Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in women with prior gestational diabetes are associated with a different cardiovascular profile

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of cardiovascular risk factors to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and to impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 838 women with prior GDM. Postpartum glucose tolerance status was classified as normal, IFG, IGT, IFG plus IGT, and diabetes according to the World Health Organization criteria. Postpartum BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglyceride, cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol were assessed. RESULTS: BMI and blood pressure were significantly higher in women with IFG than in women with normal glucose status. BMI and waist circumference were significantly higher in women with IFG plus IGT than in women with normal glucose status. No differences were observed between women with IGT and normal glucose status. The prevalence of hypertension and obesity was significantly increased in IFG compared with normal glucose status. The prevalence of obesity and abnormal lipids was significantly increased in IFG plus IGT compared with normal glucose status. IGT showed no increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional cardiovascular risk factors have a stronger association with isolated IFG than with isolated IGT in women with prior GDM.     

血清尿酸与代谢危险因素交互作用对糖耐量受损的影响

目的探讨中国成年人中血清尿酸水平与糖耐量受损(IGT)的关系,评估年龄、性别、体质量指数(BMI)、血压和脂类对该关系的影响。方法以来自江苏徐州地区社区的1 956名健康体检人群为研究对象,检查受试者血压、空腹胰岛素、血脂、血糖等相关生化指标。血清SUA与糖耐量受损的相关指标分析采用单因素方差分析,多变量间的分析采用多元逐步Logistic回归。结果血清尿酸水平按四分位法进行分层,校正多个相关因素后,IGT风险的OR值及95%的可信区间(CI)分别为[1.0,1.406(0.948~2.087),1.469(0.959~2.251),2.352(1.539~3.592),趋势P值<0.001]。血尿酸与甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)交互作用对IGT风险的影响有统计学意义(交互作用P值分别为0.044、0.037)。结论血清尿酸水平与IGT相关联,并独立于其他代谢危险因素。高水平TG及LDL-C可增强这种相关性。     

Deterioration of the metabolic risk profile in women. Respective contributions of impaired glucose tolerance and visceral fat accumulation

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) state contributes to the deterioration of the metabolic profile in women after taking into account the contribution of visceral adipose tissue (AT) accumulation, as measured by computed tomography. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 203 women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and 46 women with IGT, defined as a glycemia between 7.8 and 11.1 mmol/l measured 2 h after a 75-g oral glucose load. RESULTS: Women with IGT were characterized by a higher visceral AT accumulation and by higher concentrations of fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide as well as by higher plasma concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B (apoB) and by greater cholesterol-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio, reduced LDL peak particle size, lower HDL-cholesterol and HDL2-cholesterol concentrations, and higher blood pressure (P < 0.01) than women with NGT. When we matched 27 pairs of women for visceral AT and fat mass as well as for menopausal status, differences previously found in LDL-cholesterol, LDL peak particle size, HDL-cholesterol, and HDL2-cholesterol concentrations as well as in the cholesterol-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio and blood pressure were eliminated, whereas triglyceride concentrations remained significantly higher in women with IGT. CONCLUSIONS: A high visceral AT accumulation is a major factor involved in the deterioration of many metabolic variables in women with IGT, with the notable exception of triglyceride concentrations, which remained significantly different between women with NGT and women with IGT after adjustment for visceral fat.     

Abnormal glucose tolerance and increased risk for cardiovascular disease in Japanese-Americans with normal fasting glucose

OBJECTIVE: To compare the American Diabetes Association (ADA) fasting glucose and the World Health Organization (WHO) oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) criteria for diagnosing diabetes and detecting people at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Study subjects were 596 Japanese-Americans. Fasting insulin, lipids, and C-peptide levels; systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BPs); BMI (kg/m2); and total and intra-abdominal body fat distribution by computed tomography (CT) were measured. Study subjects were categorized by ADA criteria as having normal fasting glucose (NFG), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and diabetic fasting glucose and by WHO criteria for a 75-g OGTT as having normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and diabetic glucose tolerance (DGT). RESULTS: Of 503 patients with NFG, 176 had IGT and 20 had DGT These patients had worse CVD risk factors than those with NGT . The mean values for NGT, IGT, and DGT, respectively, and analysis of covariance P values, adjusted for age and sex, are as follows; intra-abdominal fat area by CT 69.7, 95.0, and 101.1 cm2 (P < 0.0001); total CT fat area 437.7, 523.3, and 489.8 cm2 (P < 0.0001); fasting triglycerides 1.40, 1.77, and 1.74 mmol/l (P = 0.002); fasting HDL cholesterol 1.56, 1.50, and 1.49 mmol/l (P = 0.02); C-peptide 0.80, 0.90, 0.95 nmol/l (P = 0.002); systolic BP 124.9, 132.4, and 136.9 mmHg (P = 0.0035); diastolic BP 74.8, 77.7, and 78.2 mmHg (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: NFG patients who had IGT or DGT had more intra-abdominal fat and total adiposity; higher insulin, C-peptide, and triglyceride levels; lower HDL cholesterol levels; and higher BPs than those with NGT. Classification by fasting glucose misses many Japanese-Americans with abnormal glucose tolerance and less favorable cardiovascular risk profiles.     

