江苏省卫生服务利用状况分析

一、卫生需求与卫生服务利用比较１．两周患病率。１９９８年与１９９３年的两周患病率比较 ,江苏从１２４．２‰上升至１３７．７‰（全国从１４０．１‰升至１４９．８‰），江苏上升１３．１个千分点，其中江苏城市平均从１７０．９‰下降至１５１．０‰（全国城市从１７５．２‰升至１８７．２‰），农村平均从１０８．７‰上升至１３１．８‰（全国农村从１２８．２‰升至１３７．１‰）。２．两周未就诊率、未住院率。１９９８年调查地区两周内患病未就诊人次数占两周患病人次数的比例为３３．３３%。其中城市 (４２．６６% )明显高于…     

1993～2010年中国城乡结核病患者卫生服务利用趋势分析

目的:分析1993 ～ 2010年间中国城乡地区结核病患者的卫生服务利用情况及其变化趋势.方法:利用1993、1998、2003和2008年全国卫生服务家庭调查数据,结合2000年和2010年全国结核病流行病学调查数据,计算中国1993-2010年间城市和农村地区结核病患者的主动就诊、未治疗、门诊及住院比例.结果:结核患病率从1993年到2003年呈下降趋势,但到2008年无论城乡均有所上升.有结核症状者的主动就诊率2000年在城市和农村地区分别为65.1％和56.0％,到2010年下降为47.3％和46.6％.已被确诊的结核病患者中,未采取任何治疗措施的患者比例从1993年到2003年有所下降,但到2008年又略有上升,在城市和农村分别为12.6％和9.7％.不同年份的结核病患者门诊就诊率和住院率不同,但城乡之间无显著性差异.结论 1993至2010年间,结核病防控依然重要,但无论在城市还是农村地区,卫生服务利用仍然不足,特别是主动就诊率还在下降,给防控工作带来严峻挑战.因此必须从患者和卫生机构两个方面采取措施,重点加强早期发现和规范治疗管理两个薄弱环节.     

四川省农村15岁及以上居民两周患病未治疗的影响因素探讨

目的：了解四川省农村15岁及以上居民两周患病未治疗的影响因素，为制定相应政策提供客观科学的依据。方法：利用第3次国家卫生服务调查西部扩充点四川省的资料，对农村15岁及以上居民两周患病未治疗的可能影响因素，在单因素分析的基础上进行非条件logistic回归。结果：四川省农村居民两周患病率和慢性病患病率分别为220．54‰和167．84‰(以人次计)，均高于本次调查的全国平均水平(139．5‰和120．5‰)两周患病未就诊率低于全国水平，未住院率高于全国水平。非条件logistic回归结果表明：性别、人均年收入、是否愿意获得保健知识和因病卧床天数对四川省农村15岁及以上居民两周患病未治疗有统计学意义。结论：四川省农村居民对卫生服务的需要量较高，现有卫生服务利用不充分。性别、人均年收入、是否愿意获得保健知识和因病卧床天数是四川省农村15岁及以上居民两周患病未治疗的主要影响因素。     

广州市白云区“城中村”人群健康及卫生服务现况调查

目的：了解广州市城中村人群健康和卫生服务现况，为构建和谐社会，发展城市社区卫生服务提供依据。方法：多阶段分层整群随机抽样，在辖区城中村内抽取3个社区的部分居民进行问卷调查。结果：被调查人群两周患病率为117．2‰，慢性病患病率为107．2‰、两周就诊率为71．8‰、两周未就诊率为45．4‰、住院率为4．2‰，卫生服务需求和利用水平下降。结论：城中村人群卫生服务需要量隐性增加，对医疗服务需求和利用呈下降趋势，有效需求呈多极化。     

1993-2003年中国妇女孕产期保健服务利用状况研究

目的描述1993--2003年我国妇女产前、产时和产后保健利用状况及探索可能的原因。方法利用1993、1998和2003年3次国家卫生服务调查资料进行分析。结果在1993--2003年间，城乡孕早期检查率和住院分娩率分别从9．9％和37．6％上升到58．1％和73.3％；城乡产前检查次数符合率分别从47.3％和11．4％上升到57．6％和36．6％：产后访视率农村从36．7％上升到42．2％，而城市的则从44．0％下降到39．7％；未住院分娩的前三位原因分别是认为没必要、经济困难和急产；农村在家分娩妇女由专业人员接生的比例从67．5％下降到51．4％。结论 过去的10年我国孕产期保健服务利用有较大提高．但产前、产时和产后3个阶段保健利用发展不平衡，尤其是产后保健利用水平提高缓慢以及农村在家分娩妇女由专业人员接生比例下降的现象应引起关注。     

