跗管综合征

跗管综合征(Tarsal tunnel syndrome)由Keck于1962年报告一例并命名。国内有人称为跖管综合征、踝管综合征或跗骨隧道综合征等等。一般认为,跗管综合征是指胫后神经在跗管内受压出现的一系列症状。所谓跗管是指屈肌支持带(撕裂韧带)覆盖的跟骨与内踝之间纤骨性隧道,通过隧道的组织从前到后排列有胫后肌腱、趾长屈肌腱、胫后动脉及两条伴行静脉、胫     

神经端侧吻合的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部缺损的临床研究

目的利用腓肠神经皮瓣所带的腓肠神经内侧支和外侧支与创面周围的腓深神经或胫神经端侧吻合，重建皮瓣的感觉以及恢复足背外侧感觉。以解决患者足踝部感觉缺失的痛苦。方法从2000年1月至2003年5月，收治足踝部软组织缺损40例(43足)，其中A组20例(22足)直接进行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣移植，B组20例(21足)在切取皮瓣时，在腓肠神经近端多取1～2cm腓肠神经内侧支和外侧支，在覆盖创面时，先分离出创面周围的腓浅神经或胫神经，把腓肠神经断端与腓浅神经或胫神经作端侧吻合，再按腓肠神经营养皮瓣处理。两组都在术后3、6、9个月分别进行随访，按照感觉检查分级标准把皮瓣和足背外侧感觉恢复情况分成S1～S5 5级，并按感觉恢复范围分成R1：小于25％；R2：25％～50％，R3：50％～75％，R4：75％～100％。结果术后3个月，皮瓣及足背外侧皮肤感觉恢复情况：A组，S1 18足、S2 4足、R1 22足，B组，S1 17足、S2 4足，R1 21足；两组皮瓣和足背外侧皮肤感觉恢复情况无差别、术后6个月，皮瓣及足背外侧皮肤感觉恢复情况：A组，S1 15足、S2 6足、S3 1足，R1 18足、R24足，B组，S16足、S36足、S49足，R2 4足、R3 12足、R4 5足；B组无论皮瓣及足背外侧感觉恢复的等级还是感觉恢复的范围都比A组好。术后9个月，皮瓣及足背外侧皮肤感觉恢复情况：A组，S1 14足、S2 7足、S3 1足，R1 17足、R2 5足，B组，S3 2足、S44足、S5 15足，R35足、R416足；B组皮瓣及足背外侧感觉基本恢复正常，A组感觉恢复进展不大。供体神经功能无明显影响。结论作腓肠神经营养皮瓣移植时行腓肠神经与创面周围胫神经或腓浅神经端侧吻合手术简单，对胫神经或腓浅神经无不良影响，而皮瓣和足背外侧感觉恢复较好。     

踝部平面的断足再植术

足、小腿的断肢再植报道较少 ,我院从 1995年 3月～ 1999年 12月共进行踝部水平断足再植 8例 ,效果满意 ,报道如下。应用解剖踝部以下的血管主要有足背动脉和足底动脉 ,足背动脉来自行走于小腿深肌群之间的小腿胫前动脉 ,位于足背表浅 ,行程中发出跗内、外侧动脉 ,前行于第一跖骨间隙分为足底深支和第一跖背动脉。足底的动脉来自行走于小腿后面浅、深层肌之间的胫后动脉 ,经内踝后方转入足底 ,分为足底内、外侧动脉。静脉为同名动脉的 2条伴行静脉和丰富的皮下浅静脉。胫神经与胫后动脉伴行 ,经内踝分为足底内、外侧神经 ,支配足底的感觉 ,…     

跗管综合征的神经电生理诊断价值

目的 探讨神经电生理检测对于跗管综合征的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年11月于复旦大学附属华山医院就诊的32例(35侧)跗管综合征病人的神经电生理检测资料:①足内肌(小趾展肌或(足母)展肌)的复合肌肉动作电位(compound muscle action potential,CMAP);②足底内侧...     

前跗管综合征8例报告

踝关节远侧的十字韧带与深面的跗骨构成骨一纤维管,其内腓深神经受到压迫、牵拉后,可发生功能障碍等症状.Kopell和Thopson将其命名为前跗管综合征,以与发生于内踝后方累及胫后神经的跗管综合征相区别.此综合征临床上报导少.1989～1994年,我们共诊治8例,报告如下.     