糖耐量受损:心血管疾病的重要危险因子

学术背景:糖耐量受损阶段的异常血糖水平已导致机体组织器官损害,尤其是心血管病变.此阶段心血管疾病的患病率和死亡率均显著高于正常糖代谢人群,其心血管病变的危险性已接近糖尿病.目的:探讨糖耐量受损发生心血管疾病的危险性及其伴随的相关危险因素.检索策略:由该论文的研究人员应用计算机检索Pubmed、Blackwell Synergy数据库1997-01/2007-06的相关文献,检索词“impaired glucose tolerance,diabetes mellitus,cardiovascular disease“,并限定文章语言种类为English.同时计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库1998-01/2007-06的相关文献,检索词为“糖耐量受损,糖尿病,心血管疾病,血糖漂移“,并限定语种为中文.共检索到109篇文献,对资料进行初审,纳入标准:评估糖代谢状况的检测方法,糖耐量受损与2型糖尿病,糖耐量受损与心血管疾病.排除标准:重复性研究.文献评价:文献的来源主要是通过对糖耐量受损的定义、流行病学特点、评估方式及其危害性进行汇总分析.所选用的36篇文献中,6篇为综述,其余为临床或基础实验研究.资料综合:糖耐量受损与正常血糖者相比,已呈现明显的糖代谢紊乱.糖耐量受损进展为糖尿病的风险增大,且常合并一系列的心血管危险因子,致发生心血管疾病的危险性亦显著增加,糖耐量受损阶段心血管疾病的危险性已接近糖尿病.结论:糖耐量受损是心血管疾病的重要危险因子.有必要进一步研究及评估糖耐量受损阶段高血糖对机体的损害,早期采取干预措施,能降低及延缓心血管疾病的发生、进展.     

Lipid biomarkers, hormone therapy and the risk of venous thromboembolism in women

Summary.  Background: Published reports of a relationship between lipids and incident venous thromboembolism (VTE) are conflicting. Objectives: To clarify the relationship between lipids and VTE risk in healthy women, including potential effect modification by hormone therapy (HT). Patients/methods: Among 27 081 initially healthy women followed prospectively for incident VTE, we measured a full panel of lipid biomarkers, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides and apolipoproteins A-I (apo A-I) and B₁₀₀. Results: During a median follow-up of 11.4 years, VTE occurred in 355 women. We observed no relationship between any of the lipids and VTE risk. However, when unprovoked VTE was considered separately ( n  = 161), both HDL-C and apo A-I were positively associated with risk. Fully adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for extreme tertiles of HDL-C and apo A-I were 1.75 (1.13–2.73) and 1.70 (1.10–2.62), respectively. After stratifying by HT use, this relationship was present only among HT users; the HRs for unprovoked VTE for extreme tertiles of HDL-C and apo A-I were 3.58 (1.69–7.58) and 2.88 (1.29–6.42) among users, but only 0.79 (0.39–1.62) and 0.89 (0.50–1.57) among non-users. The interactions were statistically significant (each P _interaction <0.05). Conclusions: We observed little evidence that lipid levels predict risk of incident VTE among non-users of HT. High levels of HDL-C and apo A-I associate with unprovoked VTE risk among HT users. This observation likely reflects prothrombotic effects of HT that are concomitant with HDL-C and apo A-I levels, rather than direct effects of those lipids.     

