直肠腔内超声在直肠癌术前分期的应用价值

目的评价直肠腔内超声(ERUS)对直肠癌术前分期诊断的准确性以及探讨影响ERUS分期诊断准确性的因素。方法对我院2008年9月至2009年11月期间94例直肠癌患者术前行ERUS检查,观察肿块大小、形态、回声、位置、浸润深度及邻近组织脏器受累情况。参考TNM分期标准进行术前分期诊断,并与术后病理结果对照。结果 ERUS诊断94例直肠癌浸润深度的总准确性为63.8%(60/94),术后病理分期pT1、pT2、pT3及pT4各期的诊断准确性分别为87.2%(82/94)、76.6%(72/94)、76.6%(72/94)及97.9%(92/94)。ERUS对进展期直肠癌(pT3+pT4)的诊断敏感性、特异性及准确性分别为70.8%(34/48)、78.3%(36/46)及74.5%(70/94)。对94例直肠癌淋巴结转移的诊断敏感性、特异性及准确性分别为75.0%(42/56)、42.1%(16/38)及61.7%(58/94)。对不同位置的直肠癌浸润深度的诊断准确性差异无统计学意义(P=0.495)。对浸润深度分期准确性随检查者经验的丰富而提高,完成94例直肠癌检查后,对浸润深度的诊断准确性由早期的40.0%提高到了81.3%(P=0.026)。结论 ERUS对直肠癌浸润深度及转移淋巴结的诊断准确性较高,可作为直肠癌术前分期诊断的可靠手段。     

多层螺旋CT和经直肠超声在直肠癌术前分期中的价值

目的 比较多层螺旋CT(MSCT)和经直肠超声(TRUS)对直肠癌患者术前分期的诊断价值.方法 前瞻性纳入2009年1~5月期间在四川大学华西医院肛肠外科住院的直肠癌患者,术前使用MSCT和TRUS进行T分期和N分期,并与术后病理分期进行比较.结果 本研究纳入患者81例.在评估局部浸润方面,MSCT的准确度为77.78%(63/81),TRUS为88.89%(72/81),差异无统计学意义(P=0.168).在诊断转移性淋巴结方面,MSCT的准确度为66.67%(54/81),TRUS为48.15%(39/81),差异有统计学意义(P=0.034).结论 TRUS在评估直肠癌局部浸润深度上更为准确,但与MSCT之间的差异并不明显.MSCT在诊断直肠癌淋巴结转移方面比TRUS更具优越性,但两者的准确性都还有待进一步提高.     

直肠腔内超声扫描检查对早期直肠癌术式选择的指导意义

本文报道了经手术和病理证实的早期直肠癌１１例，直肠腔内超声病灶检出率为１００％，其超声图像分为息肉隆起型和扁平隆起型二类。超声判断直肠癌浸润深度与病理符合率为７２．７％，超声判断早期直肠癌浸润深度有过深倾向，直肠腔内超声检查是判断直肠癌浸润深度的理想手段，直肠癌病人术前常规行直肠腔内超声检查，可为早期直肠癌病人术式选择提供客观依据。     

直肠癌术前分期方法的研究

评估研究直肠癌术前分期方法。方法:对80例直肠癌病人使用术前腔内超声、CT、MRI检查肿瘤病变的深度和直肠指检及术后病理报告在评估病变深度的正确率。结果:直肠腔内超声检查直肠癌浸润深度的正确诊断率为89.3％,对早期直肠癌的正确诊断率为83.3％。CT正确诊断率为86.4％,早期癌的正确诊断率为66.6％。MRI的正确诊断率为90％,早期癌的正确诊断率为83.3％。直肠指检的诊断正确率仅为52.5％。结论:直肠内超声可分辨直肠壁各层的细微结构,可作为直肠癌术前分期的首选诊断方法。     