踝管综合征的诊治分析

目的通过对踝管解剖学研究及发生踝管综合征病因分析,提高踝管综合征的诊治疗效。方法对2002年3月-2005年9月收治的31例踝管综合征患者采用胫神经及其分支的彻底松解术治疗,术前进行肌电图检查,术后对其疗效进行评价。结果31例患者术后获6个月-2年(平均1年)随访。患足采用Pfeiffer与Cracchiolo提出的评定标准进行评价:优21例,良8例,差2例,优良率为93．5％。结论根据症状、体征并结合肌电图技术,可早期明确踝管综合征临床诊断;给予胫神经及其分支彻底松解,可提高手术疗效。     

内踝前动脉穿支为蒂隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的应用解剖

目的为内踝前动脉穿支隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管皮瓣设计提供解剖学依据.方法30侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本,解剖观察踝前内侧区的动脉来源、分支分布及其邻近动脉吻合.结果踝前内侧区动脉,前侧来自内踝前动脉和胫前动脉踝上支穿支,外径平均0.6～0.8mm;后侧来自胫后动脉肌间隙支和骨皮穿支,其中胫后动脉的肌间隙支2～3支,平均外径(0.9±1.2)(0.5～2.5)mm,骨皮穿支1～2支,外径(1.3±0.3)(0.7～2.0)mm.动脉穿支均发出骨膜支、深筋膜支、皮支、皮神经及浅静脉营养支,构成隐神经大隐静脉营养血管,以及深、浅筋膜血管网.结论踝前内侧区的隐神经、大隐静脉、筋膜及皮肤营养血管同源,呈明显的纵向性分布.设计以内踝前动脉筋膜穿支为蒂的隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管皮瓣,远端蒂的旋转点在内踝尖平面,可用于转位修复前足的软组织缺损.     

胫神经肌支移位修复腓深神经的显微解剖

目的 探讨胫神经肌支移位修复腓深神经的可行性.方法 选取12具(23侧)福尔马林同定的成人下肢标本,解剖并测量胫神经各肌支的长度、直径、发出点至腓骨小头水平截面的距离(位置)和腓深神经近端的直径;模拟神经移位并测量各肌支的发出点至腓骨颈的距离.结果 胫神经趾长屈肌支、(躅)长屈肌支和比目鱼肌浅支的平均长度分别为(95.70±13.40)mm、(96.90±13.60)mm和(73.60±12.00)mm,平均直径分别为(0.63±0.16)mm、(0.65±0.20)mm和(1.56±0.26)mm;腓深神经近端的平均直径为(2.54±0.26)mm.所有标本的胫神经趾长屈肌支和(躅)长屈肌支以及22侧(95.7％)标本的比目鱼肌浅支在长度上能够直接移位至腓骨颈处的腓深神经.胫神经的其他肌支均没有足够的长度直接移位至腓骨颈水平.结论 实验证实胫神经肌支移位修复腓深神经在解剖学上可行.综合考虑神经的长度、直径以及手术操作难易度,比目鱼肌浅支是移位的最佳供体神经.     

前跗管综合征发病机制、诊断及治疗研究

目的 探讨前跗管综合征发病机制中的解剖学因素及其与临床表现和治疗的关系。方法 对１３例前跗管综合征患者进行手术治疗，并解剖观察１３例成人尸体下肢踝部标本。结果 （１）拇长伸肌肌腹进入中间管者，尸体解剖组４例；临床组３例。（２）静脉骑跨腓深神经者，尸体解剖组５例；临床组５例。（３）踝部伸肌下支持带上支深层构成前跗管前壁，系由致密结缔组织构成。结论 腓深神经在前跗管内爱压为发病的主要因素，其前置变异解     

颈脊神经后内侧支卡压的解剖及其临床意义

目的为临床诊治颈神经后内侧支卡压提供解剖学基础。方法对10具（20侧）成人尸体头颈标本颈脊神经后内侧支易受卡压的部位进行解剖学观测。结果（1）C2颈脊神经后内侧浅支（枕大神经）易受卡压处分别位于该神经走行于头下斜肌与枢椎椎弓板之间段、穿过头半棘肌段和穿上项线骨纤维孔处。（2）C3-5脊神经后内侧浅支（第三枕神经）易受卡压处分别位于该神经穿行头半棘肌和穿头夹肌段。C3颈脊神经后内侧深支即头夹肌支,该神经穿过头半棘肌处。（3）C3-8后内侧支穿颈脊神经后支骨纤维管。结论颈神经后内侧支穿行的骨纤维管、项部肌肉、项部肌肉的腱性组织是造成颈脊神经后内侧支卡压的解剖学基础。     

Neuromas of the calcaneal nerves.

A neuroma of a calcaneal nerve has never been reported. A series of 15 patients with heel pain due to a neuroma of a calcaneal nerve are reviewed. These patients previously had either a plantar fasciotomy (n = 4), calcaneal spur removal (n = 2), ankle fusion (n = 2), or tarsal tunnel decompression (n = 7). Neuromas occurred on calcaneal branches that arose from either the posterior tibial nerve (n = 1), lateral plantar nerve (n = 1), the medial plantar nerve (n = 9), or more than one of these nerves (n = 4). Operative approach was through an extended tarsal tunnel incision to permit identification of all calcaneal nerves. The neuroma was resected and implanted into the flexor hallucis longus muscle. Excellent relief of pain occurred in 60%, and good relief in 33%. One patient (17%) had no improvement and required resection of the lateral plantar nerve. Awareness that the heel may be innervated by multiple calcaneal branches suggests that surgery for heel pain of neural origin employ a surgical approach that permits identification of all possible calcaneal branches.     