The relationship between homeostasis model assessment and cardiovascular risk factors in Iranian subjects with normal fasting glucose and normal glucose tolerance

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance is a complex problem which may not always correlate with all its cardiovascular risk factors in various populations. We investigated the relationship between homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) with cardiovascular risk factors in Iranian subjects with normal fasting glucose (NFG) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT). METHODS: Of the 605 subjects aged 25-79 y enrolled in this study, after the oral glucose tolerance test, 366 subjects aged 25-50 y and 135 aged >50 y were classified as NFG and NGT. Insulin resistance was estimated by the HOMA-IR. RESULTS: Women had higher values of body mass index (BMI), insulin and HOMA-IR than men in both age groups. The prevalence of insulin resistance, general and abdominal obesity, low HDL-C and physical inactivity was higher in women than men in the 2 age groups. Men had a higher prevalence of hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia in the group with age 25-50 y. The Pearson correlation controlled for age, BMI, waist circumference and physical activity showed that HOMA-IR had significant correlation with triglyceride and inversely associated with HDL-C in both sexes. In addition, the results of HOMA-IR quartiles demonstrated that the prevalence of hypertension, obesity, and low HDL-C was particular high in women with HOMA-IR >2.39. Multiple regression indicated that log HOMA-IR was independently predicted by BMI, triglyceride and HDL-C in men and BMI, HDL-C and waist-to-hip (WHR) ratio in women. CONCLUSIONS: HOMA-IR is associated with the features of metabolic syndrome with a sex difference in the degree and predictors of HOMA-IR and the frequency of cardiovascular risk factors.     

Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study

This report examines prospectively, in the Framingham cohort, the relation of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance to each of the cardiovascular sequelae, taking into account age, sex, and associated cardiovascular risk factors. The incidence of cardiovascular disease, as well as the levels of cardiovascular risk factors, were found to be higher in diabetic than in nondiabetic men and women. The relative impact of diabetes on coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, or stroke incidence was the same in men and women, but for cardiovascular mortality and cardiac failure the impact is greater for women. Present evidence suggests that alleviation of associated cardiovascular risk factors is the most promising course in reducing cardiovascular sequelae in diabetic patients.     

心血管危险因素在老年糖耐量低减病人中的聚集及护理干预

[目的]通过对老年糖耐量低减病人的调查，为心血管危险因素在老年糖耐量低减病人中聚集提供依据，同时探索有效的护理干预措施。[方法]根据葡萄糖耐量试验结果，将131例老年病人分为糖耐量正常（NGT）组，糖耐量低减（IGT）组，比较两组病人的心血管疾病危险因素的聚集性及冠心病、脑卒中的患病率．[结果]IGT组与NGT组相比，三酰甘油明显升高，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇明显降低．（P〈0，05）。IGT组的收缩压、舒张压、体重指数均值亦较NGT组明显增高，（P〈0．01）；纤维蛋白原比较（P〉0．05）。IGT组合并高血压、肥胖、血脂异常等各项心血管疾病危险因素的比例及≥两个危险因素（2RFs）的比例均明显高于NGT组（P〈0．01）。≥2RFs的IGT病人其冠心痛、脑卒中的患病率明显高于NGT组（P〈0.05）。[结论]IGT病人已存在明显的心血管疾病风险．该阶段已有心血管疾病危险因素聚集的现象，冠心病、脑卒中的患病率明显增加，应通过有效的护理措施对IGT病人给予积极干预。     

心血管危险因素在老年糖耐量低减病人中的聚集及护理干预

[目的]通过对老年糖耐量低减病人的调查,为心血管危险因素在老年糖耐量低减病人中聚集提供依据,同时探索有效的护理干预措施。[方法]根据葡萄糖耐量试验结果,将131例老年病人分为糖耐量正常(NGT)组,糖耐量低减(IGT)组,比较两组病人的心血管疾病危险因素的聚集性及冠心病、脑卒中的患病率。[结果]IGT组与NGT组相比,三酰甘油明显升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇明显降低,(P<0.05)。IGT组的收缩压、舒张压、体重指数均值亦较NGT组明显增高,(P<0.01);纤维蛋白原比较(P>0.05)。IGT组合并高血压、肥胖、血脂异常等各项心血管疾病危险因素的比例及≥两个危险因素(2RFs)的比例均明显高于NGT组(P<0.01)。≥2RFs的IGT病人其冠心病、脑卒中的患病率明显高于NGT组(P<0.05)。[结论]IGT病人已存在明显的心血管疾病风险,该阶段已有心血管疾病危险因素聚集的现象,冠心病、脑卒中的患病率明显增加,应通过有效的护理措施对IGT病人给予积极干预。     

