阿魏酸钠对结肠炎大鼠结肠组织一氧化氮合酶和环氧合酶的影响

目的　研究阿魏酸钠 (SF)对大鼠结肠炎的抗炎保护作用及其机制。方法　建立大鼠乙酸性结肠炎模型。SF与5 氨基水杨酸灌肠给药 1wk后评价大鼠结肠黏膜损伤指数(CMDI) ,采用试剂盒及免疫组化方法检测结肠组织NO、MPO、PGE2 含量及结构型一氧化氮合酶 (cNOS) ,诱生型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS) ,环氧合酶 1(COX 1) ,环氧合酶 2 (COX 2 )和核因子 κBp6 5 (NF κBp6 5 )的表达水平。 结果　SF(2 0 0、4 0 0、80 0mg·kg-1)灌肠用药均降低模型组大鼠升高的CMDI及结肠组织NO、MPO、PGE2 含量 ,下调iNOS、COX 2、NF κBp6 5的过度表达 ,亦抑制cNOS的正常表达水平 ,对COX 1表达影响不明显。SF用药呈现一定量效关系。结论　SF为一氧化氮合酶及部分选择性COX 2抑制剂 ,对大鼠结肠炎具有一定抗炎保护作用。     

Inhibition of nitric oxide formation and superoxide generation during reduction of LY83583 by neuronal nitric oxide synthase

6-Anilino-5,8-quinolinedione (LY83583) has been widely used as an agent to reduce levels of nitric oxide (NO)-dependent cGMP in tissues. We report here that suppression of NO formation and production of superoxide during enzymatic reduction of LY83583 by neuronal NO synthase appeared to be potentially involved in the pharmacological action caused by LY83583. LY83583 suppressed neuronal NO synthase activity of 20,000×g rat cerebellar supernatant preparation in a concentration-dependent manner (IC₅₀ value=12.9 μM). A kinetic study revealed that LY83583 is a competitive inhibitor with respect to NADPH, with a K_i value of 2.57 μM. With purified neuronal NO synthase it was found that LY83583 was a potent inhibitor of NO formation by the enzyme and served as efficient substrate for reduction with a specific activity of 173 nmol of NADPH oxidized per mg of protein per minute. The reductase activity was stimulated about 19.8-fold by addition of CaCl₂/calmodulin, indicating that the presence of CaCl₂/calmodulin is essential to express maximal activity of LY83583 reduction. Although LY83583 was a good substrate for both NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (P450 reductase) and DT-diaphorase, these flavin enzymes-catalyzed reductions of LY83583 were less than the neuronal NO synthase-mediated reduction in the presence of CaCl₂/calmodulin. Enzymatic generation of superoxide during reduction of LY83583 by neuronal NO synthase, P450 reductase or DT-diaphorase was confirmed by electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments. Thus the present results indicate that a benzoquinone derivative LY83583 appears to interact with the P450 reductase domain on neuronal NO synthase, resulting in inhibition of NO formation and superoxide generation, which is involved in suppression of intracellular cGMP content.     

Scavenging of hydroxyl radicals but not of peroxynitrite by inhibitors and substrates of nitric oxide synthases

1. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N^G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is widely used to study the role of NO^• in physiological and pathological processes, including its role in the generation of the cytotoxic species peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻) and of reactive oxygen radicals such as hydroxyl (OH^•). Often L-NAME is applied to tissues at mM concentrations. At such high concentrations, it might act as a free radical scavenger. A similar possibility might apply to the use of high levels of arginine to study the role of NO^. in atherogenesis.
2. We therefore examined the rate of scavenging of OH^• by L-NAME and found that L-NAME reacts more quickly with OH^. than the established ‘OH^. scavenger'' mannitol and the widely used `OH^• trap'' salicylate. However, D-NAME can scavenge OH^• at rates equal to L-NAME. Both L- and D-arginine were also good OH^• scavengers, comparable in effectiveness to mannitol.
3. Neither L-NAME, D-NAME, L-arginine nor D-arginine was able to inhibit ONOO⁻-dependent nitration of tyrosine, suggesting that they are unlikely to be scavengers of ONOO⁻-derived nitrating species.
4. Neither L-NAME, D-NAME, L-arginine nor D-arginine was able to inhibit the inactivation of α₁-antiproteinase by ONOO⁻, suggesting that they cannot prevent direct oxidations by peroxynitrite.
5. We conclude that L-NAME has sufficient activity as an OH^• scavenger to confound certain pharmacological experiments. However, this explanation of its biological effects can be ruled out if control experiments show that D-NAME has no effect and that L-arginine (also a free radical scavenger) antagonizes the action of L-NAME.