A touch pressure sensory assessment of the surgical treatment of the tarsal tunnel syndrome

Background

Decompressive tarsal tunnel surgery may improve dysfunctional plantar foot sensation in, patients with tarsal tunnel syndrome and peripheral neuropathy. However, quantitative sensory, assessment is lacking.

Method

Quantitative sensory threshold evaluation of 42 feet in 37 consecutive (29 non-diabetic and 8 diabetic) patients was done before and after surgical decompression for tarsal tunnel syndrome. Insensitivity was documented quantitatively (grams force) before and after surgery using a graded series of twenty Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments applied to the anatomic nerve regions of the plantar aspect of the foot.

Results

Sensory evaluation at an average of 12 months after surgery showed significant improvement, of mean sensory threshold, compared with preoperative values, for medial calcaneal, medial plantar, and lateral plantar nerves.

Conclusion

Quantitative sensory assessment with a graded series of twenty Semmes–Weinstein, monofilaments showed significant sensory improvement in the medial calcaneal, medial plantar, and, lateral plantar nerves after posterior tibial nerve decompression.     

Neurolysis for Failed Tarsal Tunnel Surgery

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the causes of failure after tarsal tunnel release and the operative findings in the secondary interventions and the outcomes. The data from 8 patients who had undergone revision surgery for failed tarsal tunnel release at least 12 months earlier were evaluated retrospectively. Only the patients with idiopathic tarsal tunnel syndrome were included, and all had unilateral symptoms. Neurophysiologic tests confirmed the clinical diagnosis of failed tarsal tunnel release in all patients. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed varicose veins within the tarsal tunnel in 1 patient (12.5%) and tenosynovitis in another (12.5%). Open tarsal tunnel release was performed in all patients, and the tibialis posterior nerve, medial and lateral plantar nerves (including the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve), and medial calcaneal nerve were released in their respective tunnels, and the septum between the tunnels was resected. The outcomes were assessed according to subjective patient satisfaction as excellent, good, fair, or poor. During revision surgery, insufficient release of the tarsal tunnel, especially distally, was observed in all the patients, and fibrosis of the tibialis posterior nerve was present in 1 (12.5%). The outcomes according to subjective patient satisfaction were excellent in 5 (62.5%), good in 2 (25%), and fair in 1 (12.5%). The fair outcome was obtained in the patient with fibrosis of the nerve. Insufficient release of the tarsal tunnel was the main cause of failed tarsal tunnel release. Releasing the 4 distinct tunnels and permitting immediate mobilization provided satisfactory results in patients with failed tarsal tunnel release.     

Results of decompression of four medial ankle tunnels in the treatment of tarsal tunnels syndrome

Controversy surrounds the surgical approach and efficacy for tibial nerve compression at the ankle. The hypotheses tested are that the poor published results are due to failure to recognize that the tarsal tunnel is analogous to the forearm, not the carpal tunnel, and that postoperative ankle immobilization contributes to poor results by permitting fibrosis of the tibial nerve branches. From January of 1987 through December of 1994, a consecutive series of 77 patients with tarsal tunnel syndrome was accrued, 10 of whom had the condition bilaterally. The surgical approach included a neurolysis of the tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel and the medial, lateral plantar, calcaneal nerves in their own tunnels. Postoperatively, immediate weight bearing and ambulation were permitted in a bulky cotton dressing. The dressing was removed at 1 week. For the 87 legs, mean follow-up after surgery was 3.6 years. Utilizing the traditional postoperative assessment, there were 82% excellent, 11% good, 5% fair, and 2% poor results. Utilizing a numerical grading scale, there was a statistically significant improvement at the P<0.001 level for sensory and also for motor impairment. Recognition that decompression of four medial ankle tunnels and immediate postoperative mobilization of the tibial nerve through ambulation is necessary results in a high level of success for patients with tarsal tunnels syndrome.     