直肠腔内超声对直肠癌术前分期的临床价值

目的探讨直肠腔内超声(TRUS)对评估直肠癌术前分期的临床价值。方法对118例经肠镜活检病理证实为直肠癌患者行TRUS检查,观察肿块内部回声、肿瘤浸润肠壁深度及与周围组织器官的关系,根据TN分期标准进行术前分期,并与术后病理分期进行对照。结果 TRUS评估直肠癌T分期完全符合率为86.4%(102/118),T1~T4的敏感度分别为80.0%、82.3%、91.6%、83.9%和特异度分别为100.0%、90.4%、90.0%、98.8%;Kappa值为0.734,超声分期与病理分期高度一致(P0.05),对评估淋巴结转移的灵敏度为81.4%(79/97),特异度为71.4%(15/21)。结论 TRUS对评估直肠癌浸润深度及淋巴结转移等有较高的准确性,为治疗方案的选择提供可靠的参考信息。     

经肛门内窥镜下微创治疗直肠肿瘤40例初步经验

目的 评价经肛门内窥镜微创外科技术(TEM)治疗直肠宽基腺瘤和早期直肠癌临床效果.方法 分析2005年5月至2007年4月40例TEM手术的临床效果,结果 40例肿瘤直径中位值2.3 cm,肿瘤下缘距齿状线距离为(8.2±3.2)cm,肿瘤侵犯直肠周径范围为(32.3±18.5)%.平均手术时间为(90±43)min.平均住院4.8 d.无围手术期死亡.切缘瘤细胞均为阴性.病理示直肠绒毛状腺瘤24例、直肠腺癌10例、直肠类癌6例,10例腺癌中pTis2例,PT16例和pT22例.平均随访11个月,所有病例无局部复发.结论 TEM手术创伤小、保留肛门括约肌、缩短住院时间;既可作为直肠宽基腺瘤和pT1期直肠癌的治愈性手术,也可作为pT2直肠癌的姑息性治疗手段.     

多层螺旋CT双期增强扫描结合仿真内镜成像在膀胱癌术前分期中的诊断价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT双期增强扫描结合仿真内镜成像在膀胱癌术前分期中的诊断价值.方法 经纤维膀胱镜或手术病理证实为膀胱癌患者75例.对患者术前螺旋CT双期增强扫描图像和仿真内镜图像进行分析,比较多层螺旋CT分期与病理分期的准确率.结果 75例患者共发现病灶94个.螺旋CT分期:T1 26例、T2a 27例、T2b 13例、T3 12例、T4 16例;病理分期:pT1 28例、pT2a 24例、pT2b 14例、pT3 12例、pT4 16例.螺旋CT双期增强扫描诊断膀胱癌准确率为89.4%(84/94);腔内息肉样病变,仿真内镜诊断敏感性96.6%(84/87);膀胱壁无蒂隆起性病变诊断敏感性为90.9%(10/11).螺旋CT双期增强扫描结合仿真内镜诊断膀胱癌分期准确率为94.5%(91/94),当肿瘤局限于膀胱壁内(≤T2b)时,诊断准确率为91.2%(51/56);肿瘤侵犯膀胱壁外结构时(≥T3),诊断准确率达100.0%(28/28).结论 多层螺旋CT双期增强扫描结合仿真内镜成像对膀胱癌术前临床分期具有重要价值.     

SOX2在结直肠癌组织中的表达与临床病理学意义

目的:探讨结直肠癌组织中SOX2的表达及与结直肠癌临床病理特征的关系,为指导结直肠癌的临床治疗及预后判断提供重要据.方法:收集150例结直肠癌组织标本,采用LSAB免疫组化法检测癌组织中SOX2的表达.采用实时RT-PCR检测其中3例癌组织及癌旁组织中SOX2 mRNA的表达情况,分析SOX2蛋白表达与肿瘤临床病理的相关性.结果:SOX2阳性表达主要位结直肠癌癌细胞的细胞核内,且在127例呈中高表达(表达率84.6%)显著高例癌旁结直肠组织中的高表达(8%,P<0.01).SOX2 mRNA在结直肠癌组织的表达水平是癌旁结直肠组织的2.5~15倍.SOX2蛋白表达与结直肠癌患者的年龄、性别以及肿瘤部位、大小等无相关性(P>0.05),但与结直肠癌的浸润深度、淋巴结转移、Dukes’分期有显著相关性(P<0.01).结论:结直肠癌组织中SOX2蛋白和mRNA的表达显著高癌旁结直肠组织,其表达与结直肠癌的浸润深度、分化程度、淋巴结转移、Dukes’分期有关.     