Lack of relationship between glucose tolerance and complications of pregnancy in nondiabetic women

Recent studies suggest that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is underdiagnosed. To test this hypothesis, we examined the relationship of perinatal complications to glucose tolerance during the third trimester. Our population consisted of 287 women evaluated at approximately 28 wk gestation who had normal fasting (less than 5.9 mM) and 2-h (less than 9.2 mM plasma glucose) levels after a 100-g glucose load. Glycosylated hemoglobin and glycosylated plasma protein were also measured. Study subjects were stratified into three groups based on 2-h plasma glucose values: group 1 (n = 59) less than 5.6 mM, group 2 (n = 112) 5.6-6.0 mM, and group 3 (n = 116) 6.7-9.2 mM. There were statistically significant but low correlations (r less than 0.20) between 2-h plasma glucose levels and mother's age, body mass index, infant weights, and Apgar scores. There was a significant increasing trend in the proportion of overweight and obese women from groups 1 to 3 (P less than 0.02). There was also a significant trend toward higher birth weights (P = 0.013) and larger proportions of large for gestational age (LGA) babies (P = 0.02) from groups 1 to 3, and women with LGA infants showed higher fasting and 2-h plasma glucose levels than women with non-LGA infants (P = 0.032). However, there was no significant difference in perinatal complications or infant morbidity or mortality between groups. Percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin or glycosylated plasma protein did not differ between groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Impaired glucose tolerance is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but not impaired fasting glucose. The Funagata Diabetes Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the new category of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) recently proposed by the Expert Committee of the American Diabetes Association is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Death certificates and residence transfer documents from the cohort population consisting of participants of the diabetes prevalence study in Funagata, Yamagata prefecture, Japan, 1990-1992, were analyzed up through the end of 1996. First, the cohort population was classified into three groups: normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (n = 2,016), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (n = 382), and diabetic (n = 253). Then the same population was reclassified into normal fasting glucose (NFG), IFG, and diabetic. The cumulative survival rates among the groups were compared using the classical life-table method, and age-adjusted analyses, the person-year method, and Cox's proportional hazard model were adopted. RESULTS: At the end of seven observed years, the cumulative survival rates from cardiovascular disease of IGT and diabetes were 0.962 and 0.954, respectively, both significantly lower than that of NGT (0.988). The Cox's proportional hazard model analysis showed that the hazard ratio of IGT to NGT on death from cardiovascular disease was 2.219 (95% CI 1.076-4.577). However, the cumulative survival rate of IFG from cardiovascular disease was 0.977, not significantly lower than that of NFG (0.985). The Cox's hazard ratio of IFG to NFG on death from cardiovascular disease was 1.136 (0.345-3.734), which was not significant either. CONCLUSIONS: IGT was a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but IFG was not.     

护理干预对老年糖耐量异常患者心血管危险因素的影响

目的 探讨护理干预对老年糖耐量异常患者的心血管危险因素的影响.方法 选取2009年5月至2011年6月在我院门诊就诊的糖耐量异常(IGT)的老年患者216例,随机分为干预组和对照组各108例.对照组采用传统的常规护理,干预组在此基础上进行护理干预.随访6个月.收集2组患者基本状况,并检测2组患者随访前后的血压、血糖、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的变化.结果 干预后2组患者血糖水平均有所下降,干预组下降水平高于对照组.结论 对糖耐量异常的老年患者实施护理干预,有利于减少患者心血管危险因素.     

Estrogen therapy and risk of cardiovascular events among women with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease risk among women with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective, case-cohort study was conducted among 6017 women aged 45-80 years with type 2 diabetes from 1 January 1986 to 31 December 1992 at the Group Health Cooperative in Washington state. Cardiovascular outcomes, including nonfatal myocardial infarction (n = 215), coronary revascularization (n = 253), and cardiovascular deaths (n = 229), were ascertained through 31 December 1998. Use of estrogen and progestin was derived from automated pharmacy records and modeled as a time-dependent variable. Median follow-up was 6.8 years. Multivariable-adjusted relative risk (RR) and 95% CI were calculated using Cox proportional hazard models for case-cohort analyses. RESULTS: Current use of estrogen with (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22-0.85) or without (0.48, 0.30-0.78) progestin was associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular events compared with never having used estrogen. Risk of cardiovascular events associated with a first episode of estrogen use (with or without progestin) of <25 months' duration (1.12, 0.49-2.54), first episode of use >or=25 months' duration (0.32, 0.06-1.70), and current use that was not the first episode of use (0.42, 0.42-0.67) indicated that recent initiation was not associated with an increase or decrease in risk. CONCLUSIONS: These results show an association of estrogen therapy, with or without progestin, with decreased risk of cardiovascular events among women with type 2 diabetes. This association should be further investigated in large randomized, controlled trials.     