中国老年人医疗服务需要和利用——基于1998—2008年的国家卫生服务调查数据

目的：分析我国60岁及以上老年人口医疗服务需要和利用的变化趋势,以更好地应对人口老龄化,为完善老年人医疗服务体系提供科学依据。方法：利用1998、2003和2008年三次国家卫生服务调查的资料和分析报告,对老年人患病、就诊、住院及费用情况进行时间趋势与增长率变化分析。结果：1998—2008年,老年人的两周患病率从29.0%上升到43.2%,慢性病患病率从50.2%上升到59.5%,两周就诊率从31.7%略降至28.3%,住院率从7.9%增加到13.8%,因经济困难应住院未住院的比例仍然较高。结论：慢性病已经成为危害老年人健康的主要问题,经济负担能力仍大大制约老年人口卫生服务利用,对人口老龄化做出快速反应的卫生体系建设迫在眉睫。     

宁夏农村老年人卫生服务需求与利用现状

目的了解宁夏农村≥60岁老年人卫生服务需求及利用现状,为卫生决策提供依据。方法 2015年3月,采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,在宁夏随机抽取的5个县中对随访到的3 817名≥60岁老年人进行卫生服务需求及利用情况调查。结果宁夏农村≥60岁老年人自报两周患病率为25.1%,慢性病患病率为48.9%;两周就诊率为11.0%,两周患病未就诊率为56.2%;调查前一年内老年人住院率为24.9%,患病未住院率为5.1%;慢性病就诊率为32.0%;老年人两周患病就诊、住院的首选医疗机构、慢性病患病主要就诊机构均为县级医院;两周患病未就诊原因主要为自感病轻和经济困难,近一年内患病未住院原因主要为经济困难。结论宁夏农村≥60岁老年人的健康状况仍不容乐观,农村老年人的卫生服务需求和利用依然具有很大的提升空间。     

山东、宁夏农村居民卫生服务需要、需求研究

目的：通过对山东和宁夏的2地农村居民卫生服务需要和需求分析，了解目前2地农村地区居民的健康状况，从而为卫生政策制定提供数据支持和理论依据。方法：采用分层随机抽样的方法抽取样本，对于数据的社会经济学特征、慢性病患病率、四周患病率、就诊率、住院率、应就诊未就诊率和应住院未住院率主要采用描述性分析方法：山东和宁夏2组间。不同的性别组间采用卡方检验的方法。结果：慢性病的患病率按照人次计算。山东为19.98％，宁夏为25.93％。明显高于2003年第三次全国卫生服务总调查的12.05％：2地四周患病率分别为27.70％和35.36％，就诊率分别为9.79％和12.30％，住院率分别为4.92％和5.60％，2地住院率都高于第三次卫生服务总调查的3.40％：2地的应就诊未就诊率分别为67.10％和67.20％，应住院未住院率分别为6.33％和11.67％。结论：卫生服务需要程度高，高于全国平均水平（慢性病患病率），需要转化成需求的比例低，4周内应就诊而未就诊比例高达60.00％以上，在农村居民中医疗服务利用的门槛还需降低。     

中国儿童健康状况与医疗保健服务利用变化趋势

目的:系统描述1990～2009年中国5岁以下儿童健康状况和卫生保健服务利用的变化趋势与城乡差异。方法:利用1993年、1998年、2003年、2008年4次国家卫生服务调查和《2010年中国卫生统计年鉴》有关数据,分地区和年份分析儿童健康与医疗保健状况。结果:1993～2008年婴儿低出生体重比例从3.4%下降到2.7%,5岁以下儿童两周患病率从20.0%下降到17.4%;儿童计划免疫建卡比例从61.5%上升到97.9%,5岁以下儿童两周患病就诊率从31.0%上升到97.0%。新生儿死亡率、婴儿死亡率和5岁以下儿童死亡率分别从1991年的33.1‰、50.2‰和61.0‰下降到2009年的9.0‰、13.8‰和17.2‰,但这三大指标农村仍分别为城市的2.4、2.7和2.8倍;3岁以下儿童系统管理率从1990年的46.3%上升到2009年的77.2%。结论:在过去近20年里,中国儿童健康状况显著改善,城乡差距不断缩小,但受制于地区间社会经济发展不平衡,儿童健康状况和卫生保健服务利用的不公平性仍然存在。应将农村地区和城市流动妇女和儿童作为重点干预对象,实施有效的妇幼保健服务项目,以进一步提高我国儿童健康水平。     

河北省城乡居民卫生服务需求和利用抽样调查

目的了解河北省城乡居民的卫生服务需要、需求和利用情况，为合理配置卫生资源、有效开展卫生服务提供依据。方法采取多级分层整群随机抽样，确定5998户的20529名常住居民作为调查对象，用统一的调查表进行询问调查。结果调查人群的两周患病率为18．75％；两周就诊率为14．32％，两周未就诊率为57．60％；慢性病患病率为169．0‰；15岁及以上人口身心状态不佳的比例为28．40％：居民住院率为2．56％。结论城乡居民的卫生服务需求量和利用率明显低于卫生服务需要，应采取有效措施，提高卫生服务利用率。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.