     

Role of nitric oxide produced by constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthases in the mouse gastric fundus

In the present study, the role of nitric oxide (NO) produced by constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthases (cNOS and iNOS, resepctively) on the contraction and relaxation of fundus in normal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice was examined. A whole fundic ring isolated from mice pretreated with reserpine was mounted in an organ bath containing Krebs' solution with 0.001 mmol/L atropine. Rings were contracted initially by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; 0.03 mmol/L) before relaxation was induced using ATP (0.03 mmol/L), ADP (0.03 mmol/L), pentoxifylline (0.002 mmol/L), electrical field stimulation (EFS; 50 V, 1 msec, 50 Hz, 3 min) and L-arginine (0.05 mmol/L). All drugs and EFS induced significant relaxation of isolated rings. The relaxations induced were significantly inhibited by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 1.0 mmol/L). However, the iNOS inhibitors L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl) lysine hydrochloride (L-NIL; 1.0 mmol/L) and amino guanidine (AMG; 1.0 mmol/L) had no significant effect on tissue relaxation. Then, the relaxant effects of 0.03 mmol/L ATP were tested on precontracted isolated fundic rings taken from 10 mg/kg LPS-treated animals. The non-selective NOS inhibitor L-NAME (10 mg/kg), the iNOS inhibitors L-NIL (3 mg/kg) and AMG (20 mg/kg) and betamethasone (0.1 mg/kg) were used to examine the role of NO produced by iNOS in the relaxation responses. It was found that the level of contraction induced by 0.03 mmol/L 5-HT in rings isolated from LPS-treated animals was significantly (P < 0.5) less than that in rings from untreated mice. However, precontracted tissues from LPS-treated mice were significantly relaxed by ATP and the relaxation response to ATP was significantly inhibited by L-NIL, ANG and betamethasone, but not by L-NAME. We suggest that, in LPS-treated mice, the production of NO from iNOS produces a reduction in the contractile response, as well as a decrease in NO formation by cNOS, resulting in changes to smooth muscle cell function.     

褪黑素对结肠炎大鼠结肠内一氧化氮合酶和环氧合酶-2含量的影响

目的　研究褪黑素对大鼠结肠炎的抗炎作用是否与诱生性一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS)和环氧合酶 2(COX 2 )有关。方法　制备大鼠乙酸性结肠炎和2 ,4 ,6 三硝基苯磺酸 (TNBS)结肠炎模型。实验设正常对照组 ,模型对照组 ,5 氨基水杨酸对照组 (10 0mg·kg- 1) ,褪黑素组 (2 .5 ,5 .0 ,10 .0mg·kg- 1) ,每天灌肠给药一次 (乙酸模型给 7d ,TNBS模型给 2 1d)。检测大鼠结肠一氧化氮 (NO) ,前列腺素 (PG)E2 ,iNOS和COX 2含量。结果　模型组大鼠结肠粘膜损伤明显 ,NO ,PGE2 ,iNOS和COX 2含量显著增加。褪黑素可减轻大鼠结肠损伤 ,明显抑制NO ,PGE2 合成并减少iNOS ,COX 2含量。结论　大鼠结肠经TNBS和乙酸致炎后iNOS ,COX 2 ,NO及PGE2合成增强 ,褪黑素通过抑制iNOS和COX 2表达减轻结肠损伤     

褪黑素对结肠炎大鼠结肠内一氧化氮合酶和环氧合酶-2含量的影响

目的 研究褪黑素对大鼠结肠炎的抗炎作用是否与诱生性一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）和环氧合酶-2(COX-2)有关。方法 制备大鼠乙酸性结肠炎和2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)结肠炎模型。实验设正常对照组，模型对照组，5-氨基水杨酸对照组（100 mg·kg^-1），褪黑素组（2.5，5.0，10.0 mg·kg^-1），每天灌肠给药一次（乙酸模型给7 d, TNBS模型给21 d）。检测大鼠结肠一氧化氮(NO)，前列腺素（PG）E₂，iNOS和COX-2含量。结果 模型组大鼠结肠粘膜损伤明显，NO，PGE₂，iNOS和COX-2含量显著增加。褪黑素可减轻大鼠结肠损伤，明显抑制NO，PGE₂合成并减少iNOS，COX-2含量。结论 大鼠结肠经TNBS和乙酸致炎后iNOS，COX-2，NO及PGE₂合成增强，褪黑素通过抑制iNOS和COX 2表达减轻结肠损伤。     