直肠癌手术环周切缘的研究

本研究对30例行直肠癌根治性手术pT3期患者切除的标本作肉眼和镜下评估环周切缘(CRM)以及手术质量.结果有6例(20%)患者显示CRM阳性,这些病例在直肠周围组织的浸润深度＞4 mm.     

Claudin-5和claudin-10在结直肠癌中的表达及其意义

目的 研究claudin-5和claudin-10在结直肠癌中的表达及其意义.方法 应用免疫组化sP法(streptavidin perdcidase)检测经病理证实的50例正常结直肠黏膜(正常组),25例结直肠腺瘤(腺瘤组),25例无淋巴结转移及25例伴淋巴结转移的结直肠癌(癌组)中claudin-5和claudin-10的表达.统计学方法采用X~2检验.结果 claudin-5阳性表达率在正常组,腺瘤组,癌组分别为82%,76%,68%,方差分析提示多组间差异无统计学意义(X~2=2.638,P＞0.05).claudin-5的表达与淋巴结转移有关(P＜0.05),与性别,年龄,肿瘤部位,分化程度,肿瘤直径,浸润深度无关(P＞0.05).claudin-10阳性表达率在正常组,腺瘤组,癌组分别为54%,56%,72%,方差分析提示多组间差异无统计学意义(X~2=3.839,P＞0.05).clandin-10的表达与肿瘤直径,浸润深度,淋巴结转移有关(P＜0.05),与性别,年龄,肿瘤部位,分化程度无关(P＞0.05).结直肠癌中claudin-5与claudin-10的表达无相关性(r=0.050,P=0.732).结论 claudin-5和claudin-10在正常结直肠黏膜,结直肠腺瘤,结直肠癌中均有表达,它们与结直肠癌的发生无关.claudin-5和claudin-10均与结直肠癌淋巴结转移相关,claudin-10还与肿瘤直径,浸润深度相关.结直肠癌中claudin-5与claudin-10的表达无明显相关.     

Role of Transrectal Ultrasound in Preoperative Local Staging of Carcinoma Rectum and It’s Histopathological Correlation

A precise knowledge of depth of invasion of tumor is essential for the planning of treatment of rectal cancer. TRUS is a new diagnostic modality that has become useful in determining depth of invasion preoperatively and the presence or absence of metastatic lymph nodes. Our aim was to determine Role of Transrectal Ultrasound in Preoperative Local Staging of Carcinoma Rectum and it’s Histopathological Correlation. TRUS was used in preoperative local staging of 30 patients with carcinoma rectum. 25patients underwent APR (abdomino-perineal resection) & 5 underwent AR. (anterior resection). Preoperative TRUS staging was compared with pathological staging obtained from biopsy of resected specimen. In staging depth of invasion of rectal wall (T stage) overall accuracy was 83.3 %, over staged 10 %, under staged in 6.67 % sensitivity was 92.5 %, and specificity was 62.5 %. In staging lymph nodes (N stage) overall accuracy was 76.67 %, sensitivity was 79.31 %, specificity was 87.5 %. TRUS is a safe and accurate preoperative local staging method for assessment of both depth of invasion of rectal wall and presence or absence of metastatic lymph nodes.     