Sex differences in the association of endogenous sex hormone levels and glucose tolerance status in older men and women

OBJECTIVE: Some evidence suggests an inverse association between type 2 diabetes and androgens in men and a positive association between type 2 diabetes and androgens in women. The purpose of this community-based study was to evaluate sex differences in the association between endogenous total and bioavailable estrogen and testosterone levels and glucose tolerance status. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We included in this study 775 men and 633 postmenopausal non-estrogen-using women, all > or =55 years of age (mean ages 72 and 75 years, respectively). A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was administered to fasting subjects from 1984 to 1987, when sera were frozen for measurement of total and bioavailable hormone levels. Total testosterone and estradiol levels were measured by radioimmunoassay, and bioavailable hormone levels were determined using a modified ammonium-sulfate precipitation method. The association between steroid hormones and glucose tolerance status was tested. RESULTS: In sex-specific age- and BMI-adjusted analyses, men with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) had significantly lower total testosterone levels. Women with IGT or type 2 diabetes had significantly higher bioavailable testosterone and total and bioavailable estradiol levels than those with normal glucose tolerance. Total testosterone and fasting plasma glucose were inversely associated in men (P = 0.0001), whereas bioavailable testosterone and estradiol were positively associated with fasting plasma glucose in women (P = 0.0001 and 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Additional studies are needed to further develop the hormone-diabetes connection.     

Obstructive sleep apnoea, glucose tolerance and liver steatosis in obese women

In this study of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), glucose tolerance and liver steatosis in females from an obesity unit, 45 patients (mean age 46.8 years, mean body mass index 39.4 kg/m(2), all non-diabetic and alcohol abstainers) underwent nocturnal polysomnography, a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test and abdominal ultrasonography. OSA, defined as an apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) of > or = 10 events/h, was present in 20 patients (44%). Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was found in eight patients (40%) with OSA and three patients (12%) without OSA; there was a positive linear relationship between AHI and post-load glucose levels. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, IGT was predicted by OSA independently of age, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and current smoking. Liver steatosis was present in 37 women (82.2%), of whom six had grade III steatosis. Of the variables tested, IGT was the only predictor of grade III steatosis. In conclusion, OSA is an independent predictor of IGT which, in turn, is associated with severe liver steatosis in an obesity unit-based sample of women.     

Differences in cardiovascular risk factors, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion in individuals with normal glucose tolerance and in subjects with impaired glucose regulation: the Telde Study

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cardiovascular risk profile, the degree of insulin resistance, and beta-cell secretion in a cohort of subjects with different categories of impaired glucose regulation (IGR): impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and combined IFG/IGT. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 902 nondiabetic subjects between 30 and 80 years of age, recruited from a cross-sectional population-based study in Telde, Gran Canaria Island, Spain. Categories of glucose tolerance were defined according to 2003 modified American Diabetes Association criteria. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the presence of the metabolic syndrome, and indirect measures of both insulin resistance and beta-cell function were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 132 (14.6%) participants had isolated IFG, 59 (6.5%) isolated IGT, and 48 (5.3%) combined IFG/IGT. Groups with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and combined IFG/IGT had, respectively, the most favorable and unfavorable levels of cardiovascular risk factors, metabolic syndrome rates, and measures of insulin resistance. Subjects with IFG and IGT showed an intermediate profile between NGT and IFG/IGT categories. We found no significant differences between IFG and IGT in cardiovascular risk factors, metabolic syndrome prevalence, or insulin resistance. The IFG group exhibited a more impaired insulin secretion than those with IGT or IFG/IGT. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with IGR, especially those with IFG/IGT, have increased values of cardiovascular risk factors and higher indexes of insulin resistance. Groups with isolated IFG and isolated IGT present similar cardiovascular risk profiles. Subjects with IFG are characterized by more defective beta-cell function than other forms of IGR.