一氧化氮合酶抑制剂的研究进展

一氧化氮（ｎｉｔｒｉｃｏｘｉｄｅ,ＮＯ）是一种能调节细胞多种功能的信息分子,它参与心血管、外周和中枢神经以及免疫等系统生理过程和生物信号的调节。体内组织中的ＮＯ由ＮＯ合酶（Ｎｉｔｒｉｃｏｘｉｄｅｓｙｎｔｈａｓｅ,ＮＯＳ）催化左旋精氨酸而合成,合成后的ＮＯ迅速跨膜扩散释放。各种调节ＮＯ释放的因素均作用于ＮＯＳ催化的化学反应过程,而体内影响该反应的ＮＯＳ在各组织的表达不同。特异性ＮＯＳ抑制剂通过调控ＮＯ的合成,对ＮＯＳ表达相关的各种疾病的预防和治疗具有重要的临床意义。本文对近年来ＮＯＳ抑制剂的研究进展作一概述。     

高压氧对脑梗死后血清一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶含量的影响

目的 研究高压氧对脑梗死后血清一氧化氮、一氧化氮合酶含量的影响。方法 将脑梗死患者分为高压氧治疗组和非高压氧治疗组,观察不同病期血清一氧化氮、一氧化氮合酶含量的变化,并与正常对照组进行比较。结果 高压氧治疗组一氧化氮含量较非高压氧治疗组上升快,在治疗后15天恢复正常,但在一疗程高压氧治疗结束后,却又有所下降;一氧化氮合酶含量在治疗后均有上升,未能恢复到正常水平,两组之间无差异。结论 高压氧通过提高NO的含量,减轻缺血区脑组织的损伤,改善脑血循环;高压氧对NOS有一定影响,但作用不大;应适当延长高压氧疗程,尽可能缓解因NOS含量下降所造成的NO释放量不足。     

香菇多糖对巨噬细胞一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶活性的影响

目的研究香菇多糖(LTN)诱导巨噬细胞的一氧化氮(NO)生成和一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的活性,探讨LTN的免疫调节作用机理.方法采用Griess反应和荧光法测定不同剂量的LTN作用小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞后NO的生成量和iNOS活性.观察mRNA转录抑制剂、蛋白质合成抑制剂和iNOS抑制剂对巨噬细胞NO的生成和iNOS活性的影响.结果LTN能使小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO生成增加,iNOS活性增高,并呈作用剂量依赖关系.3种抑制剂均能抑制LTN诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞N0的生成和iNOS活性.结论LTN能刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞提高iNOS活性和NO的生成.提示LTN的免疫调节作用机制可能与LTN刺激巨噬细胞NO生成有关.     

神经元型一氧化氮合酶在心脏功能调节中的作用

神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)不仅在神经细胞中表达,也存在于心肌细胞。生理状况下,nNOS源性的一氧化氮(NO)通过自分泌以负反馈的调节方式维持细胞内Ca2+浓度稳态,防止细胞内Ca2+浓度超载,对于维持正常的心功能具有重要意义。病理状况下,nNOS的活性发生明显变化,nNOS源性的NO可能参与了心脏疾病的发生和发展。     

戊四唑癫痫大鼠脑组织一氧化氮含量和一氧化氮合酶活性变化

探讨一氧化氮在戊四唑癫病发机制中的作用。方法每天注射戊四唑建立在鼠癫痫模型,测定癫病发作后大鼠大脑皮质,海马一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶活性变化,结果癫痫发作后海马ＮＯ含量和ＮＯＳ活性显著升高,结 戊四唑诱导的癫痫中具有致痫性。     

红霉素对人脐静脉内皮细胞一氧化氮及钙离子水平的影响

目的　探讨红霉素对人脐静脉内皮细胞一氧化氮通路及钙离子的影响。方法　应用一氧化氮及一氧化氮合酶试剂盒测定内皮细胞NO的含量及NOS的活性 ,采用Fura 2负载荧光技术检测胞内游离钙水平。结果　红霉素能明显增加内皮细胞NO的产生和胞内游离钙水平 ,并能明显增强NOS的活性 ,具有浓度和时间效应。结论　红霉素对人脐静脉内皮细胞一氧化氮通路的影响可能通过胞内游离钙而起作用。     

