性医疗集团,来解决医患利益一致性问题,达成降低医疗成本、提高医疗质量的社会目标,为医药卫生改革提供思考路径。     

基于利益相关者理论的人工智能医疗技术临床应用评估需求分析

目的：对人工智能（AI）医疗技术的临床应用评估需求进行研究,了解研发生产方、决策管理方和临床应用方对评估的需求,助力技术研发与推广。方法：通过文献综述和专家咨询方法了解AI医疗技术临床使用的利益相关者,并使用问卷调查法获取利益相关者对AI医疗技术临床应用价值和评估需求的反馈。结果：利益相关者主要是人工智能医疗器械生产企业、国家药品监督管理局、卫生健康委、医保局、医疗机构和患者;利益相关者普遍认为人工智能医疗技术具有较好的应用前景,并认为应关注对于安全性、临床需求和有效性的评估。结论：虽然AI医疗技术的应用范围仍较局限,但利益相关者对人工智能医疗技术临床应用评估需求旺盛。     

我国远程医疗核心问题研究

目的:梳理我国远程医疗发展现状及核心问题,为其发展及完善提供参考建议。方法:从远程医疗的服务项目、价格标准、医疗保障水平、利益分配机制四个方面,对比分析我国各地实施远程医疗服务的现状,厘清远程医疗服务的发展障碍。结果:目前我国远程医疗在服务项目及价格标准制定方面缺乏完善的规制,医疗保障水平参差不齐,也没有较为合理的利益分配机制,导致我国远程医疗的发展进度缓慢,阻碍了医疗资源的共享及最大化利用。结论:建议逐步规范远程医疗的服务项目及价格标准,将合理的远程医疗服务纳入医保,并建立完善的利益分配机制,多方面促进远程医疗的发展。     

基于利益相关者理论对江苏东海县、乡协作医疗模式的评估

基于利益相关者理论,分析了不同利益相关者对协作医疗服务模式的认知程度、利益变化及评价情况。从中得出了各种机制的建立是形成协作医疗服务模式的关键所在,只有"政府主导,市场化运作"才能真正建立起符合我国国情的分级诊疗制度的结论。     

普惠保参与罕见病保障的利益相关者分析与政策建议

目的：基于利益相关者视角,对普惠保参与罕见病保障的利益相关者进行识别,对存在的问题予以分析。方法：使用文献综述法和米切尔评分法进行利益相关者的识别、分型和关系分析,对已明确的主要利益相关者进行定性访谈,探究其在参与普惠保过程中的诉求、定位与阻碍因素。结果：医疗保障局、银保监会与主承保公司为“确定型利益相关者”,对普惠保发展影响最大。编码最终形成了63条概念,并从利益诉求、角色、优势、难点和行为策略5大范畴对各利益相关者进行分析和阐述。结论：各利益相关者之间诉求存在差异,职责不够明晰,有效协同程度不够。     

利益相关者理论视野下公立医院的文化价值取向

公立医院的利益相关者主要包括政府、市场、患者和以医护人员为主体的医院员工,其相对应的利益相关者导向分别为政府导向、竞争者导向、顾客导向和员工导向。各种利益相关者客观存在并同时对物质、行为、制度和精神等4个层面的医院文化形成产生合力,在明确利益相关者导向定位之前,互相博弈和角力。深化公立医院体制机制改革的背景下,基于利益相关者理论,结合公立医院的利益相关者导向定位对医院文化建设发展的影响,公立医院文化应以坚持社会效益重于个体利益、转换医疗模式以健康为导向、定位于服务行业强调顾客导向为价值取向。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.