电视·模仿·青少年自杀

现今世界,每天约有一千人死于自杀。在发达国家,自杀已占居死因的第5—10位,青少年自杀则跃居第3—4位。在青少年死因中自杀占第1—3位。可见,青少年自杀是一个严重的社会问题。 自杀是一种社会现象,是典型的社会病。“社会基因”是自杀的主要病因。在众多导致青少年自杀的因素中,文艺是个不可忽视的因素。1986年美国Madeyn报道了一则令人惊讶的青少年模仿自杀的例证,阐述了电视节目对青少年自杀的影响。这对探讨青少年自杀的社会病因及制订有效防范措施具有重要的     

保护性因素在自杀防护中的作用

自杀是“一个人有意识地企图伤害自己的身体、以达到结束自己生命的行为”,对社会、家庭和自身安全产生了极大危害,已成为全球各国普遍关注的社会和公共卫生问题。1999年Mann等提出自杀的应激-易感模型,认为自杀是应激因素、保护性因素（包括家庭、社会、文化等因素）与个体素质（包括易感性、人格、认知等因素）三者之间相互影响的过程。     

呼和浩特市大学生自杀意念的潜在剖面及影响因素分析

目的 考察呼和浩特市大学生自杀意念的潜在类别及其影响因素。方法 整群抽取呼和浩特市558名大学生,采用大学生自杀意念等量表进行测试,并对其自杀意念的特征进行潜剖面分析。采用稳健三步法进行多项式logistic回归进一步探讨大学生自杀意念的影响因素。结果 潜剖面分析结果支持2个潜在类别的模型,分别定义为“安全型”（87.81%）和“危险型”（12.19%）;多项式logistic回归发现,相对于“安全型”而言,每升高一个年级、社会排斥和社会竞争失败每增加一分,其属于“危险型”的发生比要高出49.18、141.09和113.83个百分比。结论 呼和浩特市大学生自杀意念存在2种不同潜在类别,其影响因素包括年级、社会排斥及社会竞争失败。     

我国自杀流行病学研究状况

自杀流行病学是现代流行病学研究领域不断扩展后产生的新分枝,其研究的主要内容和目的,是人群中自杀的发生及其分布特征,寻求可能自杀的高危人群并探讨自杀的主要原因或诱因及自杀常用的方法,制订有针对性的预防策略和措施,以达到有效地控制自杀发生的目的.自杀已成为当代西方三大社会病之一.据WHO统计,全世界每年自杀死亡约50万人.我国的疾病监测报告(1990～1992年)显示,自杀为意外死亡的首位原因.自杀已日益成为严重的公共卫生和社会问题,引起了国内外的普遍关注.目前,国内关于自杀的系统研究较少,就国内的一些研究资料做一综述.     

中国农村居民自杀问题研究进展

自杀（suicide）是因社会心理冲突而产生的一种自我毁灭行为。自杀作为一种特殊的社会现象，已成为一个严重的社会问题和重要的公共卫生问题。据世界卫生组织估计，2000年全球有将近100万人自杀。在任何一个国家，自杀都是十大死因之一。我国自杀死亡的绝对数字居世界第一，     

劳累过度损身折寿

“我很累”是日本人的口头禅,“斯多累时”(它来自英文stress)一词他们也常挂在嘴边,意即心理紧张状态或应激反应,这是日本人的病。日本社会普遍存在的“斯多累时”,造成了大量的“过劳死”。六年前,日本一家大型广告公司有位职员自杀,关于这起自杀,日本东京高等法院判决:被告公司“未采取具体措施减少劳动时间,违反安全措施义务”,“自杀的原因是过劳造成的抑郁症”。     

133例自杀患者临床分析

目的 分析自杀患者的临床特征,为早期心理危机干预提供依据.方法 对我院2006-2013年急诊科收治的133例自杀患者资料作回顾性分析.结果 平均自杀年龄32.84岁;因生活或工作原因争吵自杀73例（54.89％）,因配偶外遇自杀54例（40.60％）;自杀方式均为口服,其中服农药103例（77.44％）,服药物24例（18.05％）,服酸碱类自杀6例（4.51％）;农民107例（80.45％）,文盲76例（57.14％）,小学31例（23.31％）,初中以上文化程度26例（19.55％）;平均住院费用2466.45元.结论 社会应重视自杀问题,尤其是农民自杀问题,针对自杀的不同原因,结合患者的文化程度、家庭情况及心理状况等及时进行危机干预,消除自杀者的负面情绪,预防自杀,减少社会及家庭损失.     

自杀的罪魁祸首——心理障碍

近年来,自杀事件时有发生,引起了社会的极大关注。绝大多数自杀行为是一种病态心理的产物,90％的自杀者患有或曾患过某种心理障碍,如精神分裂症、抑郁症、人格障碍、慢性酒精中毒或心理危机等,他们往往存在个性上偏离正常的倾向。所以,防止自杀还需从治疗“心病”开始。据世界卫生组织估计,全世界每天至少有1,000人死于自杀,自杀率和癌症或心脏病一样,是人类十大     

精神分裂症79例自杀相关因素分析

目的探讨精神分裂症患者自杀原因和预防措施。方法对79例有自杀行为符合CCMD-3精神分裂症诊断标准患者的一般资料和相关因素进行分析。结果精神分裂症患者的自杀行为多发生在病程的前几年,男女差别不大,文化程度低的自杀率高,自缢、服毒占多数,自杀原因多与疾病缓解期自知力恢复后对前途悲观、亲人不关心、受人歧视（共29例）以及受精神症状支配导致自杀（21例）有关。另外,患者由于重大生活事件（10例）和不能耐受抗精神病药物不良反应（9例）,因长期不能出院（3例）也是自杀的重要原因,及不明原因（7例）。结论对精神分裂症患者要评估自杀风险,甄别出自杀意向,及时进行医学和社会干预有重要的临床价值和社会价值。     

2011年世界预防自杀大会

2011年9月13～17日，国际预防自杀协会（IASP）第二十六届世界大会将在中国首都北京召开。这是IASP世界大会第二次在亚洲国家召开。近年来，亚洲国家尤其是中国，有关自杀的研究和预防工作取得了很大进展，越来越多的各界人士开始致力于自杀的研究和预防，同时也积极参与国际范围的自杀研究和预防工作，成为全世界自杀研究和预防领域的重要部分。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.