细胞因子对膀胱平滑肌细胞内诱导性一氧化氮合酶的激活作用(英文)

探讨肿瘤坏死因子α (TNFα)和γ干扰素(INFγ)对大鼠膀胱平滑肌细胞诱导性一氧化氮合酶(iNOS )的影响 .将TNFα (1nmol·L- 1)或INFγ(5 0kU·L- 1)分别或同时加入膀胱平滑肌细胞培养液 ,2 4h后测定细胞培养液中一氧化氮 (NO)水平 ,并用Western印迹方法检测iNOS的表达 .结果显示 ,TNFα或INFγ单独不能诱导iNOS表达 ,也不能引起NO水平显著提高 .但当TNFα和INFγ联合诱导细胞 2 4h ,则细胞培养液中NO水平明显升高 ,用Western印迹分析可见iNOS表达 ,说明TNFα和INFγ具有协同诱导作用 .在TNFα和INFγ加入膀胱平滑肌细胞前 30min ,加入NOS抑制剂L 氮 精氨酸甲酯 (L NAME) ,可显著抑制TNFα和INFγ对NO的生成诱导 .结果提示 ,TNFα和INFγ联合应用可激活膀胱平滑肌细胞iNOS .     

Platelet aggregation responses are critically regulated in vivo by endogenous nitric oxide but not by endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Background and purpose:

Although exogenous nitric oxide (NO) clearly modifies platelet function, the role and the source of endogenous NO in vivo remain undefined. In addition, endothelial NO synthase (NOS-3) critically regulates vessel tone but its role in modulating platelet function is unclear. In this paper we have investigated the roles of endogenous NO and NOS-3 in regulating platelet function in vivo and determined the functional contribution made by platelet-derived NO.

Experimental approach:

We used a mouse model for directly assessing platelet functional responses in situ in the presence of an intact vascular endothelium with supporting in vitro and molecular studies.

Key results:

Acute NOS inhibition by N_ω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) enhanced platelet aggregatory responses to thrombin and platelets were shown to be regulated primarily by NO sources external to the platelet. Elevation of endogenous NOS inhibitors to mimic effects reported in patients with cardiovascular diseases did not enhance platelet responses. Platelet responsiveness following agonist stimulation was not modified in male or female NOS-3^−/− mice but responses in NOS-3^−/− mice were enhanced by L-NAME.

Conclusions and implications:

Platelets are regulated by endogenous NO in vivo, primarily by NO originating from the environment external to the platelet with a negligible or undetectable role of platelet-derived NO. Raised levels of endogenous NOS inhibitors, as reported in a range of diseases were not, in isolation, sufficient to enhance platelet activity and NOS-3 is not essential for normal platelet function in vivo due to the presence of bioactive NO following deletion of NOS-3.     

Role of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in experimental colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid in rats

1. The present study was designed to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in modulating 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. 2. Damage scores and NO synthase (NOS) activity were measured. 3. The damage scores and NOS activity reached a peak on the 4th day after administration of TNBS solution (day 0), thereafter gradually decreasing, and were significantly higher than in the group treated with saline throughout the experimental period. 4. Subsequently, we divided the stage of colitis into two groups, one from day 0 to day 3 after induction of colitis, and the other from day 4 onwards. We evaluated the effects of the NOS inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), on TNBS-hapten-induced colitis and colonic mucosal blood flow. Two different methods of L-NMMA administration, from day 0 to day 3, and from day 4 onwards, were undertaken. 5. The damage score in the early L-NMMA treatment group was significantly higher than in the group without L-NMMA on day 14. In contrast, the damage score in the late L-NMMA treatment group was not significantly different from the group without L-NMMA. Colonic mucosal blood flow in the early L-NMMA treatment group was not significantly different from that in the late L-NMMA treatment group. 6. These data suggest that NO is important for inhibiting inflammation during the early stages.     