经肛门括约肌手术在直肠外科中的应用

目的 探讨经肛门括约肌路径的手术(Mason手术)在直肠外科中的应用.方法 回顾性分析1990年8月至2008年12月150例中下段直肠疾病患者施行Mason手术的经验. 结果150例中直肠绒毛状腺瘤75例,早期直肠癌48例,进展期直肠癌9例.以直肠类癌为主的黏膜下结节23例,直肠肿瘤中行直肠部分切除术120例,直肠节段切除术6例.直肠阴道/尿道瘘21例,其中一次修补成功者17例(81%).术后伤口积液感染6例(4%),直肠-皮肤瘘5例.获随访的46例早期直肠癌中2例肿瘤局部复发(2/46).其中存活超过5年者39例,占84.5%(39/46).150例术后均未发生肛门失禁.结论 Mason手术具有手术进路直达,术野表浅和显露良好的特点,适用于可行局部手术治疗的中下段直肠良恶性疾病.     

高频超声小探头辅助内镜下粘膜切除术治疗微小直肠类癌的回顾性分析

目的归纳直肠类癌内镜超声图像特征与染色放大内镜腺管开口形态特点,探讨高频超声小探头辅助内镜下粘膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)治疗微小直肠类癌的安全性、可行性。方法37例直肠隆起性病变,予内镜下观察病灶腺管开口,小探头高频超声探测病灶来源、大小、性质及浸润性;其中29例行EMR。结果共8例经病理检查确诊为直肠类癌,平均病变直径(6.25±2.46)mm,内镜下扁平或轻度隆起,呈黄白色,表面粘膜正常,腺管开口Ⅰ型,超声内镜下表现为低回声团影,多局限于粘膜下层,不侵犯固有肌层,未探及直肠周围淋巴结,病理均显示残端肿瘤完全切除。操作过程顺利,无穿孔和大出血等严重并发症出现,随访6~54月,未见一例复发、转移,但1例死于结肠癌。结论高频超声小探头检查可初步明确病变来源及层次,可安全有效地指导直肠微小类癌EMR的治疗。     

腔内水囊磁共振成像对直肠癌术前分期的诊断

目的评估腔内水囊磁共振成像（MRI）预测直肠癌术前分期的准确程度。方法回顾性分析19例直肠癌患者的临床资料，对照术前MRI和术后病理结果．评估MRI能否准确预测直肠癌T和系膜淋巴结转移（N）分期。结果MRI正确T分期15例（78．9％），错误4例，其中2例T1-2期报告为T3期，2例T3期报告为T1-2期；T1-2期的准确率为80％（8／10），B期的准确率为7／9。MRI正确N分期11例（57．9％），错误分期8例；其中高估2例，低估6例，灵敏度为3／9，特异度为80．0％（8／10）。结论术前腔内水囊MRI不能对直肠癌系膜淋巴结转移做出准确预测，可以对T分期进行一般预测。     

直肠间质瘤16例临床病理分析

目的 探讨直肠间质瘤的免疫组化特征和临床诊治经验。方法 对20例直肠间叶组织肿瘤进行CD117等免疫组化染色,对其中16例直肠间质瘤的免疫表型、临床资料及随访结果进行分析。结果 确诊直肠间质瘤16例,直肠平滑肌肉瘤3例,直肠神经鞘瘤1例。间质瘤组中良性2例、交界性1例、恶性13例,CD117和CD34的表达率分别为100％(16／16)和88％(14／16);直肠间质瘤患者,平均发病年龄为60岁,首发症状主要为排尿排便困难(38％)和腹痛(31％),14例(88％)肛诊阳性;术后1、3、5年生存率分别为89％、64％、48％,术后平均生存时间为47个月。结论 直肠间质瘤是最常见的直肠间叶源性肿瘤,生物学行为常表现为恶性,易局部浸润和术后复发,早期诊断、根治性切除和及时发现复发是改善预后的关键。     

The use of rectal ultrasound for the correct diagnosis and treatment of rectal villous tumors

BACKGROUND: One of the difficulties associated with surgery for rectal villous tumors (RVT) is the finding of invasive adenocarcinoma after transanal excision (TAE) and the possible need for more radical procedures or adjuvant therapy. Improved preoperative evaluation may eliminate this dilemma. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in establishing the correct diagnosis of RVT. METHODS: All patients with biopsy proven RVT, who were referred for TAE, underwent preoperative TRUS in addition to the routine evaluation. If invasion beyond the submucosa was suspected by TRUS, multiple biopsies were taken before any surgical intervention in order to exclude invasive cancer. If no invasion was noted, biopsies were avoided and a TAE was performed. The final pathology results were compared with both the preoperative diagnosis and TRUS results. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients (19 female, 16 male; mean age 67.5 years, range 36 to 88) were studied. The mean distance of the distal extent of the lesion above the anal verge was 5.8 cm (1.5 to 6). In 27 patients, the tumor was limited to the submucosa (uT0, uT1) on TRUS and, therefore, TAE was performed. In 26 of 27 patients (96%), pathology examination confirmed the presence of RVT without evidence of malignancy. One patient was found to have invasion of the muscularis propria and required postoperative radiation therapy. In 8 patients (23%), TRUS showed extension beyond the submucosa; 3 of these patients had uT2 lesions, 4 had uT3 tumors, and 1 had perirectal nodes. These 8 patients underwent repeated biopsies with the finding of invasive adenocarcinoma in 7. Two patients underwent abdominoperineal resection, 3 had a low anterior resection, and 3 had a TAE. Final pathology confirmed the preoperative diagnosis of invasive adenocarcinoma in 7 patients. In the 1 patient with a uT2 lesion and negative biopsies, the final diagnosis was RVT with no evidence of malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative TRUS provides an accurate diagnosis of RVT. In conjunction with TRUS-directed biopsies, directed management of these tumors could be achieved.     

Endo-ultrasonography for preoperative staging of rectal cancer

Twenty-five intrarectal ultrasound (US) scannings were performed preoperatively for assessing the depth of infiltration of rectal neoplasms. One tumour located in the distal rectum could not be visualized on the ultrasonogram. US could correctly identify extraintestinal infiltration in 13 out of 14 cases with proved extrarectal involvement on histopathological examination. The overall accuracy of US in demonstrating tumour growth outside the rectal wall was 88%, sensitivity 93% and specificity 80%. Intrarectal US is a useful additional method in the preoperative evaluation of rectal neoplasms and provides more information about the depth of tumor infiltration compared with conventional methods thus helping decide the most appropriate therapy for the patient.     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in rectal cancer--not yet ready for routine clinical use

BACKGROUND: The value of sentinel node biopsy in visceral cancers is uncertain. We evaluated the feasibility and utility of radiocolloid lymphatic mapping and selective lymph node sampling in patients with rectal cancer. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with rectal cancer were investigated. Thirty-seven patients had already undergone preoperative radiochemotherapy for locally advanced tumors. Eleven patients underwent primary surgery. An endoscopic injection of 1 mL technetium 99m-sulfur-colloid into the peritumoral submucosa was performed 15 to 17 hours before surgery. Ex vivo identification of the nuclide-enriched "sentinel lymph nodes" (SLNs) was performed using a hand-held gamma-probe. The selected SLNs were then carefully and systematically examined using serial sections and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: One or more SLNs were found in 46 of the 48 patients. The SLN detection rate was 96%. Sixteen of the 48 patients had lymph node metastases (35%). In 7 of the 16 patients, the SLNs correctly represented the nodal status. In 9 of the 16 patients, the SLN was tumor-free whereas non-SLN harbored metastases. This result represents a sensitivity of only 44%, and a false-negative rate of 56%. Further analysis showed that the method correctly predicted the nodal status only in the small subgroup of 5 patients with early cancer without preoperative radiation. In 4 patients, juxtaregional lymph nodes were excised on the basis of intraoperative radiocolloid detection, leading to upward staging in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node biopsy using the radiocolloid technique with ex vivo lymph node identification shows a relatively high detection rate; however, the sensitivity in patients with locally advanced/irradiated rectal cancer is low. Nevertheless, the detection of juxtaregional metastases can improve staging in some patients. Further studies should focus on patients with early rectal cancers where the data were more promising.     

Results of preoperative staging using endosonography in rectal cancer

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The latest reports using transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) for the preoperative staging of rectal cancer show a diagnostic accuracy between 78 and 97% with regard to the local spread of disease, and between 62 and 86% for the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis. The correct choice of surgery depends on correct preoperative staging, as does the indication for any preoperative neoadjuvant treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic precision of the method used by the authors since 1993 by comparing the preoperative transrectal ultrasound stage (uTMN) with the postoperative histological stage (pTNM). In addition, the study aimed to assess whether some anatomic and pathological characteristics of the neoplasm (differentiation, type of growth and presence of peritumoral inflammatory reaction) influenced the diagnostic precision of transrectal ultrasonography. METHODS: Forty-two patients with a preoperative histological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma localised in the rectal segment, extending up to 10 cm from the dentate line, undergoing radical surgical were selected from the group of patients with middle-lower rectal cancer studied preoperatively with TRUS. Preoperative TRUS was carried out in 42 cases by a single examiner. Anatomic and pathological examination of the removed portion was performed by examiners who were not familiar with the preoperative ultrasonographic diagnosis. RESULTS: In this study TRUS showed a diagnostic accuracy of 81% in the study of T and 71.4% in the study of N. In line with other studies, the most frequent diagnostic error was the overstaging of stage T2 tumours. Moreover, the presence of a peritumoral inflammatory reaction was found to be the only variable that significantly influenced the diagnostic accuracy of TRUS. CONCLUSIONS: TRUS was found to be a valid instrument for the preoperative staging of rectal cancer even in this preliminary study limited to 42 cases, in particular with regard to wall invasion. The limits of this method are linked to the presence of phenomena producing a situation of local infection (recent biopsies, radiotherapy, peritumoral inflammatory infiltrate) given that this prevented the correct visualisation of the layers of the rectal wall. As a result, this may limit its use in the re-staging of patients undergoing preoperative radiotherapy.     

Transrectal ultrasound versus magnetic resonance imaging for detection of rectal wall invasion by prostate cancer

BACKGROUND: This study compared the accuracy of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) versus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the detection of rectal wall involvement by prostate cancer in patients undergoing salvage total pelvic exenteration (TPE) or cystoprostatectomy. METHODS: We identified 16 patients who underwent TPE and 24 patients who underwent cystoprostatectomy for locally advanced prostate cancer as salvage procedures with palliative intent. Patients were examined by TRUS, MRI, or both within the month preceding surgery. Histologic evidence of rectal involvement with prostate cancer was considered the gold standard diagnostic criterion in patients undergoing TPE. Among patients undergoing cystoprostatectomy, posterior prostatic surgical margins and clinical evidence of rectal wall recurrence during a median follow-up duration of 18.6 months were considered the gold standard. The sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy with which TRUS and MRI detected rectal wall involvement were compared. RESULTS: Fifteen (93.7%) of the patients who underwent TPE had histologically-proven rectal wall involvement with prostate cancer. Rectal and perineal recurrence developed 10 months after surgery in 1 (4.1%) patient in the cystoprostatectomy group. The sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of TRUS were: 92.9 (66.1-99.8), 87.0 (66.4-97.2), and 89.2 (74.6-97.0), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of MRI were: 54.6 (23.4-83.3), 100 (76.8-100.0), and 80 (59.3-93.2), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: TRUS is a highly sensitive diagnostic modality for rectal wall involvement in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. Although MRI is very specific, it cannot reliably rule out rectal involvement in the presence of a positive TRUS.