Outcome of neurolysis for failed tarsal tunnel surgery

Revision tarsal tunnel surgery was performed on 44 patients (two bilaterally). The surgical procedure included a neurolysis of the tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel, the medial plantar, lateral plantar, and calcaneal nerves in their respective tunnels, excision of the intertunnel septum, and neuroma resection as indicated. A painful tarsal tunnel scar or painful heel was treated, respectively, by resection of the distal saphenous nerve or a calcaneal nerve branch. Postoperative, immediate ambulation was permitted. Outcomes were assessed with a numerical grading scale that included neurosensory measurements. Outcomes were also assessed by patient satisfaction and their own estimate of residual pain and/or numbness. Mean follow-up time was 2.2 years. Outcomes in terms of patient satisfaction were 54% excellent, 24% good, 13% fair, and 9% poor results. The mean preoperative numerical score was 6.0 and the mean postoperative score was 2.7. There was a significant improvement seen, based on the median difference between scores (P<0.001). Prognostic indicators of poor results in our patient group were coexisting lumbosacral disc disease and/or neuropathy. An approach related to resecting painful cutaneous nerves and neurolysis of all tibial nerve branches at the ankle offers hope for relief of pain and recovery of sensation for the majority of patients with failed previous tarsal tunnel surgery.     

Tarsal tunnel syndrome

The natural history, diagnosis, and therapy of tarsal tunnel syndrome are given. Anatomical studies corresponding to the clinical picture and electrodiagnostic findings show two different narrow points in tarsal tunnel. Operative treatment should take into account the compression of the posterior tibial nerve by the flexor retinaculum and also of the plantar nerves under the abductor hallucis.     

Effect of foot and ankle position on tarsal tunnel compartment volume

BACKGROUND: Tarsal tunnel pressure is increased when the foot and ankle are positioned in eversion or inversion from neutral, aggravating symptoms of tarsal tunnel syndrome in some patients. Space-occupying lesions may cause tarsal tunnel syndrome. We hypothesized that positional change of the foot and ankle from neutral to eversion or inversion causes decreased tarsal tunnel compartment volume that may aggravate symptoms of posterior tibial nerve entrapment. METHODS: MRI of 13 ankles in nine healthy subjects in three positions (neutral, eversion, inversion) were obtained with respect to the malleolar-calcaneal plane; this plane was defined by the distal tip of the anterior colliculus of the medial malleolus, the medial tubercle of the posterior calcaneal tuberosity, and the lateral tubercle of the posterior calcaneal tuberosity. The borders of the tarsal tunnel noted on the MRI were traced with a computer digitizing apparatus to determine the cross-sectional area of the tarsal tunnel on each image, and the slice thickness and interspace distance for the seven central images were used to calculate tarsal tunnel volume. RESULTS: The mean tarsal tunnel volume was significantly greater when the foot and ankle were in neutral position (21.5 +/- 0.9 cm(3)) than in either full eversion (18.0 +/- 0.9 cm(3); p = or < 0.001) or inversion (20.3 +/- 1.0 cm(3); p = or < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results support the hypothesis that eversion and inversion of the foot and ankle cause decreased compartment volume of the tarsal tunnel and increased tarsal tunnel pressure that may contribute to symptoms of posterior tibial nerve entrapment in tarsal tunnel syndrome. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Neutral immobilization of the foot and ankle may relieve symptoms of posterior tibial nerve entrapment in tarsal tunnel syndrome by minimizing pressure on the nerve and maximizing tarsal tunnel compartment volume available for the nerve.     

A Case of Posterior Tibial Nerve Injury After Arthroscopic Calcaneoplasty

We report the first case of distal posterior tibial nerve injury after arthroscopic calcaneoplasty. A 59-year-old male had undergone right arthroscopic calcaneoplasty to treat retrocalcaneal bursitis secondary to a Haglund's deformity. The patient complained of numbness in his right foot immediately after the procedure. Two years later and after numerous assessments and investigations, a lateral plantar nerve and medial calcaneal nerve lesion was diagnosed. In the operating room, the presence of an iatrogenic lesion to the distal right lateral plantar nerve (neuroma incontinuity involving 20% of the nerve) and the medial calcaneal nerve (complete avulsion) was confirmed. The tarsal tunnel was decompressed, and both the medial and the lateral plantar nerve were neurolyzed under magnification. To the best of our knowledge, our case report is the first to describe iatrogenic posterior tibial nerve injury after arthroscopic calcaneoplasty. It is significant because this complication can hopefully be avoided in the future with careful planning and creation of arthroscopic ports and treated appropriately with early referral to a nerve specialist if the patient's symptoms do not improve within 3 months.     

The proximal and distal tarsal tunnel syndromes

Summary Clinical and electromyographic studies in the tarsal tunnel syndrome may suggest compression of only one of the two terminal branches of the posterior tibial nerve.This anatomical study demonstrates the structures which may cause isolated damage to either the medial plantar or the lateral plantar nerves.A surgical approach to the tarsal tunnel is described.

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Résumé Certaines observations cliniques et électromyographiques de syndromes du tunnel tarsien permettent de penser qu'une seule des deux branches terminales du nerf tibial postérieur est comprimée. Dans cette étude anatomique les auteurs montrent quelles sont les structures qui peuvent entraîner l'atteinte isolée du nerf plantaire interne ou externe. Ils décrivent une voie d'abord chirurgical du tunnel tarsien.