一氧化氮在阿霉素心脏毒性中的双重作用

蒽环类抗生素阿霉素（Doxombicin,DOX）是一种高效的抗肿瘤药物,主要用于治疗血液学疾病以及各种实体瘤。但因其引发多重生物化学通道的细胞损伤,进而导致严重的剂量依赖性心脏毒性作用,使其临床应用及治疗指数受到限制与影响。NO是与心脏病理生理学相关的重要生物信使分子,其在阿霉素心脏毒性中的重要作用受到了普遍的关注。本文通过查阅近年来的国内外有关文献,对于此焦点问题进行了分析总结。     

一氧化氮在缺血性脑损伤中作用的实验研究进展

一氧化氮 (NO)在缺血性脑损伤中具有双重作用 ,既表现为神经保护作用 ,又有神经毒性作用。在脑缺血过程中 ,源于内皮型一氧化氮合酶 (eNOS)产生的NO有神经保护作用 ,源于神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS)过度表达所形成的NO有神经毒性作用。利用NO的双重作用 ,找到防治脑缺血的药物及给药时间和剂量等一直是研究的热点。     

一氧化氮合酶基因转移在心血管疾病治疗中的研究进展

基因治疗包括功能基因转移至宿主细胞 ,用于校正特定基因的功能缺陷或减轻疾病的症状。对于心血管疾病的基因转移 ,腺病毒载体最有效。该文从方法学上回顾了血管NOS基因转移领域的最新进展以及NOS基因转移对重要心血管疾病的潜在应用。NOS基因转移方法在动物模型中具有可行性 ,但是 ,当前可用的载体还有许多技术和安全限制。在用于人类心血管疾病NOS基因治疗前必须给予克服     

Altered L-arginine/nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide pathway in the vascular adventitia of rats with sepsis

1. In recent studies, the vascular adventitia has been established as an important source of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and subsequent nitric oxide (NO) production, even more powerful than the media in response to certain inflammatory factors, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The adventitia has an independent L-arginine (L-Arg)/NOS/NO pathway and is involved in the regulation of vascular function. In the present study, we explored the changes in and the pathophysiological significance of the L-Arg/NOS/NO pathway in the adventitia of rats with sepsis. 2. Sepsis was induced by caecal ligation and puncture in order to observe changes in L-Arg transport, NOS gene expression and activity and NO generation in the vascular adventitia to determine the mechanism of activation of the L-Arg/NOS/NO pathway. 3. Severe sepsis resulted in severe disturbance of haemodynamic features, with decreased mean arterial blood pressure, brachycardia and inhibited cardiac function (decreased left ventricular +/-dP/dt(max)). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was elevated threefold (P < 0.01) under anaesthesia. Rats with sepsis showed severe glucopenia and lacticaemia. Plasma levels of the inflammatory factors macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-8 were increased five- and 29-fold, respectively (P < 0.01). 4. In the adventitia of the thoracic and abdominal aortas, the L-Arg/NO pathway was similarly characterized: the uptake of [(3)H]-L-Arg was Na(+) independent, with the peak occurring at approximately 40 min incubation. Total NOS activity was largely calcium independent (> 90%). The V(max) of L-Arg transport in the sepsis group was increased by 83.5% (P < 0.01), but the K(m) value was not significantly different compared with controls. 5. The mRNA levels of cationic amino acid transporter (CAT)-1 and CAT-2B in the sepsis group were increased by 86 and 62%, respectively (both P < 0.01). Inducible NOS activity was increased 2.8-fold compared with controls (P < 0.01) and iNOS mRNA levels were elevated approximately sixfold (P < 0.01). The NO levels in the plasma and incubation media (incubation for 40 min) in the sepsis group were increased by 144 and 273%, respectively (both P < 0.01). 6. The Arg/NOS/NO pathway was activated in the vascular adventitia of rats with sepsis shock. The L-Arg/NOS/NO pathway in the aortic adventitia may play an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis and septic shock.     

Effects of slow, sustained, and rate-tunable nitric oxide donors on human aortic smooth muscle cells proliferation

Smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation has been accepted as a common event in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases, including atherogenesis and intimal hyperplasia. Delivery of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) substrate l-arginine, pharmacological nitric oxide (NO) donors, NO gas or overexpression of NOS proteins can inhibit SMC proliferation and reduce the injury responses within the blood vessel wall. Although commercial development of NO donors that attempt to provide exogenous delivery of NO has accelerated over the last few years, none of the currently available products can provide controlled, sustained, time-tunable release of NO. Nitrosamine-based NO donors, prepared in our laboratory, present a unique and innovative alternative for possible treatments for long-term NO deficiency-related diseases, including atherosclerosis, asthma, erectile dysfunction, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. A family of secondary amines prepared via nucleophilic aromatic displacement reactions could be readily N-nitrosated to produce NO donors. NO release takes place in three distinct phases. During the initial phase, the release rate is extremely fast. In the second phase, the release is slower and the rate remains essentially the same during the final stage. These compounds inhibited up to 35% human aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner.